Introduction to Human-Computer Interaction PDF

**Introduction to Human Computer Interaction** **Muhaimin P. Macapundag** **Objectives:**  1\. discuss the birth of HCI and computing industry evolutions; 2\. differentiate and distinguish technologies belonginess in computing level; and 3. differentiate the areas of study...

**Introduction to Human Computer Interaction** **Muhaimin P. Macapundag** **Objectives:**  1\. discuss the birth of HCI and computing industry evolutions; 2\. differentiate and distinguish technologies belonginess in computing level; and 3. differentiate the areas of study within HCI; 4. discuss the multi- disciplinary approach; and 5\. recognize the needs of human. Evolution of Computing Systems **Pre Computers Era** This can be termed as 'pen and paper' era. It witnessed the building of the foundation. The concept of numbers became concrete. The zero was invented by "Brahmagupta" or "Aryabhata" depending on which way you look at it. The number systems evolved. The earliest known tool used in computation was the Abacus and it is thought to have been invented in 2400 BC. **Computers Era**  The concept of using digital electronics for computing leading to modern computers is recorded around 1931. Alan Turing modelled computation to lead to the well-known Turing Machine. The ENIAC was the first electronic general purpose computer, announced to the public in 1946.  **Software Defined Era**  Soon enough this hardware started getting driven by software. The software started getting more and more sophisticated. It evolved over paradigms like multi-tier architecture, loosely couple system, off-host processing etc. There was advent in the area of virtualization **Computing Level** **Human computer interaction** (HCI) is a person in front of a computer, a human plus IT system, with physical, informational and psychological levels. Just as IT is more than hardware, so HCI is more than IT because it includes a human level. **Levels** in computing are not system parts. **Levels** is now formally defined as a **world view**, a way of seeing reality that is complete and consistent in itself. So a computer on the mechanical level is *all hardware* but on an informational level it is *all software*. The **human level** is the pilot, who from the sensations and perceptions of his or her brain generates meaning. To the pilot, the aircraft is an extension of his or her body, like extra hands or feet, and computer data is like extra eyes or ears. On a human level, the pilot is the actor, with the aircraft just a mechanical tool of the pilot\'s will, so in an aerial conflict, the tactics of a piloted aircraft are different from a computer drone. The **mechanical level** is not just the physical aircraft but also the pilot\'s body, and the information level is all the processing, of both the brain and of onboard computers. Finally, an aircraft in a squadron may do things it would not do alone, e.g. expose itself as a decoy so that others can attack the enemy. **Information systems** can be viewed as having five major components:  Hardware Software Data People Processes **Systems psychology** relates to other areas of psychology, namely theoretical psychology and applied psychology. Systems psychology is a type of psychology that has to do with human behavior and experiences. It takes a look at people and how they act or behave in different situations or throughout life. A **Socio-technical System (STS)** is one that considers requirements spanning hardware, software, personal, *and* community aspects. It applies an understanding of the social structures, roles and rights (the social sciences) to inform the design of systems that involve communities of people and technology. Examples of STSs include emails, blogs, and social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter. Human Physiological Needs **Physiological needs** - these are biological requirements for human survival, e.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, and sleep. The Requirements Hierarchy **Hardware systems** based on physical energy exchange fail from problems like overheating. **Software systems** based on information exchange fail from problems like infinite loops. **HCI systems** based on meaning exchange fail from problems like misunderstanding or information overload. **Socio-technical systems** based on normative meme exchange fail from problems like mistrust, unfairness and injustice. ^ \ **Computing**as\ technology\ fails\ for\ technical\ reasons\ but,\ as\ socio^ technology, also fails for social reasons. **Design Level**  **Combinations** **1. Ergonomics** designs safe and comfortable machines for people. Applying biological needs, such as avoiding posture and eye-strain, to technology design merges biology and engineering. **2. Object design** applies psychological needs to technology in the same way (Norman, 1990): e.g. a door\'s design affects whether it is pushed or pulled. An **affordance** is a physical object feature that cues its human use, as buttons cue pressing. **Human computer interaction** applies psychological requirements to screen design. Usable interfaces respect cognitive principles, e.g. by the nature of human attention, users do not usually read the entire screen. **Fashion** is the social requirement to look good applied to wearable object design. **Socio-technology** is information technology meeting social requirements. Design Level  Combinations **The Flower of Computer** The **flower of**  **computing** is the fruit of many disciplines but it belongs to none. It is a new multi discipline in itself Four Stages of Computing