Introductory Chemistry - Introduction to Chemistry PDF

Mark S. Cracolice Edward I. Peters www.cengage.com/chemistry/cracolice Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry; Introduction to Active Learning Mark S. Cracolice The University of Montana Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Introduct...

Mark S. Cracolice Edward I. Peters www.cengage.com/chemistry/cracolice Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry; Introduction to Active Learning Mark S. Cracolice The University of Montana Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Introduction to Chemistry Chemistry - Science that studies how molecules behave Molecules: Smallest unit particle of a pure substance that can exist independently and possess the identity of the substance Chemists ponder on things that make up the universe as molecules Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Antoine Lavoisier (la-vwuh-zay) Father of modern chemistry Author of Traité Élémentaire de Chime Published in 1789, marks the beginning of modern chemistry Conducted experiments and formulated theories Revolutionized thinking that was accepted from the time of the Greeks Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Beginning of Experimental Chemistry Phlogiston theory - All matter that has the ability to burn contains phlogiston In the process of burning wood, phlogiston is lost and ash remains Lavoisier’s phosphorus and mercury burning experiments Contradicted phlogiston theory Resulted in a new hypothesis When substance burns, it combines with oxygen in air https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55yJPs-_R1w Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.3 - Lavoisier’s Phosphorous Burning Experiment The ash that remains after the phosphorus is burned weighs more than the original phosphorus There is less air in the jar after burning than before Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.4 – Lavoisier’s Apparatus for Investigating the Reaction of Mercury and Oxygen Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Features of the Scientific Method Observing Proposing a hypothesis Hypothesis: Tentative explanation for observations Being skeptical Predicting an outcome that should result if the hypothesis is true Testing the prediction by an experiment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMGRe824kak Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Features of the Scientific Method Revising or changing the hypothesis Testing the revised or new hypothesis and predicting a new experimental outcome Upgrading the hypothesis to a theory Theory (scientific model): Hypothesis that is tested and confirmed by experiments under varied conditions without contradiction Conducting more experiments Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Scientific Method Communication has led to the growth of scientific knowledge Modern scientists communicate with each other through technical knowledge Law: Summary of a pattern of regularity detected in nature In order to be classified, the law must have no exceptions Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Theory vs Law https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GyN2RhbhiEU Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.5 - The Scientific Method Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chemistry Today Chemists study matter and its changes from one substance to another Investigate energy gained or released in chemical changes Holds a central position among the sciences: Research in chemistry overlaps in physics, biology, geology, etc. Industries employ chemists for: Research and product development Quality control and product supervision Sales Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.7 - Chemistry is the Central Science Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Classification of Chemistry Analytical Qualitative and quantitative analysis of a sample of matter Biochemistry Concerned with living systems Organic Study of properties and reactions of compounds that contain carbon Inorganic Study of all substances that are not organic Physical Examines the physics of chemical change Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Learning Chemistry Goal - To gain adequate knowledge in a reasonable amount of time Choices Commit to sufficient time outside of class Commit to quality time when studying Commit to utilizing all learning resources Resources - Lectures, textbook, online learning tools, laboratory, instructor office hours, the Internet, and the library Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Learning Chemistry Commit to improvement Think like a chemist Think conceptually Embrace multiple ways of knowing Develop thinking skills Utilize feedback in a positive manner Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.11 - How to Think Like a Chemist Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.12 - The Feedback Loop Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Features of the Textbook Section-by-Section Goals Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Features of the Textbook Learn It Now! Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Features of the Textbook Active Examples Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Features of the Textbook Target Checks Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Features of the Textbook P/Review Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Features of the Textbook Thinking About Your Thinking Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Features of the Textbook Key terms Frequently asked questions Concept-linking exercises Small-group discussion questions End-of-chapter questions, exercises, and problems Appendices Appendix I: Chemical calculations Appendix II: The SI system of units Glossary Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Choice Reader can choose to: Continue learning as before Improve the learning skills The chapter provides suggestions to: Improve learning skills Upgrade study habits Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. True or false? An Important part of the Scientific method is reviewing the work of other scientists. Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. True or False? When planning a new experiment, it is unethical to look at the results of experiments reported by others. Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. M/C Is this an Observation, Hypothesis, or experiment? A red gummi bear burns vigorously when it is dropped into molten potassium chlorate. Observation Hypothesis Experiment Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. M/C Is this an Observation, Hypothesis, or Experiment? Dropping Gummi bears of different colors into molten potassium chlorate Observation Hypothesis Experiment Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. M/C Is this an observation, hypothesis, or experiment? If you place a gummi bear outside under the sun, then it shouldn't melt. Observation Hypothesis Experiment Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. M/C Is this an Observation, Law, or Theory? In our genetic code, we share a common ancestor with apes. Therefore, evolution is true, and we are derived from apes. Observation Law Theory Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Reminders! In-class quiz #1 Up to 2 Attempts, highest attempt will be counted Since this lecture was an outline, and not the chapter in its entirety. It is paramount that you read the corresponding chapter (Chapter 1) for any clarity Register for Lab, via the Cloud Interactive link on the Class format PPT (On Brightspace)! Do Pre-requisites ASAP! Without them you cannot participate in Lab assignments. As always, feel free to reach out to me via Email: [email protected] Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.