Chapter 1: The Human Organism PDF

Because learning changes everything.® Chapter 1 The Human Organism Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC....

Because learning changes everything.® Chapter 1 The Human Organism Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: investigates body structure the term means to dissect Physiology: investigates processes and functions Human Physiology: studies the human organism Systemic Physiology: studies body organ-systems Cellular Physiology: studies body cells Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2 Importance of Anatomy and Physiology Understand how the body: responds to stimuli environmental changes environmental cues diseases injury Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 3 Types of Anatomy Systemic: studies body organ-systems Regional: studies body regions (medical schools) Surface: studies external features, for example, bone projections Anatomical imaging: using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI) Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 4 Structural and Functional Organization 1 Six levels from chemical to organism: 1. Chemical: smallest level atoms, chemical bonds, molecules 2. Cellular: cells: basic units of life compartments and organelles examples of organelles: mitochondria, nucleus Figure 1.1 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 5 Structural and Functional Organization 2 3. Tissues: group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release four broad types: Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Figure 1.1 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 6 Structural and Functional Organization 3 4. Organs: two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s) Examples: stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney Figure 1.1 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 7 Structural and Functional Organization 4 5. Organ-System: group of organs contributing to some function for example, digestive system, reproductive system Figure 1.1 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 8 Structural and Functional Organization 5 6. Organism: all organ systems working together includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria BJI/Blue Jean Images/Getty Images Figure 1.1 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 9 Structural and Functional Organization 6 BJI/Blue Jean Images/Getty Images Figure 1.1 Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 10 Major Organs of the Body Figure 1.2 Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 11 Organ Systems of the Body 1 Figure 1.3 Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 12 Organ Systems of the Body 2 Figure 1.3 Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 13 Characteristics of Life 1 Organization: functional interrelationships between parts Metabolism: sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes Responsiveness: ability to sense and respond to environmental changes includes both internal and external environments Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 14 Characteristics of Life 2 Growth: can increase in size size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials Development: changes in form and size changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized—differentiation Reproduction: formation of new cells or new organisms generation of new individuals tissue repair Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 15 Homeostasis 1 Homeostasis: maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment Variables: measures of body properties that may change in value Examples of variables: body temperature blood glucose levels heart rate blood cell counts blood pressure respiratory rate Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 16 Homeostasis 2 Normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point Set point: normal, or average value of a variable Over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set point Figure 1.4a Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 17 Homeostasis 3 Set points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted depending on body activities, as needed: Examples Common cause of change body temperature fever heart rate, blood pressure exercise respiratory rate Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 18 Homeostasis 4 Negative feedback is the main mechanism used homeostatic regulation. A negative feedback response involves: detection: of deviation away from set point and correction: reversal of deviation toward set point and normal range Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 19 Homeostasis 5 The components of feedback: 1. Receptor: detects changes in variable 2. Control center: receives receptor signal establishes set point sends signal to effector 3. Effector: directly causes change in variable Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 20 Homeostasis 6 Figure 1.4b Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 21 Homeostasis 7 Figure 1.4c Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 22 Negative Feedback Control of Body Temperature Figure 1.5 Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 23 Homeostasis 8 Positive feedback mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response system response causes progressive deviation away from set point, outside of normal range not directly used for homeostasis some positive feedback occurs under normal conditions Example: childbirth generally associated with injury, disease negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain homeostasis Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 24 Terminology and the Body Plan Anatomical position: person standing erect with face and palms forward all relational descriptions based on the anatomical position, regardless of body orientation ©Eric Wise Figure 1.6 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 25 Directional Terms 1 Superior: above Inferior: below Anterior: front (also: ventral) Posterior: back (also: dorsal) Note: In four-legged animals, the terms ventral (belly) and dorsal (back) correspond to anterior and posterior in humans ©Eric Wise Figure 1.6 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 26 Directional Terms 2 Medial: close to midline Lateral: away from midline Proximal: close to point of attachment Distal: far from point of attachment Superficial: structure close to the surface Deep: structure toward the interior of the body ©Eric Wise Figure 1.6 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 27 Directional Terms 3 ©Eric Wise Figure 1.6 Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 28 Body Regions Upper limbs: upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand Lower limbs: thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot Central region: ©Eric Wise head, neck, trunk Figure 1.7a Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 29 Body Parts and Regions 1 ©Eric Wise Figure 1.7a Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 30 Body Parts and Regions 2 ©Eric Wise Figure 1.7b Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 31 Subdivisions of the Abdomen Figure 1.8 Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 32 Body Planes 1 Sagittal plane: separates the body into right and left parts Median plane: a sagittal plane along the midline that divides body into equal left and right halves Transverse plane: a horizontal plane that separates the body into superior and inferior parts. Frontal plane: a vertical plane that separates the body into anterior and posterior parts. (a) ©Eric Wise; Figure 1.9 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 33 Body Planes 2 (a) ©Eric Wise; (b,c,d) ©R. T. Hutchings Figure 1.9 Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 34 Planes of Section Through an Organ Figure1.10 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 35 Body Cavities 1 Dorsal Body cavity: Encloses the organs of the nervous system Cranial cavity: Contains the brain Vertebral Canal: Contains the spinal cord Figure 1.11 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 36 Body Cavities 2 Ventral Body cavity: Contains the majority of internal organs (viscera) Divided into: Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity divided into: Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Figure 1.11 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 37 Body Cavities 3 Thoracic cavity: space within chest wall and diaphragm contains heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea Mediastinum: space between lungs contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea Figure 1.11 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 38 Body Cavities 4 Abdominal cavity: space between diaphragm and pelvis contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys Pelvic cavity: space within pelvis contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine Figure 1.11 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 39 Serous Membranes 1 Line trunk cavities, cover organs in the ventral body cavity. Structure: visceral serous membrane covers organs parietal serous membrane lines the walls of the cavities cavity - a fluid-filled space between the membranes Figure 1.12 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 40 Serous Membranes 2 Serous membranes are named after the cavities they are in. Cavity Name Membrane Name Pericardial cavity - Pericardium around the heart Pleural Cavity - Pleura around lungs Peritoneal Cavity - Peritoneum around abdominopelvic cavity and its organs Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 41 Pericardial Cavity Pericardium visceral pericardium covers heart parietal pericardium thick, fibrous pericardial cavity reduces friction Figure 1.13a Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 42 Pleura and Pleural Cavity Pleura visceral pleura covers lungs parietal pleura lines inner wall of thorax pleural cavity reduces friction adheres lungs to thoracic wall Figure 1.13b Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 43 Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity Peritoneum visceral peritoneum covers, anchors organs double layers called mesenteries parietal peritoneum lines inner wall of abdominopelvic cavity peritoneal cavity reduces friction Figure 1.13c Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 44