Electronics and System Components - Chapter 1 - Definitions and Generalities PDF

Faculté des sciences Département Informatique Course of Electronics and system Electronics and system components components Dr. ABDERREZAK Mohamed Zaki 2024-2025 ...

Faculté des sciences Département Informatique Course of Electronics and system Electronics and system components components Dr. ABDERREZAK Mohamed Zaki 2024-2025  Chapter 1. Definitions And Generalities Objective of Chapter. The objective of this chapter is to define current and understand the difference between direct current and alternating current. Introduction to the electrical signal and define his types. Understand the steps of convert an analog signal to a digital signal. I. Electric current. Electric current is the free movement of electrons from one atom to another in the same direction. This movement, called flow of electrons is referred to as current and is designated by the symbol (i), the unit of measure the electric current is the ampere (A). In a conductor (for example copper), there are several free electrons that move from one atom to another Figure 1.a. If we connect a power supply and apply a voltage, the electrons will flow from the negative terminal to the positive terminal, passing through the copper wire. We notice that the electrons jump from one atom to another to reach the positive terminal Figure 1.b. This flow of electrons called electric current. Figure 1.a. Figure 1.b. Figure 1. flow of electron in copper wire The direction of electron movement determine two types of electric current: Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC). -1-  Chapter 1. Definitions And Generalities II. Current types. There are mainly two types of current, and they are direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). II.1. Direct Current (DC). Is an electric current in which the movement of electrons occurs continuously in one direction from negative to positive (Figure2). We know the direct current (DC) of the car like the 12 volt or the 5 volt USB socket for the cell phone. Figure2. Direct current II.2. Alternating Current (AC). Is a type of electrical current in which the flow of electric charge (electrons) periodically reverses direction (Figure3). Our entire household runs on alternating current (AC) for example refrigerator run at 230 V. Figure 3 Alternating current -2-  Chapter 1. Definitions And Generalities II.3. Differences between AC and DC. The major differences between Alternating Current and Direct Current are given in the table below: Alternating Current Direct Current AC is easy to be transferred over longer DC cannot be transferred over a very long distances – even between two cities – without distance. It loses electric power. much energy loss. The rotating magnets cause the change in The steady magnetism makes DC flow in a direction of electric flow. single direction. The frequency of AC is dependent upon the DC has no frequency or zero frequency. country. But, generally, the frequency is 50 Hz or 60 Hz. In AC the flow of current changes its It flows in a single direction steadily direction forward and backward periodically. Electrons in AC keep changing their Electrons only move in one direction directions – backward and forward. –forward. Figure4. Difference between AC and DC Figure.. shows the difference between AC and DC. The green curve (which represents direct current) has constant values that do not change, unlike the orange curve which varies over time this is Alternating Current. -3-  Chapter 1. Definitions And Generalities III. Electric signal. An electric signal is a transmission of electrical energy that carries information. It can take the form of a varying voltage or current that conveys data or instructions through electrical circuits. Electric signals are used in many systems, such as communication devices, computers, and transmit information between components. For example Transmission of a photo from one person to another via mobile network (Figure…). The picture is represented by a set of binary codes 0 and 1 (figure5.1), in the telephone it has an electronic card which will transform this code into an electrical signal (this photo then passed from the digital part to the analog part (signal electrical) figure 5.2. The antenna of the telephone will transform the electronic signal into an electromagnetic wave which propagates in the air to reach the nearest relay antenna (also called base station) figure 5.3. To level the wave and transform it again into an electrical signal which will be transmitted over a long distance by electric or optical fiber cables to the another antenna figure 5.4-5 This antenna will transform the electrical signal into an electromagnetic wave figure 5.6 This wave be transmitted to the antenna of the smartphone which will transform into an electrical signal, and then the smartphone will translate the analog signal into a digital signal (that is to say a binary code) figure 5.7which will be decoded by the electronic card to display the result on the screen figure5.8. -1- -2- -3- -4- -8- -7- -6- -5- Figure 5. Transmission via mobile network -4-  Chapter 1. Definitions And Generalities Remark: The primary role of electric signals is transmit information and energy. III.1. Types of signal. Signals can be classified into different types based on their characteristics. The two primary types of signals are analog and digital. III.1.1. Analog signal: Analog signals are continuous and vary smoothly over time (figure6). They can take any value within a given range. For example, sound waves, and temperature readings. Figure 6. Analog signal III.2. Digital signal: Digital signals are discrete and non-continuous (figure 7), consisting of binary values (0s and 1s). They have specific steps in both time and amplitude. For example, Signals in computers, digital watches, and most modern communication systems. Figure 7. Digital signal VI. Analog-to-digital conversion. The transition from analog to digital involves converting continuous analog signals into discrete digital signals, a process known as analog-to-digital conversion (ADC). This is essential in many modern systems, such as computers, digital communication, and digital audio, where signals need to be represented in binary form (0s and 1s) for processing, storage, and transmission, see figure 8. -5-  Chapter 1. Definitions And Generalities Figure 8. Analog-to-digital conversion. IV.1.The Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) Process: 1. Sampling:  Definition: The process of measuring the analog signal's value at regular intervals (called sampling points) and converting it into discrete time values.  