Data Communication Delivery Information Anywhere and Anytime PDF

Module 6 Data Communication: Delivery Information Anywhere and Anytime Bidgoli, MIS, 10 th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or or posted posted to atopublicly a publicly accessible...

Module 6 Data Communication: Delivery Information Anywhere and Anytime Bidgoli, MIS, 10 th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or or posted posted to atopublicly a publicly accessible accessible website, website, in whole in whole or part. or in in part.  Learning Objectives (1 of 2) Describe major applications of a data communication system Explain the three major components of a data communication system Describe the three major types of processing configurations Explain the three types of networks Describe the five main network topologies Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Learning Objectives (2 of 2) Explain important networking concepts, including protocols, TCP/IP, routing, routers, and the client/server model Examine wireless and mobile technologies and networks in a business setting Describe networking trends such as Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and Bluetooth Discuss the importance of wireless security and the five techniques used Summarize the convergence phenomenon and its applications for business and personal use Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Data Communication Electronic transfer of data from one location to another Enables an information system to deliver information Improves the flexibility of data collection and transmission Basis of virtual organizations Provides e-collaboration Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Why Managers Need to Know about Data Communication (1 of 3) Enhances decision makers’ efficiency and effectiveness Enables organizations to use e-mail and electronic file transfer to improve efficiency and productivity Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Why Managers Need to Know about Data Communication (2 of 3) Workplace effects of data communication technologies Online training for employees can be provided via virtual classrooms Internet searches for information keep employees up to date The Internet and data communication systems facilitate lifelong learning Boundaries between work and personal life are less clear-cut as data communication is more available in both homes and businesses Web and video conferencing are easier Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Why Managers Need to Know about Data Communication (3 of 3) Managers need to understand these areas of data communication Basics of data communication and networking The Internet, intranets, and extranets Wired and wireless networks Network security issues and measures Organizational and social effects of data communication Globalization issues Applications of data communications systems Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Basic Concepts of a Data Communication System (1 of 2) Bandwidth Amount of data that can be transferred from one point to another in a certain time period Attenuation Loss of power in a signal as it travels from the sending device to the receiving device Broadband Multiple pieces of data are sent simultaneously to increase the transmission rate Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Basic Concepts of a Data Communication System (2 of 2) Narrowband Voice-grade transmission channel capable of transmitting a maximum of 56,000 bps, so only a limited amount of information can be transferred Protocols Rules that govern data communication Error detection, message length, and transmission speed Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Sender and Receiver Devices (1 of 2) Input/output device, or thin client Used only for sending or receiving information No processing power Smart terminal Performs certain processing tasks but is not a full-featured computer Intelligent terminal, workstation, or personal computer Performs certain processing tasks without the main computer’s support Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Sender and Receiver Devices (2 of 2) Netbook computer Low-cost, diskless computer used to connect to the Internet or a LAN Runs software off servers and saves data to servers Minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers Process data and send it to other devices Receive data that has been processed elsewhere, process it, and then transmit it to other devices Smartphones Mobile phone with advanced capabilities Built-in keyboard or external USB keyboard Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Modems (1 of 2) Devices that connect a user to the Internet Short for modulator-demodulator Not required for all Internet connections Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Modems (2 of 2) Dial-up Analog modem is necessary to convert a computer’s digital signals into analog signals Uses ordinary phone lines; rarely used today Digital subscriber line (DSL) High-speed digital service that uses ordinary phone lines Cable modems Use the same cable that connects to TVs for Internet connections Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Communication Media Channels that connect sender and receiver devices Conducted media (wired or guided) Provides physical path along which signals are transmitted Radiated (wireless) Use an antenna to transmit data through air or water Can be a point-to-point or a multipoint system Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Exhibit 6.1 Types of Communication Media Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processing Configurations Data communication systems can be used in several different configurations Depending on users’ needs, types of applications, and responsiveness of the system During the past 60 years, three types of processing configurations have emerged Centralized Decentralized Distributed Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Centralized Processing (1 of 2) Processing is done at one central computer Used in early days of computer technology Data-processing personnel were in short supply Hardware and software were expensive Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Centralized Processing (2 of 2) Advantage Ability to exercise tight control on system operations and applications Disadvantage Lack of responsiveness to users’ needs Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Decentralized Processing Each user, department, or division has its own computer for performing processing tasks Advantage Responsive to users Disadvantages Lack of coordination among organizational units High cost of having many systems Duplication of efforts Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Distributed Processing (1 of 2) Maintains centralized