Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Thirteenth Edition PDF

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Thirteenth Edition Chapter 3B Tissues Lecture Presentation by Patty Bostwick...

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Thirteenth Edition Chapter 3B Tissues Lecture Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Body Tissues Tissues – Groups of cells with similar structure and function – Four primary types: 1. Epithelial tissue (epithelium) 2. Connective tissue 3. Muscle tissue 4. Nervous tissue Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (1 of 14) Locations: – Body coverings – Body linings – Glandular tissue Functions: – Protection – Absorption – Filtration – Secretion Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (2 of 14) Hallmarks of epithelial tissues: – Cover and line body surfaces – Often form sheets with one free surface, the apical surface, and an anchored surface, the basement membrane – Avascular (no blood supply) – Regenerate easily if well nourished Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (3 of 14) Classification of epithelia – Number of cell layers ▪ Simple—one layer ▪ Stratified—more than one layer – Shape of cells ▪ Squamous—flattened, like fish scales ▪ Cuboidal—cube-shaped, like dice ▪ Columnar—shaped like columns Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.17a Classification and Functions of Epithelia Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.17b Classification and Functions of Epithelia Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.17c Classification and Functions of Epithelia Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (4 of 14) Simple epithelia – Functions in absorption, secretion, and filtration – Very thin (so not suited for protection) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (5 of 14) Simple squamous epithelium – Single layer of flat cells – Locations—usually forms membranes ▪ Lines air sacs of the lungs ▪ Forms walls of capillaries ▪ Forms serous membranes (serosae) that line and cover organs in ventral cavity – Functions in filtration or diffusion Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.18a Types of Epithelia and Examples of Common Locations in the Body Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (6 of 14) Simple cuboidal epithelium – Single layer of cubelike cells – Locations ▪ Common in glands and their ducts ▪ Forms walls of kidney tubules ▪ Covers the surface of ovaries Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.18b Types of Epithelia and Examples of Common Locations in the Body Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (7 of 14) Simple columnar epithelium – Single layer of tall cells ▪ Goblet cells secrete mucus – Locations ▪ Lining of the digestive tract from stomach to anus ▪ Mucous membranes (mucosae) line body cavities opening to the exterior Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.18c Types of Epithelia and Examples of Common Locations in the Body Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (8 of 14) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium – All cells rest on a basement membrane – Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others giving a false (pseudo) impression of stratification – Location: respiratory tract, where it is ciliated and known as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium – Functions in absorption or secretion Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.18d Types of Epithelia and Examples of Common Locations in the Body Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (9 of 14) Stratified epithelia – Consist of two or more cell layers – Function primarily in protection Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (10 of 14) Stratified squamous epithelium – Most common stratified epithelium – Named for cells present at the free (apical) surface, which are squamous – Functions as a protective covering where friction is common – Locations—lining of the: ▪ Skin (outer portion) ▪ Mouth ▪ Esophagus Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.18e Types of Epithelia and Examples of Common Locations in the Body Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (11 of 14) Stratified cuboidal epithelium—two layers of cuboidal cells Stratified columnar epithelium—surface cells are columnar, and cells underneath vary in size and shape Stratified cuboidal and columnar – Rare in human body – Found mainly in ducts of large glands Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (12 of 14) Transitional epithelium – Composed of modified stratified squamous epithelium – Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching – Functions in stretching and the ability to return to normal shape – Location: lining of urinary system organs Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.18f Types of Epithelia and Examples of Common Locations in the Body Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (13 of 14) Glandular epithelia – One or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product – Secretions contain protein molecules in an aqueous (water-based) fluid – Secretion is an active process Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Epithelial Tissue (14 of 14) Two major gland types develop from epithelial sheets – Endocrine glands ▪ Ductless; secretions (hormones) diffuse into blood vessels ▪ Examples include thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary – Exocrine glands ▪ Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface ▪ Include sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas (these are both internal and external types of glands) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (1 of 14) Found everywhere in the body to connect body parts Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues Functions – Protecting – Supporting – Cushioning – Insulating Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (2 of 14) Characteristics of connective tissue – Variations in blood supply ▪ Some tissue types are well vascularized ▪ Some have a poor blood supply or are avascular – Extracellular matrix ▪ Nonliving material that surrounds living cells Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (3 of 14) Two main elements of the extracellular matrix 1. Ground substance—mostly water, along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules 2. Fibers ▪ Collagen (white) fibers ▪ Elastic (yellow) fibers ▪ Reticular fibers (a type of