Sampling Rate: Determines how often the analog signal is measured. It is measured in samples per second or Hertz (Hz).  Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem: To accurately convert an analog signal to digital, the sampling rate should be at least twice the highest frequency in the analog signal (Fe ≥ 2 F). Example: If you're converting a human voice (Figure 9) with a frequency range of up to 3 kHz, the sampling rate should be at least: Figure 9. Example for Sampling step Fe = 2 * F Fe = 2*3 = 6 kHz (6000 samples per second). We must find how many points in our signal: -6-  Chapter 1. Definitions And Generalities 6000 samples 1 second X = 15 samples X 2,5 x10-3 s In our signal (2,5 ms) we have 15 samples, to find the sampling frequency we use the 1 1 1 formula 𝑇 = 𝐹 so 𝑇𝑒 = 𝐹 𝑇𝑒 = 6000 = 0.16 𝑚𝑠 , interval between each samples 𝑒 is 0.16ms (figure 10). Figure 10. sampling of signal 2. Quantization:  Definition: The process of mapping the sampled signal's continuous amplitude values into a finite set of discrete levels.  Quantization Levels: These levels are the possible digital values assigned to the analog signal's amplitude. The number of levels is determined by 𝑁 = 2𝑄 / Q : bit of qantization defined by constroctor of ADC. For example : Q=2bit , N= 4, -7-  Chapter 1. Definitions And Generalities Figure 11. quantization of the signal 3. coding:  Definition: After quantization, each sampled value is converted into its binary form (a series of 0s and 1s) for storage or processing in digital form.  Result: The original continuous analog signal is now represented as a discrete digital signal consisting of a sequence of binary values (figure 12). Figure 13. Digital signal. REMARK. According to Shannon's theorem, the sampling frequency must be greater than or equal to 2 times the maximum frequency of the signal, and the greater the number of bits, the closer the analog signal is to the analog signal (figure14). -8-  Chapter 1. Definitions And Generalities Figure 13. Difference between coding in 3 bits and 4 bits. -9- Electronics and system components Chapter 2. Component of computer science Dr. ABDERREZAK Mohamed Zaki Objective of this Chapter 1 Define computer, and his different types 2 How a computer works. 3 Define composition of computer 4 Understand the computer architecture  Presentation plan 1. Computer definition 2. Types of computer 3. Component of computer 4. Computer operation 5. Computer architecture  I. Computer definition A computer is an electronic device that processes data and performs tasks according to a set of instructions called a program. It can accept input, store and manipulate data, and produce output. Computers are designed to execute operations.  I. Computer definition Programs DATA OUTPUT  It can receive data as input « input function »  Store or perform operations on this data according to a program « processing function »  provide output results « output function »  II. Types of computers There are several types of computers, categorized based on their size, power, and application. Here are the main types:  II. Types of computers II.1. Personal Computers (PCs): Is designed for use by only one person at a time in the office or at home like Desktop Computers. And anywhere like Laptop and Tablet.  this limited number of software.  the smallest in size and easy to use.  designed for personal use.  II. Types of computers II.2. Supercomputers : They are the biggest and fastest computers (in terms of speed of processing data), used for complex computations and simulations, such as climate modeling, molecular modeling, and scientific research. They can perform trillions of calculations per second.  II. Types of computers II.3. Servers: Server are computer that are combined data and programs. Electronic data and applications are stored and shared in the server computer. The working of a server computer is that it does not solve a bigger problem like a supercomputer. Examples of server computer are like Wikipedia.  Most powerful personal computer or company  Storage Capacity and processing capacity. Use for file sharing, printer sharing, databases, applications.  II. Types of computers II.4. Embedded Systems: Special-purpose computers integrated into other devices. They perform dedicated functions and are found in appliances, automobiles, medical equipment, and industrial machines.  III. Component of computer A computer consists of several key components, each of which plays a specific role in its operation. These components can be classified into two main categories: Software and Hardware. Software Hardware All programs executed on the computer: All the mechanical and electronic operating system, programs, files …. components of the machine: processor, memory, power supply.  III. Component of computer III.1. Hardware: A simple definition of computer hardware is “any physical parts or components that contribute to a computer system.” There are several different kinds of hardware inside a PC. Hardware Internal components External device  III. Component of computer III.1. Hardware:  Internal components hardware inside the computer Fan Power Supply expansion card Motherboad Memory Prossesor  III. Component of computer III.1. Hardware:  External device Equipment connected with cables or wireless Webcam Speakers Mousse Keyboard Printer External hard drive DVD player Modem USB key  IV. computer architecture Computer architecture refers to the design and organization of a computer's hardware components and the system's operational structure. It defines how the CPU, memory, storage, input/output devices, and other parts of the system interact to execute programs and process data. There are two computer architectures, which differ in the way of accessing to memory: The Architecture of Von Neumann and the Architecture of Harvard.  