Chapter 19: Blood | BIO302 Exam #2 Study Guide PDF

Chapter 19 List the 7 ways blood helps to maintain homeostasis in the body. 1.​ Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products a.​ E.g. oxygen 2.​ Transport of processed molecules a.​ Eg. precursor of vitamin D from skin to liver than kidneys 3.​ Transport of r...

Chapter 19 List the 7 ways blood helps to maintain homeostasis in the body. 1.​ Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products a.​ E.g. oxygen 2.​ Transport of processed molecules a.​ Eg. precursor of vitamin D from skin to liver than kidneys 3.​ Transport of regulatory molecules 4.​ Regulation of pH and osmosis a.​ Normal pH of most body tissues is between 7.35 and 7.45 5.​ Maintenance of body temperature a.​ Eg. warm blood shunted to the interior of the body 6.​ Protection against foreign substances a.​ E.g. antibodies 7.​ Clot formation Name the components of blood plasma. ​ Plasma: the liquid part of blood (55% of the blood) ○​ Colloid: liquid containing suspended substances that don’t settle out of solution ​ Proteins (7% of plasma): ○​ Albumins: viscosity (thickness), osmotic pressure, buffer, transport of fatty acids, bilirubin, thyroid hormones ​ Most abundant (58% of plasma proteins) ○​ Globulins: transport lipids, carbohydrates, hormones, ions, antibodies, and complement ○​ Fibrogen: blood clotting ​ Least abundant (4% of plasma proteins) ​ Water (91% of plasma): acts as a solvent and suspending medium for blood components ​ Ions (eg. electrolytes): involved in osmosis, membrane potentials, and acid-base balance ​ Nutrients: glucose, amino acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, vitamins ​ Waste products: ○​ Urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia salts ​ Breakdown products of protein metabolism ○​ Bilirubin: breakdown product of red blood cells ○​ Lactic acid: end product of anaerobic respiration ​ Gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inert nitrogen ​ Regulatory Substances: hormones, enzymes List the three kinds of formed elements using both their common and technical names. 1.​ Red blood cells (erythrocytes): Biconcave discs, anucleate (no nucleus), contain hemoglobin a.​ Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide b.​ Most abundant formed element in the blood c.​ Die quickly because they lack a nucleus 2.​ White blood cells (leukocytes): protect body against microorganisms and remove dead cells and debris a.​ Granulocytes: cytoplasm contains large granules; have multi-lobed nuclei i.​ Three distinctive types:  1.​ Neutrophils 2.​ Eosinophils 3.​ Basophils b.​ Agranulocytes: cytoplasm contains small granules and nuclei that are not lobed i.​ Two distinctive types: 1.​ Lymphocytes 2.​ Monocytes 3.​ Platelets (thrombocytes): cell fragment a.​ Form platelet plugs, release chemicals necessary for blood clotting (coagulation) b.​ Carry growth factors Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin, and relate which gases associate with hemoglobin and how. ​ Types of hemoglobin ○​ Embryonic and fetal: have a greater attraction for oxygen than adult. Fetal production stops after birth ○​ Adult ​ Oxyhemoglobin: transporting oxygen ​ Deoxyhemoglobin: looking to grab something ​ Carbaminohemoglobin: transporting carbon dioxide ​ RBC Function: Transport  ○​ Oxygen from lungs to tissues: 98.5% attached to hemoglobin ​ 1.5% dissolved in plasma ○​ Carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs ​ 7% dissolved in plasma ​ 23% in combination with hemoglobin ​ 70% transported as bicarbonate ions produced as a result of combination of H2O and CO2 because of enzyme: Carbonic Anhydrase found within RBC ​ CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ +HCO3- ​ Hemoglobin composition: ○​ Four globin molecules (polypeptide chains): transport carbon dioxide and nitric oxide ​ NO brought from lungs to tissues induces smooth muscles to relax, lowering BP ○​ Four Heme molecules: transport oxygen ​ Each contain one iron atom ○​ Iron required for oxygen transport. Iron absorbed in upper small intestine, increased by stomach acid and vitamin C. Iron lost in urine, feces, menstrual fluid Discuss the life history of red blood cells. ​ Erythropoiesis* ○​ Erythropoietin: ​ Hormone produced mostly by the kidneys ​ Secretion increases when blood oxygen levels are low. This stimulates red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. This allows the blood to transport more oxygen ​ Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis: process of blood cell production ​ Stem cells (hemocytoblast): all formed elements derived from single population ○​ Proerythroblasts: Develop into red blood cells ○​ Myeloblasts: Develop into basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils ○​ Lymphoblasts: Develop into lymphocytes  ○​ Monobalsts: Develop into monocytes ○​ Megakaryobalsts: Develop into platelets ​ Red blood cells: ○​ Production of red blood cells (need B12, folic acid, iron): ​ Stem cells > proerythroblasts > early erythroblasts > intermediate erythroblasts > late erythroblasts > reticulocytes ○​ found in higher concentration in male than in female ​ Because of testosterone ○​ Reticulocyte: immature RBC; when a red blood cell first leaves the bone marrow and enters the bloodstream ○​ Components ​ ⅓ hemoglobin ​ ⅔ lipids, ATP, carbonic anhydrase Compare the structures and functions of the five types of white blood cells (leukocytes). 