Securing Documents Against Forgery & Detecting Forged Documents PDF

securing documents against forgery and detect forged documents o By Dr. Afnan M. El-badrawy An Expert at Forensic Medicine Authority  Chapter IV The Examination of security Documents  Terms Related to Document authenticity : Genuine...

securing documents against forgery and detect forged documents o By Dr. Afnan M. El-badrawy An Expert at Forensic Medicine Authority  Chapter IV The Examination of security Documents  Terms Related to Document authenticity : Genuine Fraudulently Altered Counterfeit Camouflage and Fantasy  Fraudulently Altered documents Definition: Fraudulently altered documents are legitimate documents altered after issuance. Documents that are manufactured and issued correctly before being intentionally altered in some way. The information is altered, making the document non-genuine. Types of Alterations: Minor Changes: e.g., changing a date on an arrival stamp. Major Changes: e.g., dissociation the passport to replace multiple pages. Common Methods of Alteration: 1. Photograph Substitution. 2. Biographical Data Page Substitution. 3. End Page Substitution. 4. Physical/Chemical Alteration. 5. Inner Page Substitution. 1. Photograph Alteration : Exchange the original photo with a different one. Definition: The bearer’s (original) photograph is removed and replaced using physical or chemical methods. Multiple Photographs: Usually, all photographs in the passport are altered if multiple are present. 2. Biographical Data Page Alteration: Replacing the data page with another. Definition: The biographical data page is removed and replaced, often accompanied by the connected binding page. Replacement Pages: From Another Passport: May include genuine security features. Counterfeit Page: have simulated security features. Evidence of Fraud – Cover Visible watermark Doesn’t see the perforation under UV under transmitted light Drawn or printed fibers Evidence of Fraud – Biographical data page 3. End Page Alteration : Changing the last pages of the document. Definition: End pages are located between the front and back covers of a passport. Need for Replacement: When a passport is dissociation for page or information changes, the end pages may be damaged and require replacement. latent image OVI Intaglio printing Evidence of Fraud – End pages 4. Alteration of Information: Modifying any data using physical or chemical means. Definition: Information within the passport can be removed or altered using physical means or chemicals. Types of Altered Information: Personal Information: Name, date of birth, etc. Issuing Authority Markings: Official stamps or signatures. Document Numbers: Serial numbers or codes. Arrival/Departure Stamps: Travel history. Visas: Entry or exit permits. 5. Inner Page Alteration : Altering or replacing the internal pages. Definition: Inner pages refer to any pages within the passport booklet, excluding the end pages. Visa Pages: These pages often contain information that may be undesirable for fraudulent use. Methods of Alteration: Instead of altering information chemically or physically, the entire inner page may be: Removed and Replaced: With a page from another passport or a counterfeit page. Left Blank: In some cases, an inner page may be completely removed with no replacement.  Paper remnants Evidence of Fraud – Inner pages (Stitching)  Detection of Alterations Examination techniques include analyzing: Paper Quality: Differences in texture and/or weight. Printing Methods: Variations in print quality and/or style and/or method. Binding Techniques: Signs of manipulation in how pages are attached. Guillotining: Checking for irregular cuts. Laminate Features: Observing irregularities in the finish or security features. Security Features: Notable differences regarding original security elements Chemical Reactions: Altered materials may react under UV light.  Counterfeit documents Definition: Counterfeit documents are fake documents created using non-genuine materials and security features. They have not been issued by recognized authorities. Quality Variability: The quality of counterfeit documents can vary based on: The skills of the counterfeiters. Their access to manufacturing equipment. Manufacturing Processes: They typically lack full access to all equipment and materials needed for authentic features. Sometimes, parts from genuine documents may be recycled for use in counterfeit documents. Faked Security Features: They generally lack the quality and strength of genuine documents. Detection Methods: Understanding how genuine security features are manufactured and operate is essential for detecting and identifying counterfeit documents.  Camouflage and Fantasy Documents Definition: Refer to Non-Existent Authorities, fake agencies or governments that do not exist. Completely fake documents made from non-genuine materials. Camouflage Passports: Use names of countries that no longer exist, making past passport designs. Examples: British Honduras (now Belize), Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Fantasy Passports: Create Non exit passports. Examples: World Service Authority Passport, Hutt River Principality Passport. thanks