Ch.1 PPT Main Themes of Microbiology PDF

Main Themes of Microbiology CH.1 Learning Objectives List the organisms we will be discussing this semester Describe the role & impact that microbes have on earth Explain ways that humans manipulate microbes for their own uses Summarize the relative burden of human disease and microbes, emphasize t...

Main Themes of Microbiology CH.1 Learning Objectives List the organisms we will be discussing this semester Describe the role & impact that microbes have on earth Explain ways that humans manipulate microbes for their own uses Summarize the relative burden of human disease and microbes, emphasize the difference between developing countries and developed. Differentiate between bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic microorganisms Identify 2 types of acellular microorganisms Compare & contrast relative sizes of different microbes Learn how to name, classify, & identify microbes Learn about the History of Microbiology & the scientists involved (read this section in your text) 1.1 The Scope of Microbiology LIST THE ORGANISMS WE WILL BE DISCUSSING THIS SEMESTER What is Microbiology? Micro = small Bio = life Ology = study of Microbiology = Study of Small Life Microorganism = living organism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye! Nicknames 🡪 germs, bugs, microbes Abbreviations 🡪 m/o  What life forms does Microbiology include? 1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Protozoa 4. Algae 5. Helminths 6. Fungi 7. Prions 8. Archaea Types of m/o Studying Microorganisms Their nature makes them very easy & difficult to study ◦ Small size & reproduce rapidly ◦ Hard to observe Microbiologists study every aspect of microorganism and how they affect their environments, including mammalian hosts and the properties that lead to disease and benefits. Some Branches of Microbiology are: (See Table 1.2 in text) ◦ Medical Microbiology ◦ Public Health Microbiology & Epidemiology ◦ Immunology ◦ Industrial Microbiology ◦ Agricultural Microbiology ◦ Environmental Microbiology Relevance of Microbes (i.e. How this class directly relates to YOU) Origins & Evolution Shape the environment Human Use of M/O Infection & Disease 1.2 The Impact of Microbes on Earth: Small organisms with a giant effect DESCRIBE THE ROLE & IMPACT THAT MICROBES HAVE ON EARTH Microbes are our ancestors ges n t c ha dap n of ey a at io s th m ul s a ccu nism s. = A rga nt o e it on r in onm volu occu nvir E at re h t th e i to Microbes Impact the Environment Microorganisms are ubiquitous ◦ EVERYWHERE! ◦ Deep in earth’s crust, polar ice caps, oceans, bodies, plants, animals,etc. Large #s & mostly invisible Impact Earth’s terrain & various ecosystems ◦ Made the planet suitable for higher organisms ◦ Photosynthesis ◦ Removes CO2 from atmosphere ◦ Bacteria & Algae ◦ Decomposition ◦ Returns organic nutrients to the soil ◦ Bacteria An dp ho tos ynth eti c mi cro b es! An wi d rep th val lenis ua he ble s t nu he E trie ar nts th 1.3 Human Use of Microorganisms EXPLAIN WAYS THAT HUMANS MANIPULATE MICROBES FOR THEIR OWN USES Biotechnology Biotechnology → Use of m/o’s or their products in the commercial or industrial realm Microbes = convenience Examples ◦ Food ◦ Mining ◦ Cleaning Products ◦ Alternative Fuels ◦ Drug Therapy  Importance of Microbes Manipulation of Microbes often involves Genetics Genetic Engineering → manipulating living organisms to create new products Products can be mass produced Bacteria & Fungi → antibiotics Yeasts → human insulin  Importance of Microbes More Example of Biotechnology Bioremediation Introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants Many kinds of microbes working together Oil spills, heavy metals, pesticides, landfills 1.4 Infectious Diseases & The Human Condition SUMMARIZE THE RELATIVE BURDEN OF HUMAN DISEASE AND MICROBES, EMPHASIZE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND DEVELOPED. Infections & Disease The WHO estimates 10 billion new infections each year! Only a small % of microbes actually cause infectious disease Pathogen 🡪 any agent that causes harm or disease Infectious 🡪 caused by a microbe Communicable 🡪 contagious Infection & Disease NONinfectious or NONcommunicable diseases are actually MORE common The US has a very low rate of infectious disease compared to the worldwide statistics. What factors do you think contribute to that? Why do you think there are more microbe related deaths in other countries than in the U.S? Infectious Disease Correlates with Country’s Income Level Emerging & Re-emerging Diseases AIDs, Hepatitis C, West Nile, HPV, Ebola, SARS CoV-1, Swine/Bird flu, MERS, White-nose bat syndrome, Zika, SARS CoV-2 (COVID19) New