1.​ Neutrophils: “first line of defense” a.​ after leaving bone marrow, stay in circulation 10-12 hours then move to other tissues b.​ Become motile, phagocytize bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes and other foreign matter  c.​ Secret lysozyme d.​ Last 1-2 days e.​ Account for 60-70% of the WBC (majority of WBCs) 2.​ Eosinophils: a.​ Leave circulation and enter tissues during inflammatory response b.​ Prevalent in allergic reactions c.​ Destroy inflammatory chemicals like histamine d.​ Release chemicals that help destroy tapeworms, flukes, pinworms, and hookworms e.​ Account for 2-4% of the WBC 3.​ Basophils: a.​ Least common b.​ Leave circulation and migrate through tissues c.​ Play a role in both inflammatory response and allergic reactions d.​ Produce histamine and heparin i.​ Heparin: blood thinning agent e.​ Account for less than 1% of the WBC 4.​ Lymphocytes: a.​ Produced in red bone marrow but then migrate to lymphatic tissues and proliferate b.​ Responsible for antibody production* c.​ Studied extensively with the immune system d.​ Account for 20-25% of the WBC 5.​ Monocytes: a.​ Remain in circulation for 3 days, leave circulation to become macrophages* b.​ Phagocytic cells c.​ Can break down antigens and present them to lymphocytes for recognition d.​ Account for 3-8% of the WBC *Know what they look like Describe the origin and structure of platelets. ​ Cell fragments pinched off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow ○​ Fragments of larger stem cells ​ Surface glycoproteins and proteins allow adhesion to other molecules; ie. collagen ​ Important in preventing blood loss ○​ Platelet plugs ○​ Promoting formation and contraction of clots Relate the functions of platelets in preventing blood loss.  ​ Hemostasis: arrest of bleeding ​ 3 stages of preventing excessive blood loss 1.​ Vascular spasm: vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels - “pinch off” a.​ Can occlude small vessels b.​ Caused by thromboxanes from platelets and endothelin from damaged endothelial cells 2.​ Platelet plug formation 3.​ Coagulation or blood clotting - Two pathways: extrinsic & intrinsic a.​ Fibrin fibers (fibrinogen) b.​ Clotting requires vitamin K c.​ Thrombus: a blood clot attached to a blood vessel wall d.​ Embolus: a thrombus which has broken off and is in the bloodstream Explain the basis of the ABO blood group system and how incompatibilities occur. ​ Blood grouping is determined by antigens (agglutinogens) on the surface of RBCs ○​ Antibodies (agglutinins) can bind to RBC antigens, resulting in agglutination (clumping) or hemolysis (rupture) of RBCs Describe the Rh blood group and its connection to hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). ​ Types: ○​ Rh positive: have Rh antigens present on surface of RBCs ​ Do not have Rh antibodies ○​ Rh negative: do not have Rh antigens present ​ Have Rh antibodies ​ Hemolytic disease of the newborn  ○​ Rh positive fetus, Rh negative mother ○​ Late in pregnancy, Rh antigens of fetus cross placenta (through a tear in placenta or during delivery); mother creates antiRh antibodies (primary response) ○​ In a second Rh positive pregnancy might initiate secondary response and HDN (potentially fatal to fetus since antibodies to its RBCs would cross the placenta from the mother to the fetus, destroying fetal RBCs) ○​ Injection of RhoGAM. Contains antibodies against Rh antigens. Antibodies attach to any fetal RBCs and they are destroyed Define: Plasma: the liquid part of blood Erythropoiesis: RBCs last 120 days in circulation (enucleated) Proerythroblast: develop into red blood cells Megakaryoblast: develop into platelets Bilirubin: breakdown product of RBCs that is unable to be recycled; waste product *Chemotaxis: attraction to and movement toward foreign materials or damaged cells (WBCs) ​ Eg. histamine and inflammation ​ Accumulation of dead white cells and bacteria is pus Diapedesis: cells become thin, elongate and move either between or through endothelial cells of capillaries Thrombus: a blood clot attached to a blood vessel wall Embolus: a thrombus which has broken off and is in the bloodstream Agglutination: clumping of red blood cells ​ Caused by: a bad transfusion - antibodies, bind to antigens Antigen: protein identifiers; “flags” identifies if the molecule belongs to the body - calls out to the antibodies. Antibody: marks foreign antigens for destruction by WBCs Reticulocyte: immature RBC; when a red blood cell first leaves the bone marrow and enters the bloodstream