Chapter 9 Anatomy PDF

TEACH Lesson Plan Manual for Herlihy’s The Human Body in Health and Illness 6th edition Chapter 9 Muscular System Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Lesson 9.1 Types, Functions, and Structure of Muscles 1. Identify th...

TEACH Lesson Plan Manual for Herlihy’s The Human Body in Health and Illness 6th edition Chapter 9 Muscular System Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Lesson 9.1 Types, Functions, and Structure of Muscles 1. Identify three types of muscle tissue. 2. Compare the structure of a whole muscle and the structure of a single muscle fiber. 3. Describe the sliding filament mechanism of a muscle contraction. 4. Explain the role of calcium and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in muscle contraction. 5. Describe the relationship between skeletal muscles and nerves, including the motor unit and its relationship to recruitment and the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2  Types and Functions of Muscles  Skeletal muscle  Smooth muscle  Cardiac muscle Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Three Types of Muscles Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Layers of Connective Tissue  Fascia  Epimysium  Perimysium  Endomysium  Fascicles (bundles)  Tendon Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5  Muscle Attachments  Muscle form attachments by:  Tendon attaches the muscle to bone.  Muscles attach directly to bone or soft tissue.  Aponeurosis connects muscle to muscle or muscle to bone. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6  Muscle Fiber: Cell  Group of myofibrils  Series of sarcomeres  Sarcoplasmic reticulum  Sarcolemma  T-tubule system Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7  Sarcomeres: Inside the Myofibril  From Z line to Z line  Thin filaments  Actin  Troponin-tropomyosin  Thick filaments  Myosin Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8  Sliding Filament Mechanism  Myosin heads make contact with actin.  Myosin heads rotate  Actin is pulled to the center of the sarcomere  Sarcomere shortensmuscle contraction Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9  The Role of Calcium and Adenosine Triphosphate  Calcium is stored away from thin and thick filaments in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)  When stimulated, the SR releases calcium  Calcium allows actin, myosin, and ATP to interact, causing muscle contraction  Why does muscle relax? Calcium returns to the SR Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10  Somatic Motor Neuron  Skeletal muscle contraction only takes place when it is first stimulated by a nerve  Somatic motor nerve supplies skeletal muscle  Emerges from the spinal cord and travels to the skeletal muscle Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Somatic Motor Neuron Stimulation Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12  The Motor Unit  A single muscle fiber has an “all or nothing” response, but a whole muscle can vary its force of contraction  Two characteristics of a whole muscle allow this:  Motor unit  Recruitment Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Innervation of a Skeletal Muscle Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14  The Neuromuscular Junction  Space between motor neuron and muscle  Site of ACh action and activation of muscle membrane Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Steps of Information Transfer from Neuron to NMJ  Neuron stimulation causes an electrical impulse to move toward the neuron's end  Vesicles move toward and fuse with the membrane  ACh diffuses and binds to muscle membrane receptor sites  ACh stimulates receptors, causing an electrical impulse Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16  Impairment at the NMJ  Myasthenia gravis  Curare  Neurotoxins  Clostridium tetani (tetanus)  Clostridium botulinum (botulism and Botox) Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Disorders of the NMJ Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18  Muscular Contraction and Actions 6. Discuss muscle responses: single fiber and whole muscle: Define twitch and tetanus. Identify the sources of energy for muscle contraction. Trace the sequence of events from nerve stimulation to muscle contraction. 7. Define muscle terms and state the basis for naming muscles. 8. Identify and list the actions of the major muscles. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19  Muscle Responses  Twitch: Single muscle response in which muscle contracts and then fully relaxes  Tetanus: Sustained muscle contraction caused by repeated stimulation  Tonus: Normal, continuous state of partial muscle contraction Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20  Energy Source for Muscle Contraction  Metabolism of creatinine phosphate  Glycosis (anaerobic metabolism)  Aerobic metabolism Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21  Muscle Terms  Origin  Insertion  Prime mover  Synergist  Antagonist Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22  Muscle Overuse and Underuse Terms  Hypertrophy: Growth in response to overuse  Atrophy: Wasting  Disuse atrophy  Denervation atrophy  Senile atrophy  Contracture: Abnormal fibrous formation in muscle that “freezes” in flexed position Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23  How Skeletal Muscles Are Named  Size: Gluteus maximus  Shape: Trapezius  Orientation of fibers: Rectus abdominis  Location: Pectoralis  Number of origins: Biceps  Origin and insertion: Sternocleidomastoid  Muscle action: Adductors Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Major Muscles Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25  Facial Muscles  Frontalis  Orbicularis oculi  Levator palpebrae superioris  Orbicularis oris  Buccinator  Zygomaticus  Platysma Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26  Chewing Muscles  Masseter  Temporalis Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27  Muscles of the Neck  Sternocleidomastoid  Scalene muscles (three)  Trapezius Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28  Muscles of the Trunk: Breathing  Intercostal muscles  Internal  External  Diaphragm Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 29  Muscles of the Trunk: Abdominal Wall and Vertebral Column  Abdominal wall  Internal oblique  Vertebral column  External oblique  Erector spinae  Transversus  Sternocleidomastoi abdominis d  Rectus abdominis  Trapezius  Abdominal muscles  Iliopsoas Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 30  Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle and Arm  Trapezius  Serratus anterior  Pectoralis major  Latissimus dorsi  Deltoid  Teres major  Rotator cuff muscles Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 31  Muscles of the Forearm  Biceps brachii  Triceps brachii  Brachialis  Brachioradialis  Supinators and pronators Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 32  Muscles of the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers  Flexor carpi group  Extensor carpi group  Flexor digitorum  Extensor digitorum Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 33 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 34  Muscles of the Thigh  Gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus  Iliopsoas  Tensor fasciae latae  Adductor group  Pectineus  Quadriceps femoris  Sartorius  Hamstrings Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 35  Muscles: Leg/Foot  Quadriceps femoris  Rectus femoris  Vastus lateralis  Vastus medialis  Vastus intermedius  Sartorius  Tibialis anterior  Peroneus longus Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 36  Muscles: Leg/Foot, cont’d  Hamstrings  Biceps femoris  Semitendinosus  Semimembranosus  Foot  Gastrocnemius  Soleus  Tibialis posterior  Calcaneal tendon, or Achilles tendon Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 37 Special Muscles Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 38  Questions? Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 39