control and decentralized operations Advantages Accessing unused processing power Computer power can be added or removed Distance and location are not limiting More compatible with growth Fault tolerance is improved Resources can be shared to reduce costs Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Distributed Processing (2 of 2) Disadvantages More security and privacy challenges Incompatibility between various pieces of equipment Managing the network can be challenging Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model (1 of 2) Seven-layer architecture for defining how data is transmitted from computer to computer in a network Standardizes interactions between network computers exchanging information Layers in the architecture Application: serves as the window through which applications access network services Presentation: formats message packets Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model (2 of 2) Layers in the architecture (continued) Session: establishes a communication session between computers Transport: generates the receiver’s address and ensures the integrity of messages Network: routes messages Data Link: oversees the establishment and control of the communication link Physical: defines the physical medium used for communication Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Types of Networks (1 of 2) Network Interface Card (NIC) Hardware component that enables computers to communicate over a network Also known as an adapter card Operates at the OSI model’s Physical and Data Link Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Types of Networks (2 of 2) Local area network (LAN) Connects workstations and peripheral devices that are in close proximity Wide area network (WAN) Spans several cities, states, or countries and is owned by different parties Metropolitan area network (MAN) Designed to handle data communication for multiple organizations in a city and nearby cities as well Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Exhibit 6.3 A Local Area Network Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Exhibit 6.4 A Wide Area Network Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Exhibit 6.5 A Metropolitan Area Network Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Network Topologies Represent a network’s physical layout, including the arrangement of computers and cables Common topologies Star Ring Bus Hierarchical Mesh Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Star Topology Consists of a central computer and a series of nodes Advantages Cable layouts are easy to modify Centralized control makes detecting problems easier Nodes can be added to the network easily Effective at handling short bursts of traffic Disadvantages If the central host fails, the entire network becomes inoperable Increases cost as many cables are required Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Ring Topology No host computer is required; each computer manages its own connectivity Each node is connected to two other nodes; upstream and downstream neighbors Transmission is in one direction Needs less cable than star topology Diagnosing problems and modifying the network are difficult Failure of a single node disrupts entire network Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Bus Topology Connects nodes along a network segment Ends of the cable are not connected Terminator: hardware device used at each end of the cable to absorb the signal Advantages Easy to extend and reliable Wiring layout is simple and uses the least amount of cable; keeps costs down Best for handling steady traffic Disadvantages Fault diagnosis is difficult Bus cable can be a bottleneck when network traffic is heavy Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Hierarchical Topology (1 of 2) Combines computers with different processing strengths in different organizational levels Also called a tree Used by traditional mainframe networks Mainframe computer is at the top Front-end processors (FEPs) are at the second level Controllers and multiplexers are at the third level Controller: hardware and software device that controls data transfer from a computer to a peripheral device Multiplexer: hardware device that allows several nodes to share one communication channel Terminals and workstations are at the bottom level Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Hierarchical Topology (2 of 2) Advantage Offers a greater deal of network control and lower cost than star topology Disadvantages Network expansion may pose a problem Traffic congestion at the root and higher-level nodes Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Mesh Topology Every node is connected to every other node Also known as plex or interconnected Advantage Highly reliable Failure of a few nodes usually not critical Disadvantage Expensive and difficult to maintain and expand Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Major Networking Concepts Important networking concepts Protocols TCP/IP Routing Routers Client/server model Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Protocols Agreed-on methods and rules that electronic devices use to exchange information Deal with hardware connections, control data transmission, and file transfers Specify the format of message packets sent between computers Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (1 of 2) Industry-standard suite of communication protocols that enables interoperability Allows the linking of devices running on many different platforms Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ▶ Operates at the OSI model’s Transport layer ▶ Establishes a link between hosts ▶ Ensures message integrity ▶ Sequences and acknowledges packet delivery ▶ Regulates data flow Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (2 of 2) Internet Protocol (IP) ▶ Operates at the OSI model’s Network layer ▶ Responsible for packet forwarding ▶ IP address is divided into two parts: ⁃ Network address ⁃ Node address Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Routing (1 of 2) Packet Collection of binary digits sent from computer to computer over a network Includes message data and control characters for formatting and transmitting Routing Process of deciding which path data takes Determined by the type of network and the software used to transmit data Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Routing (2 of 2) Routing table Determines the best possible route for a packet Generated automatically by software Lists nodes on a network and the path to each node Decision about selecting a route to follow on a network Centralized routing One node is in charge of selecting the path for all packets Distributed routing Relies on each node to calculate the best possible route Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Routers (1 of 2) Network connection device containing software that connects network systems and controls their traffic flow Operate at the Network layer of the OSI Choose the best path for packets based on distance or cost Prevent network jams that delay packet delivery Handle packets of different sizes Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Routers (2 of 2) Static router Requires the network routing manager to give it information about which addresses are on which network Dynamic router Can build tables that identify addresses on each network Used more often now, particularly on the Internet Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Client/Server Model (1 of 2) Software runs on the local computer (client) and communicates with the remote server to request information or services Server: remote computer on the network that provides information or services in response to client requests Advantage: scalability (i.e., ability to grow) Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Client/Server Model (2 of 2) Three levels of logic Presentation logic How data is returned to the client Application logic Software processing requests for users Data management logic Data management and storage operations Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Two-Tier Architecture Client (tier one) communicates directly with the server (tier two) Effective in small workgroups (50 clients or less) Advantages Application development speed, simplicity, and power Drawback Changes in application logic require modifications of clients, resulting in upgrade and modification costs Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Exhibit 6.7 A Two-Tier Client/Server Architecture Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  N-Tier Architectures Attempt to balance the workload between client and server Remove application processing from both client and server and place it on a middle-tier Example: three-tier architecture Advantage Improved network performance Drawbacks Consist of more network traffic Testing software is difficult Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Exhibit 6.8 An N-Tier Architecture Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Exhibit 6.9 A Three-Tier Architecture Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Wireless and Mobile Networks (1 of 2) Wireless network Uses wireless instead of wired technology Mobile network Network operating on a radio frequency (RF) Consists of radio cells, each served by a fixed transmitter, known as a cell site or base station Also known as a cellular network Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Wireless and Mobile Networks (2 of 2) Advantages Mobility, flexibility, and ease of installation Low cost Disadvantages Limited throughput and range In-building penetration problems Vulnerability to frequency noise Security Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Wireless Technologies Wireless LANs (WLANs) Alternative to wired LANs Characterized by having one owner and covering a limited area Wireless WANs (WWANs) Cover a broader area than WLANs Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) A broadband wireless technology Transmits over short distances (120 to 300 feet) Susceptible to interference and data interception Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) A broadband wireless technology Designed for wireless metropolitan area networks Range of up to 30 miles Faster data transfer rates than Wi-Fi Disadvantages: Interference High cost Interrupted by weather (i.e., rain) Requires a lot of power Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Bluetooth A wireless technology Transfers data over short distances (less than 30 feet) Used to create a personal area network (PAN) Allows communication among smartphones, mobile headsets, laptops, printers, digital cameras, keyboards, mice Susceptible to data interception Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Mobile Networks Consist of a three-part architecture Base stations Mobile telephone switching offices (MTSOs) Subscribers (users) Technologies developed to improve efficiency and quality Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Increases efficiency by 300 percent Allows carrying three calls on one channel Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Transmits multiple encoded messages over a wide frequency and then decodes them at the receiving end Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Exhibit 6.11 Mobile Network Architecture Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Wireless Security Techniques for improving security SSID (Service Set Identifier) WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) WPA2 or 802.11i Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Convergence of Voice, Video, and Data (1 of 2) Convergence Integrating voice, video, and data so that multimedia information can be used for decision making Possible because of a combination of: Technological innovation Changes in market structure Regulatory reform Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Convergence of Voice, Video, and Data (2 of 2) Applications of convergence E-commerce More entertainment options Increased availability and affordability of video and computer conferencing Consumer products and services Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Summary (1 of 4) Data communication systems improve the efficiency and flexibility of data collection and transmission Three major components of a data communication system Sender and receiver devices Modems or routers Communication medium (channel) Three major types of processing configurations Centralized Decentralized Distributed Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Summary (2 of 4) Three major types of networks Local area networks, wide area networks, and metropolitan area networks Computers usually connect via a network interface card (NIC) Five main network topologies represent a network’s physical layout Star, ring, bus, hierarchical, mesh Important networking concepts include: Protocols, TCP/IP, routing, routers, and the client /server model Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Summary (3 of 4) Wireless and mobile networks have the advantages of mobility, flexibility, ease of installation, and low cost Wi-Fi WiMAX Bluetooth Five wireless security techniques SSID (Service Set Identifier) WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) WPA2 or 802.11i Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Summary (4 of 4) Convergence Integrates voice, video, and data so that multimedia information can be used for decision making Common applications include: E-commerce, entertainment, video and computer conferencing Bidgoli, MIS, 10th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.