collagen) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (4 of 14) Types of connective tissue from most rigid to softest, or most fluid: – Bone – Cartilage – Dense connective tissue – Loose connective tissue – Blood Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (5 of 14) Bone (osseous tissue) – Composed of: ▪ Osteocytes (bone cells) sitting in lacunae (cavities) ▪ Hard matrix of calcium salts ▪ Large numbers of collagen fibers – Functions to protect and support the body Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.19a Connective Tissues and Their Common Body Locations Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (6 of 14) Cartilage – Less hard and more flexible than bone – Found in only a few places in the body – Chondrocyte (cartilage cell) is the major cell type – Types ▪ Hyaline cartilage ▪ Fibrocartilage ▪ Elastic cartilage Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (7 of 14) Hyaline cartilage – Most widespread type of cartilage – Abundant collagen fibers hidden by a glassy, rubbery matrix – Locations ▪ Trachea ▪ Attaches ribs to the breastbone ▪ Covers ends of long bones ▪ Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth ▪ Epiphyseal (growth) plates in long bones Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.19b Connective Tissues and Their Common Body Locations Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (8 of 14) Elastic cartilage (not pictured) – Provides elasticity – Location: supports the external ear Fibrocartilage – Highly compressible – Location: forms cushionlike discs between vertebrae of the spinal column Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.19c Connective Tissues and Their Common Body Locations Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (9 of 14) Dense connective tissue (dense regular fibrous tissue) – Main matrix element is collagen fiber – Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers – Locations ▪ Tendons—attach skeletal muscle to bone ▪ Ligaments—attach bone to bone at joints and are more elastic than tendons Dense connective tissue (dense irregular fibrous tissue) – Dermis—lower layers of the skin Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.19d Connective Tissues and Their Common Body Locations Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (10 of 14) Loose connective tissue – Softer, have more cells and fewer fibers than other connective tissues (except blood) – Types ▪ Areolar ▪ Adipose ▪ Reticular Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (11 of 14) Areolar connective tissue – Most widely distributed connective tissue – Soft, pliable tissue like “cobwebs” – Functions as a universal packing tissue and “glue” to hold organs in place – Layer of areolar tissue called lamina propria underlies all membranes – All fiber types form a loose network – Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.19e Connective Tissues and Their Common Body Locations Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (12 of 14) Adipose connective tissue – An areolar tissue in which adipose (fat) cells dominate – Functions ▪ Insulates the body ▪ Protects some organs ▪ Serves as a site of fuel storage – Locations ▪ Subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin ▪ Protects organs, such as the kidneys ▪ Fat “depots” include hips, breasts, and belly Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.19f Connective Tissues and Their Common Body Locations Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (13 of 14) Reticular connective tissue – Delicate network of interwoven fibers with reticular cells (like fibroblasts) – Forms stroma (internal framework) of organs which can support free blood cells (largely lymphocytes) – Locations ▪ Lymph nodes ▪ Spleen ▪ Bone marrow Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.19g Connective Tissues and Their Common Body Locations Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Connective Tissue (14 of 14) Blood (vascular tissue) – Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix known as blood plasma – Soluble fibers are visible only during clotting – Functions as the transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system, carrying: ▪ Nutrients ▪ Wastes ▪ Respiratory gases Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.19h Connective Tissues and Their Common Body Locations Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Muscle Tissue (1 of 4) Muscle tissue contracts, or shortens, to produce movement – Muscle tissue is irritable (able to respond to stimuli) Three types of muscle tissue 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Muscle Tissue (2 of 4) Skeletal muscle tissue – Packaged by connective tissue sheets into skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton and pull on bones or skin – Voluntarily (consciously) controlled – Produces gross body movements or facial expressions – Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells ▪ Striations (stripes) ▪ Multinucleate (more than one nucleus) ▪ Long, cylindrical shape Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.20a Types of Muscle Tissue and Their Common Locations in the Body Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Muscle Tissue (3 of 4) Cardiac muscle tissue – Involuntarily controlled – Found only in the heart – Pumps blood through blood vessels – Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells ▪ Striations ▪ One nucleus per cell ▪ Short, branching cells ▪ Intercalated discs contain gap junctions to connect cells together Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.20b Types of Muscle Tissue and Their Common Locations in the Body Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Muscle Tissue (4 of 4) Smooth (visceral) muscle tissue – Involuntarily controlled – Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels – Peristalsis, a wavelike motion, is a typical activity – Characteristics of smooth muscle cells ▪ No visible striations ▪ One nucleus per cell ▪ Spindle-shaped cells Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.20c Types of Muscle Tissue and Their Common Locations in the Body Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nervous Tissue Function is to receive and conduct electrochemical impulses to and from body parts – Irritability – Conductivity Composed of neurons and nerve support cells – Support cells called neuroglia insulate, protect, and support neurons Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.21 Nervous Tissue Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved