CH3 (A) Early Imamate PDF

College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imamate System in Oman...

College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imamate System in Oman 1 ▪ Chapter 3 (A) Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 24 October 2024  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Table of Contents ▪ Introduction ……………………………………………………………………..……………………... 3 ▪ Main types of governments ……………………………… ………………………….……………… 3 ▪ Imamate System ……………………………..…………………………………...…………………… 4 ▪ Imam Nomination …………………………………………………………………………...………… 5 ▪ Al Julanda ibn Al Mustkber’s Family Tree ………………………………….….……...…………… 6 ▪ Status of Oman Before 132 AH ………………………………………….….……………………… 7 ▪ End of First Period of Early Imamate ……………………………………………….….……………9 Rustaqiyah and Nizwaniyah …………………………………………………………..…………… 16 Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 24 October 2024 2  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Introduction Main Types of Governments can be classified as the following: ▪ Democracy where government authority is based on people’s consent and people vote for ALL issues directly, e.g. USA. ▪ Federal government is dividing up power between a central national government and local state government, e.g., Australia ▪ Monarchy where a ruler inherits power to control government, e.g. KSA ▪ Dictatorship when a group of people have the power and tell everyone else what to do, e.g., North Korea. ▪ Communism a political movement where the state controls production on behalf of people. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 24 October 2024 3  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imamate System ▪ Imamate system is a historical state where an Imam exercises spiritual and temporal representation over the region. ▪ Imamate refers to government regime that is pioneered by a religious leader based upon Islamic legislation (Sharia). ▪ An Imam should be fairly elected and/or deposed from Imamate by a committee of absolute religious scholars ‘consensus and contract’ called (Ahlu alhal wal aqd). Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 24 October 2024 4  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imam Nomination An Imam is nominated according to the following conditions: ▪ To be a man of integrity, ▪ Religiously and, ▪ morally upright and ▪ virtuous ▪ regardless of the color of his skin or his tribe and family or society to which he belongs to. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 24 October 2024 5  Al Julanda ibn Al Mustkber Jaifar Abd Masud Ubad Said Suleiman Al Julanda Jafar Zaieedah Al Nadar Muhammed Rashid Al Saqer Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini Abu 24 October 2024 6 Rashid  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Status of Oman Before 132 AH ▪ During period of Fifth Umayyad Caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan (646-706 AD) who he assigned Al Hajjaj bin Yusuf Al Thaqafi as a Governor (Wali) of Iraq in (75 AH), Oman at that time was ruled by Suliman & Said bin Ubad bin Abd bin Al Julanda. ▪ They encountered Al Hajjaj at many battles and defeated him but finally they left to Africa after falling of Oman in control of Umayyad Rulers. ▪ During Abbasid’s Era, Omanis completely retook control of Oman and elected Al-Julanda bin Masud as an Imam of Oman. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 24 October 2024 7  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imam. Al Julanda Ibn Masud ▪ Al Julanda Ibn Masud is the grandson of King Jaifar ibn Al-Julanda ibn Al Mustakar Al Ma'awali. He was the first and the only religious leader (Imam) of Oman in the first period of Early Imamate. ▪ He ruled for two years and one month, from 132 to 134 AH (749 to 751 AD). ▪ His reign was beginning of rejection to Umayyad and Abbasid States, where Omanis had a strong reservation on their policies. Oman then became an independent country ruled by its own sons. ▪ Imam Al Julanda was killed in a battle defending his country against Abbasid invasion under Commander Khazim bin Khuzaymah in 134 AH in Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) on the coast of Oman, where Khazim asked Al Julanda to submit to Abbasid authority, but he refused so he was killed as martyr with many of his people. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 24 October 2024 8  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) End of First Period of Early Imamate ▪ The first period of Early Imamate was ended up by death of Al Julanda bin Masud, Oman left Imamate system then and became under control of a powerful man, who used to corrupt. ▪ Oman after Imam. Al Julanda left with rulers who were connected with Abbasid State, like Rashid bin Al Nadher and Muhammed bin Zaidah. ▪ After 44 years in 177 AH Omanis gathered and decided to elect a new Imam where the second period of Early Imamate started and lasted for more than 100 years. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 24 October 2024 9  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imam. Mohammed Al Yahmady ▪ Mohammed bin Abdullah Al Yahamdy was elected by Omanis after recommendation of a Jurist, Judge, and Scholar Musa bin Abi Jabir Al Azkawi and Sh. Mohammed bin Al Muala Al Kindy. ▪ His reign lasted for two years from 177 to 179 AH. ▪ Omanis deposed Imam Mohammed bin Abdullah Al Yahmady from his position as an Imam because they were unpleasant about some of his behavior and injustice. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 24 October 2024 10  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imam. Al Warith bin Ka’ab Al-Kharusi ▪ Imam. Al Warith bin Ka’ab Al-Kharusi was the first Imam from Bani Kharus. He was recommended by a Jurist, Judge, and Scholar Musa bin Abi Jabir Al Azkawi. ▪ He governed for (13 years) from 179 to 192 AH ▪ Even before his elevation to Imamate, he was known for his excellent qualities, his integrity and genius. He was also famous for his justice. ▪ During his Imamate, Abbasid Ruler Haroon Al-Rasheed sent an army of 6000 soldiers as an attempt to occupy Oman, but that army was defeated by Omanis. ▪ His death was sinking over flooding of Wadi Kalboah in Nizwa as he tried to rescue prisoners while wadi was flowing in 192 AH Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 24 October 2024 11  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imam. Ghassan Al Yahmady ▪ Imam. Ghassan bin Abdullah Al Yahmady was in authority from 192 to 207 AH ▪ He was elected as an Imam immediately after the death of Imam Al warith bin Kaab Al-Kharusi. ▪ He was famous for his justice and power in facing external invaders. He ordered construction of a small and fast ship, and ordered to track pirates and drove them out the sea water. ▪ During his Imamate Oman reached a very good level of economy and wealth. ▪ He continued to rule uprightly till he suffered from an illness in 207 AH, of which he died a few days after. His Imamate lasted for fifteen years and seven days. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 24 October 2024 12  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imam. Abdul Malik Al Alawi ▪ Imam. Abdul Malik bin Humaid Al Alawi ruled from 207to 226 AH ▪ He was elected after death of Imam Ghassan bin Abdullah in 27 Dhul Qa’dah 207AH. ▪ He followed the way of truth, justice and integrity, following good example of his predecessors, who decreed what was right and forbade what was wrong. ▪ Imam Abdul Malik continued his beneficent Imamate till he grew old and was paralyzed. ▪ He died in Rajab 226 AH and was buried in Tombs of Imams Cemetery in Nizwa. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 24 October 2024 13  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imam. Al Muhana Al Yahmady ▪ Imam. Al Muhana bin Jefar Al Yahmadi ruled for (11 years) from 226 to 237 AH. He was elected on Friday 3th Rajab, 226 AH ▪ Imam. Al Muhana was called “ Thu Al Nab” because of a fang (long tooth) that used to appear in his forehead when he became angry. ▪ He had power in land and sea. He had a huge fleet of 300 warships and thousands of land forces. The capital of Nizwa alone had more than 10,000 armed soldiers. ▪ Oman reached a level of power and glory that had not reached before him, and he was characterized by dignity and strength of personality. ▪ Imam Al Muhana bin Jafer Al Yahmady died in 237 AH and his tomb is well known in Nizwa. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 24 October 2024 14  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Imam. Al Salt Bin Malik Al Kharusi ▪ Imam. Al Salt Bin Malik Al Kharusi was a lover of truth and justice. He held Imamate longer than any of Imams of Oman before him from 237 to 272 AH (35 years) until he became very old. ▪ During his Imamate a women from Socotra Island sent a letter in a form of poem to him requesting his assistance to release the island from invaders so Imam prepared a big army for that purpose and drove them out. He strictly ordered his army to follow the Islamic policies of war such as killing of non-armed people is not allowed, cutting trees is not allowed and reminded them of their main purpose is rescue people and get their rights back. ▪ At the end of his life, some scholars including Musa ibn Musa Al Azkawi disobeyed him. He felt undesirable so he retired from Imamate and stayed at home. Imam Al-Salt then died at home in 275 AH and was buried in Tomb of Imams Cemetery in Nizwa. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 24 October 2024 15  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Rustaiqyah and Nizwaniyah ▪ People who disobeyed Imam Al-Salt Bin Malik nominated Rashid bin Nadhar Al Yahmady as a new Imam (272-277 AH). ▪ After Imam Al Salt, Omanis divided into two divisions: those who followed Musa ibn Musa Al Azkawi , and those who still loyal to Imam Al Salt and believed that Musa ibn Musa Al Azkawi and his followers were wrong and must be punished ,and didn’t accept neither Musa bin Musa nor the isolation of Imam Al-Salt. Thus Oman entered a long civil war which put an end to the rule of Early Imamate. This conflict created two schools of thought: Rustaqiyah and Nizwaniyh school. ▪ Rustaqiyah School: those who insisted on condemning Musa bin Musa’s group and considered them as renegades. ▪ Nizwaniyah School: those who tended towards moderation, asking people to leave the past behind and restore the unified Imamate. 24 October 2024 16 Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) After Imam. Al Salt Bin Malik Al Kharusi ▪ Practice of electing Imams continued. But the internal differences were still not settled, thus several Imams took Imamate in a small period of time, for a small period of time. ▪ So Oman entered the Middle Ages torn apart both politically and geographically. ▪ Political disorder reached its peak with the occupation of strategic coastal regions, including Muscat, by the Portuguese in 1507AD. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 24 October 2024 17  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Task 7: Attempt all the following ▪ Fill in blanks 1. It refers to government regime that is pioneered by a religious leader based upon Islamic legislation: (a) Imamate (b) Democracy ( c ) Religion (d) Monotheism 2. Communism a political movement where the state controls production on behalf of people. (a) Democracy (b) Communism ( c ) Capitalism (d) Dectorship 3. An Imam is NOT nominated according to this conditions: (a) Virtuous (b) integrity ( c ) race (d) morals 4. He was the first and the only religious leader (Imam) of Oman in the first period of Early Imamate: (a) Al Julanda Ibn Masud (b) Al Julanda Ibn Al Mustakber ( c ) Al Warith Ibn Kaab Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 24 October 2024 18