IV. computer architecture Von Neumann Architecture Data & program The Von Neumann architecture decompose computer Memory into four parts: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performs calculations (basic operations). Control Unit (CU): Controls the other units. It is Arithmetic responsible for sequencing operations: Control Unit (CU) and Logic Unit Sends control signals to other units. (ALU) Sends clock signals to other units, etc. Memory: Storage device for information (data and Central Processing Unit (CPU) programs). Input/Output Devices: Enable the exchange of information with external devices. Input Output In this architecture, a single memory is used for programs and data  IV. computer architecture Harvard Architecture Program Data Memory Memory In the Harvard architecture, program memory is Control Arithmetic systematically separated from data memory. the Unit (CU) and Logic Unit (ALU) addressing of these memories is independent. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Input Output  IV. computer architecture Von Neumann Architecture Harvard Architecture  Single memory to store data and  Separate memory to store data and instruction instruction  Less space is required  More space is required  There is a common bus for transferring  There are separate busses to transfer instruction and data instruction and data  Here the two clock cycles are needed to  A single clock cycle is needed to execute execute a single instruction. an instruction.  These architecture based computers are  This is expensive than Von Neumann some what cheaper than Harvard architecture. architecture. I. Electronic component. Electronics is the branch of science and engineering that deals with the study, design, and application of devices, circuits, and systems that control the flow of electrons or other electrically charged particles. An electronic component is a basic element used in electrical circuits to control, manipulate, or generate electrical energy or signals. These components can either be passive or active. I.1. Passive components. A passive element is an electrical component that does not generate power, but instead dissipates, stores, and/or releases it. Passive elements include: I.1.1. Resistor: made of copper wires which are coiled around a ceramic rod and the outer part of the resistor is coated with an insulating paint. The main purpose of resistor is to reduce the current flow and in any particular portion of the circuit. The SI unit of resistor is Ohm ().  Resistor types: There are different types of resistors, which are mainly classified into (figure 1): a- Linear Resistors. In Linear Resistors, the value of resistance changes based on the applied temperature and voltage. These Linear Resistors are again classified into Fixed and Variable Resistors. a.1. Fixed Resistors: In Fixed Resistors, the value of resistance is fixed and cannot be changed. These are mostly used in fixed circuits because the resistance value is fixed. Fixed Resistors are mainly used in electronic circuits where a stable or fixed resistance is required, For example: in voltage dividers or current limiters. Fixed Resistor follows Ohm’s law, which states, that voltage (V) is directly proportional to current (I) and resistance (R). There are different types of Fixed Resistors: -Carbon Film Resistor. 1  -Wire Wound Resistor. -Metal Film Resistor. a.2. Variable Resistors: In Variable Resistors, the value is not specific and can be changed and can manually adjust the value of resistance by using the dial, knob of a screw. It is also known as potentiometer having two connecting wires instead of three. Variable Resistors are mainly used in applications where resistance needs to be variable, for example: in volume controls or sensor applications or radio receiver. There are the different types of Variable Resistors: -Potentiometer. -Rheostat Resistor. -Trimmer Resistor. b- Non-Linear Resistors. In non-linear resistors, the value of resistance changes significantly with changes in voltage or current in an electrical circuit. This indicates the relationship between voltage and current is not proportional and it do not follow Ohm’s law. The resistor values change according to the temperature and voltage applied in the circuit. Non-linear resistors are mainly used in applications where resistance needs to be change based on the applied voltage or current. Non- linear resistors are mainly used in applications like voltage regulation or precise control. There are different types of Non-Linear Resistors: -Thermistors. -NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) Thermistor. -PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) Thermistor. -Varistors. -Photo Resistors.  Combination of Resistors. Resistors are used in various combinations. There are two methods of arranging the resistors in different combinations: 2   Resistors in Series Combination Two or more resistances are said to be connected in series when they are connected end to end and the same current flows through each of them in turn. In this case, the equivalent or the total resistance equals the sum of the number of individual resistances present in the series combination. 𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = ∑ 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯.. +𝑅𝑛 𝑖=1  Resistors in Parallel Combination Two or more resistances are said to be connected in parallel connected when they are connected between two points and each has a different current direction. The current is branched out and recombined as the branches intersect at a common point in such circuits. 𝑛 1 1 1 1 1 =∑ = + + 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅𝑛 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑖=1 Example. Give the equivalence of resistor in this circuit. Solution. Series 𝑅23 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 3  1 1 1 𝑅1 ∗ 𝑅23 parallel = + 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅23 𝑅1 +𝑅23  Value of resistor: The colored bands on a resistor can tell you everything you need to know about its value and tolerance, as long as you understand how to read them. The order in which the colors are arranged is very important, and each value of resistor has its own unique combination. To determine the value of a resistor using color codes, Identify the number of bands on the resistor: 4 bands: Two digits, a multiplier, and a 5 bands: Three digits, a multiplier, and a tolerance band. tolerance band. Example: Example: 100  ± 0.05% 162k ± 0.01% 4  25k ± 5% 210  ± 5% I.1.2. Capacitor: The primary use of a capacitor is to store electrostatic energy in an electric field and hence supply this energy whenever possible to the circuit. The SI unit of capasitor is Farad (F). The symbole of capasitors are.  Combination of Resistors.  Capacitors in Series Combination. When capacitors are connected in series, the total capacitance is less than any one of the series capacitors’ individual capacitances. If two or more capacitors are connected in series, the overall effect is that of a single (equivalent) capacitor having the sum total of the plate spacings of the individual capacitors. 1 1 1 1 = + +⋯.+ 𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑁  Capacitors in Parallel Combination the total capacitance is the sum of the individual capacitors’ capacitances. If two or more capacitors are connected in parallel, the overall effect is that of a single equivalent capacitor having the sum total of the plate areas of the individual capacitors. 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑁 5  I.1.3. Inductor: An inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field when electrical current flows through it. It typically consists of a coil of wire, often wrapped around a core made of magnetic material (like iron or ferrite), although air-core inductors exist as well. The symbol of inductor are : The property of the inductor that determines how much energy it can store in its magnetic field. It is measured in henries (H).  Applications of Inductors:  Energy Storage: Inductors temporarily store energy in their magnetic fields, especially in power supplies and converters.  Filtering: Inductors are used in filters to block certain frequencies while allowing others to pass (e.g., in radio tuning circuits or signal processing).  Transformers: Inductors with two or more coils can transfer energy from one circuit to another, often used in transformers. I.1.4. Diode. Is a passive electronic component that allows current to flow in only one direction. It has two terminals: anode (positive side) and cathode (negative side). Diodes are commonly used for rectification (converting AC to DC), protection, and signal modulation. The symbol of diode are:  Applications of Diodes:  Rectification: Converts AC to DC in power supplies.  Protection: Diodes can protect circuits from voltage spikes by allowing reverse current flow under certain conditions (e.g., flyback diodes in inductive loads).  Signal Processing: Used in radio receivers for signal demodulation.  LED Lighting: LEDs are used in displays, lighting, and indicators. 6  In summary, a diode controls the direction of current flow and is essential in power rectification, signal modulation, protection, and light-emitting applications. I.2. Active components. Active components are electronic components that require an external power source to operate and can control or amplify electrical signals. These components are essential in circuits because they can introduce gain, regulate voltage, or switch electrical currents I.2.1. Transistor. A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It has three terminals: base (This is used to activate the transistor), collector (It is the positive lead of the transistor), and emitter (It is the negative lead of the transistor), and it operates by controlling the flow of current through its terminals. Transistors are foundational components in modern electronics and are used in: The first as an amplifier, turning a small electrical signal into a larger and more powerful one, the second is as a microscopic switch, allowing current to flow through only at specific times. Types of Transistors. There are mainly two types of transistors, based on how they are used in a circuit.  Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) The three terminals of BJT are the base, emitter and collector. A very small current flowing between the base and emitter can control a larger flow of current between the collector and emitter terminal. Furthermore, there are two types of BJT, and they include:  P-N-P Transistor: It is a type of BJT where one n-type material is introduced or placed between two p-type materials. In such a configuration, the device will control the flow of current. PNP transistor consists of 2 crystal diodes which are connected in series. The right side and left side of the diodes are known as the collector-base diode and emitter-base diode, respectively.  N-P-N Transistor: In this transistor, we will find one p-type material that is present between two n-type materials. N-P-N transistor is basically used to amplify weak signals to 7 strong signals. In an NPN transistor, the electrons move from the emitter to the collector region, resulting in the formation of current in the transistor. This transistor is widely used in the circuit. 8 Electronics and system components Chapter 3. Electronics components of computer Dr. ABDERREZAK Mohamed Zaki Objective of this Chapter 1 Define electronics, and his components Understand the role of all computer 2 components. Know the main elements connected to the 3 computer motherboard  Presentation plan 1. Electronics definition. 2. Electronics components. 3. The main components of a computer and their role 4. The main elements connected to the computer motherboard.  I. Electronics definition and component Electronics is the branch of science that deals with the study, design, and application of devices, circuits, and systems that control the flow of electrons or other electrically charged particles. An electronic components is a basic element used in electrical circuits to control, manipulate, or generate electrical energy or signals. These components can either be passive or active.  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. A passive element is an electrical component that does not generate power, but instead dissipates, stores, and/or releases it.  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor: The main purpose of resistor is to reduce the current flow and in any Role particular portion of the circuit. Unit The SI unit of resistor is Ohm (). Sym The symbole of resistors are  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor Linear Resistors The value of resistance changes based on the applied temperature. These Linear Resistors are again classified into Fixed and Variable Resistors. Fixed resistors Variable resistors Non - Linear Resistors Resistors The value of resistance changes significantly with changes in voltage or current in an types electrical circuit.  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor Resistors in Series Resistors in Parallel 𝑛 𝑛 1 1 1 1 1 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = ෍ 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯.. +𝑅𝑛 =෍ = + +⋯ 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅𝑛 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑛 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 Resistors combination  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor Example. Give the equivalence of resistor in this circuit. Series 𝑅23 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 Resistors combination  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor Example. Give the equivalence of resistor in this circuit. 1 1 1 parallel = + 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅23 Resistors combination 𝑅1 ∗ 𝑅23 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅23  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor The colored bands on a resistor can tell you everything you need to know about its value and tolerance Resistors Value  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor 4 bands: Two digits, a multiplier, and a 5 bands: Three digits, a multiplier, and a tolerance band. tolerance band. Resistors Value  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor 4 bands: Two digits, a multiplier, and a 5 bands: Three digits, a multiplier, and a tolerance band. tolerance band. ± 0.05% ± 10% 0 1 6 1 x100 2 1k Resistors Value R = 100  ± 0.05% R = 162 k  ± 10%  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.2. Capacitor: The primary use of a capacitor is to store electrostatic energy in an electric Role field and hence supply this energy whenever possible to the circuit. Unit The SI unit of capasitor is Farad (F). Sym The symbole of capasitors are  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.2. Capacitor Capacitor in Series Capacitor in Parallel Capacitor 1 1 1 1 = + + ⋯.+ 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑁 𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑁  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.3. Inductor : Stores energy in the form of a magnetic field when electrical current flows Role through it Unit It is measured in henries (H) Sym The symbole of inductor are  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.3. Inductor : Application of inductor Energy Storage: Inductors temporarily store energy in their magnetic 1 fields, especially in power supplies and converters. Filtering: Inductors are used in filters to block certain frequencies while 2 allowing others to pass (e.g., in radio tuning circuits or signal processing). Transformers: Inductors with two or more coils can transfer energy from 3 one circuit to another, often used in transformers.  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.4. Diode : Allows current to flow in only one direction. It has two terminals: anode Role (positive side) and cathode (negative side). Diodes are commonly used for rectification (converting AC to DC), protection, and signal modulation Sym The symbole of diode are  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.4. Diode : Applications of Diodes: 1 Rectification: Converts AC to DC in power supplies. Protection: Diodes can protect circuits from voltage spikes by allowing reverse 2 current flow under certain conditions 3 Signal Processing: Used in radio receivers for signal demodulation. 4 LED Lighting: LEDs are used in displays, lighting, and indicators  Les composants électronique Composants électroniques passifs Résistance Condensateur Inductance Diode Symbole et L D Notation R C Le rôle dans un limite le courant Accumulateur de Accumulateur de Permet le passage du circuite électrique charge courant courant électrique électrique dans une seule direction Ohm (Ω) Farad (F) Henry (H) /  I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. Active components are electronic components that require an external power source to operate and can control or amplify electrical signals. These components are essential in circuits because they can introduce gain, regulate voltage, or switch electrical currents  I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.1. Transistor. ❑ Transistor is an electronic device made of three layers of semiconductor material. What is the semiconductor ?  I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.1. Transistor. ❑ Transistor is an electronic device made of three layers of semiconductor material. A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor (like copper) and an insulator (like glass). Its ability to either conduct or insulate electricity, depending on conditions such as temperature or the presence of impurities, makes it essential in modern electronic devices. Semiconductors are used in everything from computers and smartphones to solar cells and LEDs, enabling the function of transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits. Silicon is the most widely used semiconductor material.  I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.1. Transistor. ❑ Transistor is an electronic device made of three layers of semiconductor material. ❑ A transistor is used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.  I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.1. Transistor. Types of transistor Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Field Effect Transistor (FET) ▪ 3 regions: the Base, the Collector, and ▪ 3 regions: a Gate, a Source, and a Drain. the Emitter. ▪ Current-controlled devices. A small current ▪ Voltage-controlled devices. A voltage placed entering the base region of the transistor causes a at the gate controls current flow from the much larger current flow from the emitter to the source to the drain of the transistor. collector region. Example for transistor BJT Manufacturer’s technical Sheet Transistor number Voltage or current exceeds manufactureds limit !! Voltage and current limit exceeded How do i identify transistor legs ? 1: Emitter 2: Base 3: Collector 1 2 3 Transistor use as Switch Transistor use as Switch Transistor use as Switch Transistor use as Switch  A transistor is therefore a switch which is controlled by current iB Switching mode : 2 possible states BLOCKED PASSING BY It is the value of iB which allows you to SWITCH SWITCH OPEN CLOSED switch from one mode to another  Transistor use as amplifier Basic amplifier Large output signal Small input signal Transistor  I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.2. Integrated circuit ▪ An integrated circuit is an electronic component in which many components, such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors, are integrated into a single silicon chip. ▪ Transistors in an integrated circuit are interconnected to form logic gates, memories, processors, and other digital components. ▪ Integrated circuits, in turn, form the basis of many electronic devices, including computers, smartphones, and a variety of other modern electronic devices.  I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.2. Integrated circuit ▪ Digital integrated circuits, such as microprocessors, memories, and microcontrollers, are made up of billions of transistors interconnected to perform logic and arithmetic operations. 1 0 1 0  II. The main components of a computer ▪ The main components of a computer can be divised into hardware and software, but when focusing on hardware, the key components are: Prossesor Power Supply Motherboad Hard Drive or RAM Memory Solid-State Drive  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard ❑ A motherboard is a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inside computers, that connects all components of a general-purpose computer.  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard II.1.1. Type of Motherboard. we can classify the different motherboards according to several criteria :  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard A. Based on devices they support Integrated No Integrated motherboard motherboard An integrated system board has multiple Non integrated system board uses installable components components integrated into the broad itself. and expansion card. For example, non integrated system These may include the CPU video card, sound board may allow you to upgrade the video card bu removing the old one and installing a new one. Non integrated card and various controller cards. motherboard typicaly have several PCI expansion slots as well.  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard B. Based on Form Factor Present the size of shape of motherboard AT ATX Micro ATX Advanced Technology Advanced Technology Extended Is a motherboard which has The ATX motherboard which Supports current and new dimensions of the order of some were produced by the intel in processor technologies. AGP hundred millimeters. mid 90’s as an improvement (Accelerated graphics port) to from the previously working have high performance motherbroard such as AT graphices.  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard Mini ITX Nano ITX Pico ITX The Mini-ITX motherboard is Nano-ITX boards measure 12 × Pico-ITX, 3.94”x2. 83, is an ultra suitable for almost every computing 12 cm, and are fully integrated, small, palm size motherboard or embedded device that operates very low power consumption and provides optimized onboard in a space-constrained environment, motherboards with many uses, IO interfaces. It is design including the following: Robots, such as, media centers, car PCs, for space constrained, ultra Musical instruments, compact or mobile applications that requires low power, light weight and mobility.  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard C. Based on USE Desktop Laptop Server Desktop motherboard are used Laptop motherboard is used to Server motherboard are more in personal or desktop computer. As connect different parts of a laptop advanced then desktop it is used for application at home system. These motherboard have motherboard and are designed to and in office, this type of very advanced features as compared offer high-end service which are motherboard is the most basic type. to the desktop motherboard and more reliable and ready to operate most of the functions have been in 24*7 environments. integrated into the laptop motherboard.  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard II.1.2. Manufacturs Motherboard. Motherboard are available in various sizes and configurations. Some motherboard support 32 and 64 bit processor as well operating system. It is manufacturers by many companies such as.  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard II.1.3. Motherboard components.  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard II.1.3. Motherboard components. 1-Internal motherboard connector A motherboard contains various components and connectors that allow it to connect, control, and communicate with other hardware parts in a computer system The conductors (or traces) run the length and depth of the motherboard, with multiple layers of copper to establish connections between different components. In addition to these cavities and ports, the motherboard contains several other contact points.  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard 1-Internal motherboard connector The motherboard also contains slots, which is a standard for local (internal) buses. It is a connector in the form of a slot where the processor Socket is inserted. The slot AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is also used to place modules and add expansions graphics card. The PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) slots used for connecting a RAM memory or sound card, and network card. Socket Port AGP PCI AGP  II. The main components of a computer 1-Internal motherboard connector ❖ Connections IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) or SATA (Serial ATA), are a standard connection interface used in computer to transfer data between motherboard of a computer or server to mass memory media: hard disk, DVD and CD-ROM. ❖ The SATA connector allows "hot" plugging (device on). In its first version SATA 1, the data transfer speed is 150 MB/s, currently in SATA 3 the data transfer speed is 600 MB/S. Connections IDE SATA  II. The main components of a computer 1-Internal motherboard connector In addition to these cavities and ports, the motherboard contains several other contact points. These include: ❖ Power connections. - The first is a 4-pin connector (or 8 pins for newer motherboards) designed primarily to power the CPU. It is located in close proximity to the processor. - The second is a larger 24-pin connector (or 20 pins on older motherboards) used to provide power to other components. It is generally placed near the memory slots.  II. The main components of a computer 1-Internal motherboard connector ❖The fan connectors, USB ports, and audio jacks. Whether it's case fans, front-panel connectors, or any other peripherals, all must be connected to the motherboard.  II. The main components of a computer 1-Internal motherboard connector ❖ Power buttons, reset, and LED indicators. Power Switch: (PW SW) is the PC power-on button. H.D.D. LED: (HDD LED) controls the LED indicating if the hard drives are working. Power LED: (PW LED) corresponds to the power-on LED of the PC. Reset Switch: (Reset SW) is the PC reset button. Speaker: (SPK) is the small internal speaker of the PC that will beep when your PC crashes and restarts (it is not necessary to connect it). II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector RJ-45 (Registered Jack 45) LAN port : This port allows connection to a Local Area Network (LAN) through a network hub using a RJ-45 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector USB (Universal Serial Bus) 2.0 Ports: There are usually a couple of these ports located on each motherboard used for connecting pen drives and external hard drives, like Ipods or Mp3 players. USB 2.0 copes with data transfer at the rate of 480 Mbps 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector IEEE; This port is used to connect to any firewire device. FireWire has largely been supplanted by USB. Some professional audio hardware still uses FireWire 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector VGA Port(Video Graphics Array) :Using higher frequencies, it corresponds to the integrated graphics card with connect a screen 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector PS/2 mouse port (green):This port is for a PS/2 mouse. 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector PS/2 Keyboard Port 3.0 (purple) :This port is for a PS/2 keyboard II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector DVI (Digital Visual Interface) connector : It is used to send digital information from a computer to a digital display, such as a flat-panel LCD monitor. II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector HDMI Connector(High-Definition Multimedia Interface):HDMI is a digital interface for transmitting audio and video data in a single cable. It is supported by most HDTVs and related components, such as DVD and Blu-ray players, cable boxes, and video game systems. II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector Optical S/PDIF Used for sound connections to home audio recievers or powered PC speakers with optical connections. II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector eSATA port(External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment): It is an external interface for SATA technologies. It competes with FireWire 400 and universal serial bus (USB) 2.0 to provide fast data transfer speeds for external storage devices. II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector USB 3.0 Ports: faster than 2.0. Data transfer speed: USB 3.0 can 3.0 transfer at 4.8 Gbps II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector Analog Audio port :This port connects a CD, DVD 3.0 player or other audio soures. II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 1- Chipset Chipset (chip = puce / set = ensemble) Chipset = Ensemble de puces The chipset coordinates data exchange (manages communications) between the processor and the computer components  II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 1- Chipset Northbridge coordinates data exchanges (manages communications or interface) between Microprocessor and fast components of the computer (RAM + graphics card). Southbridge South bridge coordinates data exchanges (manages communications or interface) between the microprocessor and slow computer of components (HDD, USB, modem card, PCI card,…  II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 1- Chipset the main functions of the old Northbridge are integrated into the processor: in addition to the CPU cores, we find the memory controller and the PCI Express graphics controller.  II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 2- CMOS battery CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxyde Semiconductor) Is capable to memorize some important parameters about system -Clock -Date  II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 3- BIOS ▪ BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) (This is a basic program serving as an interface between the operating system and the motherboard) ▪ The BIOS is stored in a ROM (Read Only Memory) ▪ The BIOS uses the data contained in CMOS to know system hardware configuration ▪ BIOS setup (configuration du BIOS) (interface used to configure BIOS) (a common way to enter BIOS setup is to press a specific key during the startup process, before the Windows logo appears)(The key may differ depending on your computer model).  II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 4- Real Time Clock (RTC) A Real-Time Clock (RTC) is an electronic device (most often in the form of an integrated circtuit) that measures the passage of time. Although the term often refers to the devices in personal computer, servers and embedded systems, RTCs are present in almost any electronic device which needs to keep accurate time of day.  II. The main components of a computer II.2.Processor CPU The processor or CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of the computer. It organizes data exchanges between different components and performs calculations that enable the computer to interact with the user.  II. The main components of a computer Processor Architecture The microprocessor is built around two main elements: - The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) where arithmetic and logic operations are performed. - The Control Unit, Controls the instructions and Registers The flow of data within the computer (ALU, memory, Arithmetic Control Unit and Logic input/output devices), this circuits generate the Unit signals necessary for the execution of each instruction in a program. Additionally, - Registers. are responsible for temporarily storing various pieces of information to be processed. - Internal buses. facilitate information exchanges.  II. The main components of a computer I. Control Unit. Is the set of devices coordinating the operation of the computer to execute the sequence of operations specified in the program instructions. The main elements of the control unit, are: - The program counter (PC), The program counter (PC) is a register program counter (PC) that manages the memory address of the instruction to be executed next. - Instruction register (IR), This register holds the current instruction so that it can be decoded and input to the control and timing unit. - Decoder The operation code decoder, which determines which operation should be performed among all possible operations; Instruction register (IR) - The sequencer, which generates control signals to activate and control the units involved in the execution of a given instruction. - The clock which emits a series of regular pulses. The time interval between two pulses is called a period or clock cycle. The role of the clock in the control unit is to generate periodic signals that define the basic cycle (or machine cycle), corresponding to the fundamental duration governing the operation of the machine.  II. The main components of a computer II. Arithmetic and Logic Unit This unit handles calculations through two types of operations: ▪ Arithmetic operations ▪ Logical operations To accomplish its role, the ALU is equipped with logical circuits capable of performing not only logical functions (such as AND, OR, NOR, etc.) but also arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication.  II. The main components of a computer A and B are called operands, A and B are input data, and R is the result of the operation. F is the function to be executed. The arithmetic and logic unit is essentially composed of: - The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), which is a complex circuit ensuring logical functions (AND, OR, Comparison, etc.) and arithmetic functions (Addition, subtraction...). -The status register (PSW, Processor Status Word), also called the condition register. This register contains indicator bits called flags, indicating particular states such as: ▪ Sign of the result (N for negative, P for positive). ▪ Result is zero (symbolized by Z for zero). ▪ Possible carry (symbolized by C for carry). ▪ Overflow (symbolized by O for overflow).  II. The main components of a computer - The accumulators are working registers used to store an operand at the beginning of an arithmetic operation and the result at the end of the operation.  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU Memory Address Register 000 01|1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur Memory Buffer Register ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer 01 | 1110110 Adress |Code d’instruction 000 01|1110110 - The operation code, the code indicating the action that the 001 05|1110111 … …………… Programme microprocessor must execute (ADD, Div...). … …………… − The operand code, which represents the parameters of the … …………… action. (The operand code can be data or a memory address). 1110110 00000101 Example: 1110111 00010100 ……… …………... Données Add A A: represents the memory address, not the value ………. ………….. ………. …………..  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 00000101 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 00000101 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur Result … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 00000101 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Characteristic of a processor The characteristics of a microprocessor are: - Its frequency: this is the number of operations the processor can perform in one second. The frequency of a processor is measured in hertz (Hz). Today, we often refer to it in gigahertz (GHz). For example, if a processor has a frequency of 1 GHz, it can perform 1 billion operations per second. The higher the frequency of a processor, the faster it will perform its operations. - Number of cores: the number of cores indicates the number of simultaneous instructions the processor can handle (one core = one instruction). A processor is considered multicore if it is composed not of a single core but of multiple cores. A dual-core processor has two cores, a quad-core processor has four cores, and a hexa-core processor has six cores, and so on. The more cores a processor has, the more calculations it can perform in parallel and, consequently, the faster it will be. - The complexity of its architecture: this complexity is measured by the number of transistors contained in the microprocessor.  II. The main components of a computer Caractéristique d’un Processeur - Its cache memory: this is memory dedicated to the processor (it allows it to store data it frequently needs rather than fetching it from the main memory, for example). - Its register width (data width): the number of bits the processor can process together. Current processors have a register width of 64 bits (they can process numbers of 64 bits). - Instruction set: The instruction set describes the set of elementary operations that the microprocessor can perform. A microprocessor can execute several tens or even hundreds of different instructions. Electronics and system components Chapter 4. The different types of peripherals Dr. ABDERREZAK Mohamed Zaki  Objective of this Chapter After completing this chapter, you should be able to Identify the different peripherals of 1 computer 2 Describe the function of each peripheral. Appreciate the importance of learning 3 computer peripherals.  I. Computer peripheral devices In addition to the basic components of our computer, we also need other components to be more productive in using it. These are called computer peripheral devices. A peripheral device, also sometimes called an auxiliary device, is any connected device, internal or external, that provides a computer with additional functionality. Peripheral devices fall into three main categories: 1. Input devices, which send data to the computer. 2. Output devices, which receive data from the computer. 3. Input/Output devices, such as storage devices.  II. Input peripheral Input peripheral is a device used to send data or commands to a computer. These devices allow users to interact with the system by providing input for processing. Examples include:  II. Input peripheral II.1. Keyboard It allows, like a typewriter , the input of characters (letters, numbers, symbols, etc.). It is, therefore, an essential input device for the computer, as it enables us to send commands. Keyboards are characterized by their technical features and, by country of manufacturing. There are many key arrangements, such as AZERTY and QWERTY.