Unidentified Virus Causing Pneumonia in China! Other diseases previously not linked to m/os Gastric ulcers, Cancers, Psychological disorders Increasing # of drug resistant strains MRSA, VRSA, MRTB, Gonorrhea On the bright side… working towards eradication 1.5 General Characteristics of Microorganisms DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, AND EUKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS IDENTIFY 2 TYPES OF ACELLULAR MICROORGANISMS COMPARE & CONTRAST RELATIVE SIZES OF DIFFERENT MICROBES  General Characteristics Cellular Acellular Prokaryotes Bacteria Viruses & Archaea Prions Eukaryotes Fungi Protists Algae & Protozoa Helminths General Comparison of CELLULAR Organization PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE No organelles Organelles 10x smaller 10x larger Distinct Shapes Shapes vary Unicellular Uni/Multicellular Cell walls Presence of Cell wall varies ALL prokaryotes are microorganisms NOT ALL eukaryotes are microorganisms Bacteria, Archaea Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Helminths Prokaryotic Microbes Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotic Microbes Fungi Protists Helminths Molds Protozoa Eggs Larva Yeast Algae Adult worms  General Characteristics Acellular Microbes - Viruses Obligate intracellular parasites Cannot live independently – need a host Much simpler than a cell Only consist of genetic material & protein Use host machinery to replicate and disperse  General Characteristics Microbiology = the study of living organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye! What do we mean by living???  General Characteristics Characteristics of Living Organisms ○ Metabolism – enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions Bacteria – Yes Virus – No ○ Reproduction – progeny formed sexually or asexually Bacteria – Yes Virus – ? ○ Differentiation – different cell types can occur Bacteria – Yes Virus – No ○ Communication – signaling within and between cells Bacteria – Yes Virus – No ○ Locomotion – relative movement of cell or organism Bacteria – Yes Virus – No ○ Evolution – genetic change over time Bacteria – Yes Virus – Yes Acellular Microbes - Prions Misfolded proteins! Infectious → Corrupt other copies of the protein Cause neurological diseases Spongiform encephalopathies…. Mad Cow, Creutzfeldt-Jacob, Scrapie, Kuru  General Characteristics Microbiology = the study of living organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye! How small is “small” ??? 1mm – 1nm Size of Microorganisms Smallest to Largest ◦ Prion ◦ Virus ◦ Bacteria/Archaea ◦ Yeast ◦ Protozoa/Algae ◦ Molds ◦ Helminthes Size of Microbes 1.6 Historical Foundations READ THIS SECTION ON YOUR OWN. LEARN ABOUT THE HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY & THE SCIENTISTS INVOLVED (READ THIS SECTION IN YOUR TEXT) 1.7 Naming, Classifying, & Identifying Microbes LEARN HOW TO NAME, CLASSIFY, & IDENTIFY MICROBES  Naming, Classifying, & Identification Taxonomy Taxonomy = classification of life Progressively smaller groups Based on similarities & evolutionary relationships! Each organism is assigned to categories & given a scientific name so that everyone can identify it  Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Domain = broadest group Species = most specific S  Naming, Classifying, & Identification Nomenclature Binomial System of Nomenclature Consists of 2 names → Genus & species Rules for writing scientific names ◦ Genus name is always capitalized ◦ Species name is never capitalized ◦ Both names are either written in italics or underlined ex. Staphylococcus aureus ex. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Abbreviations → ex. S. aureus ex. S. cerevisiae  Naming, Classifying, & Identification Origins of Classification Evolution = underlying theme of all biology Similar features b/c they share a common ancestor Phylogeny → the degree of relatedness between groups of living things Phylogenetic tree aka Tree of Life The First Accepted Classification System of Life R. H. Whitaker Early on phylogeny and degree of relatedness depended on physical observations ◦ Structural similarities and differences ◦ Nutrition Classified all of life in 1 Domain & 5 Kingdoms ◦ Monera (all prokaryotes) ◦ Fungi ◦ Plantae ◦ Animalia ◦ Protista Current Tree of Life Carl Woesse 3 Domains further divided into their taxa Sequencing of DNA & Organisms genomes has re-aligned categorization over the years.  Taxonomic Hierarchy of Life Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Eubacteria Archaebacteria Fungi Protista ○ Domains ○ Kingdoms Plantae Animalia Domain Eukarya Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Protozoa Mold Helminthes Algae Yeast