Abnormal Psychology PDF Ch01 2024

7/21/2024 Copyright Notice Do not remove this notice. 1 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e...

7/21/2024 Copyright Notice Do not remove this notice. 1 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-2 2 1  7/21/2024 CHAPTER 1 CONCEPTUAL ISSUES IN ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-3 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.1 Describe the difficulties inherent in defining abnormality and mental disorder 1.2 Distinguish among the main theoretical approaches to understanding the classification, aetiology and treatment of mental disorders 1.3 Evaluate the changes made in psychiatric classification over time Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-4 4 2  7/21/2024 Chapter 1 Conceptual Issues in Abnormal Psychology – The definitions of abnormal behaviour and mental disorder – Perspectives on the classification, causation, and treatment of mental disorders – The classification and diagnosis of mental disorders Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-5 5 Chapter 1 Conceptual Issues in Abnormal Psychology – The definitions of abnormal behaviour and mental disorder – Perspectives on the classification, causation, and treatment of mental disorders – The classification and diagnosis of mental disorders Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-6 6 3  7/21/2024 Defining Abnormal First of all, several terms in the field mean essentially the same thing. These include: – Psychological disorder – Mental disorder – Psychiatric disorder – Mental illness – Psychopathology (although this refers also to the field of study) – Abnormal psychology (which similarly refers to the field of study of all of the above) Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-7 7 Defining Abnormal What is a mental disorder (or psychological disorder)? “no definition can capture all aspects of the range of disorders contained in the DSM-5” (American Psychiatric Association, 2022) Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-8 8 4  7/21/2024 Defining Abnormal Statistical Deviation Rare behavior that deviates from the average MORE DEVIATION, MORE PATHOLOGY Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-9 9 Defining Abnormal Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-10 10 5  7/21/2024 Defining Abnormal The definition of abnormality often includes an element of statistical rarity. However, individuals whose statistically rare characteristics (such as atypical physical dimensions or swimming ability in the case of Ian Thorpe) are positively evaluated by society would not be described as abnormal. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-11 11 Defining Abnormal Violation of Social or Cultural Norms (e.g., Antisocial behaviour of the psychopath) Can be mis-used e.g., “Drapetomania” A “disorder” which caused American slaves to run away Causes – treating them like equals Treatment – look for warning signs then beat the Devil out of them. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-12 12 6  7/21/2024 Characteristics of Mental Disorders Personal Distress – Emotional pain and suffering  Helplessness and hopelessness of depression Disability – Impairment in a key area  Chronic alcohol consumption results in job loss Dysfunction (two meanings) – Can mean the same as disabling or maladaptive – Wakefield's Harmful Dysfunction “Dyscontrolled Maladaptivity” (Widiger) – Intentional harmful behaviours such as excessive substance use, gambling, child abuse etc. would not be considered a disorder. Dyscontrol would be required. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-13 13 DSM-5 Definition “A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning... American Psychiatric Association (2022) Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-14 14 7  7/21/2024 DSM-5 Definition Syndrome – A grouping of signs and symptoms, based on their frequent co-occurrence, that may suggest a common underlying pathogenesis, course, familial pattern, or treatment selection. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-15 15 DSM-5 Definition (cont) Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities. An expectable or culturally approved response to a common stressor or loss, such as the death of a loved one, is not a mental disorder… American Psychiatric Association (2022) Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-16 16 8  7/21/2024 DSM-5 Definition (cont) Socially deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) and conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are not mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict results from a dysfunction in the individual, as described above.” American Psychiatric Association (2022) Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-17 17 Chapter 1 Conceptual Issues in Abnormal Psychology – The definitions of abnormal behaviour and mental disorder – Perspectives on the classification, causation, and treatment of mental disorders – The classification and diagnosis of mental disorders Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-18 18 9  7/21/2024 Perspectives on the Classification, Causation, and Treatment of Mental Disorders The Biological Perspective The Psychological Perspective – With several sub-perspectives The Sociocultural perspective An Integrative approach Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-19 19 The Biological Perspective Early view – Hippocrates (four humours) Infectious view (e.g., general paresis caused by syphilis- causing bacteria) More recently, areas such as – Genetics – Structural abnormalities – Neurotransmitter action Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-20 20 10  7/21/2024 The Biological Perspective Genetics Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-21 21 The Biological Perspective- Brain Structure Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-22 22 11  7/21/2024 The Biological Perspective-Neurotransmitters Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-23 23 Neurotransmitters and Psychopathology – Serotonin and Dopamine  Implicated in depression, mania, and schizophrenia – Norepinephrine  Implicated in anxiety and other stress-related disorders – Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)  Inhibits nerve impulses  Implicated in anxiety – Possible mechanisms  Excessive or inadequate levels  Insufficient reuptake  Excessive number or sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors  Second Messengers help neurons adjust receptor sensitivity after periods of high activity – Agonist drugs stimulate neurotransmitter receptor sites – Antagonist drugs dampen neurotransmitter receptor sites Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-24 24 12  7/21/2024 Treatment from the Biological Perspective Early biological treatments were not based on scientific evidence and as such were ineffectual (e.g., cold baths, bleeding). Early twentieth century treatments included electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and psychosurgery. Effective medications arrived in the 1950s. – They continue to be very popular today. – Psychotropic medications are the most popular. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-25 25 Contributions of the Biological Perspective There has been significant advancement in the development of effective drug treatments for a wide range of disorders. Today there is a better understanding of the role of brain structure and neurochemistry in the aetiology of mental disorders. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-26 26 13  7/21/2024 Limitations and Criticisms of The Biological Perspective Much of the evidence for the biological causation of mental disorder is inconclusive. There are high rates of relapse after an individual stops taking medication. Side effects of some medications have been underestimated. Current biological perspectives assume a categorical approach to classification rather than a dimensional approach. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-27 27 Perspectives on the Classification, Causation, and Treatment of Mental Disorders The Biological Perspective The Psychological Perspective – With several sub-perspectives Sociocultural Perspective An Integrative Approach Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-28 28 14  7/21/2024 The Psychological Perspective(s) The Psychoanalytic perspective The Behavioural … The Cognitive … The Cognitive-Behavioural … The Humanistic … Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-29 29 The Psychological Perspective(s) The Psychoanalytic perspective The Behavioural … The Cognitive … The Cognitive-Behavioural … The Humanistic … Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-30 30 15  7/21/2024 The Psychoanalytic Perspective Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis and one of the most influential thinkers of the twentieth century. Psychoanalysis is both a theory to explain normal and abnormal human functioning, and a therapeutic technique to uncover the causes of, and alleviate, abnormal functioning. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-31 31 The Psychoanalytic Perspective Developed by Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, in the late nineteenth century. Breuer and Freud (1856-1939) jointly publish, Studies in Hysteria in 1895, which serves as the basis for Freud’s theory. In 1896, Freud published The Aetiology of hysteria Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-32 32 16  7/21/2024 The Psychoanalytic Perspective Posits that much of the reason for human behaviour lies in the unconscious and is therefore not accessible to awareness. Psychopathology results from conflicts among these unconscious forces. Human behaviour involves a complex interaction between the id, ego and superego. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-33 33 Key Concepts of Psychoanalysis The id: driven by instincts, mainly of a sexual and aggressive nature. The ego: conscious, realistic, aims to balance the desires of the id with reality The superego: seeks to uphold individual and societal moral standards – Failure to manage conflict results in anxiety which is dealt with through defence mechanisms. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-34 34 17  7/21/2024 The Psychoanalytic Perspective Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-35 35 The Psychoanalytic Perspective Newer Psychodynamic Perspectives including – Object Relations – Interpersonal Perspectives Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-36 36 18  7/21/2024 The Psychological Perspective(s) The Psychoanalytic … The Behavioural perspective The Cognitive … The Cognitive-behavioural … The Humanistic … Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-37 37 The Behavioural Perspective Psychology should concern itself with readily measurable stimuli and responses. Causes of behaviour are observable and identifiable in the environment. Behaviours, both normal and abnormal are the result of learning (classical, operant, social). Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-38 38 19  7/21/2024 John B Watson Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-39 39 Ivan Pavlov Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-40 40 20  7/21/2024 The Behavioural Perspective Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-41 41 The Behavioural Perspective Watson and Rayner (1920) The Little Albert Experiment Phobias and other anxiety disorders Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-42 42 21  7/21/2024 B F Skinner Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-43 43 Operant Conditioning (Learning)  E. Thorndike (1874-1949)  Learning through consequences  Law of Effect  Behaviour that is followed by satisfying consequences will be repeated; behavior that is followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged  B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)  Principle of Reinforcement  Positive reinforcement Behaviours followed by pleasant stimuli increase  Negative reinforcement Behaviours that terminate or prevent a negative stimulus increase Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-44 44 22  7/21/2024 Modelling (Social Learning) Learning by watching and imitating others’ behaviors – Bandura – Can occur without reinforcement – Can explain acquisition or reduction of fear (or other problems) Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-45 45 Treatment from the Behavioural Perspective Treatment involves learning new responses and unlearning old responses. Treatment may also involve becoming habituated to previously avoided stimuli. These treatments include exposure therapies and aversion therapy (based on classical learning), and the use of token economies (based on operant learning), plus many others. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-46 46 23  7/21/2024 The Psychological Perspective(s) The Psychoanalytic … The Behavioural … The Cognitive perspective The Cognitive-behavioural … The Humanistic … Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-47 47 The Cognitive Perspective Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-48 48 24  7/21/2024 The Cognitive Perspective The fundamental premise is that emotional and behavioural problems are the result of dysfunctional cognitions. It is not aversive events per se that cause behavioural and emotional disturbances, but how the person interprets these events. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-49 49 What Cognitive Perspectives Have in Common “People are disturbed not by things, but by the views they take of them” Greek Stoic Philosopher Epictetus Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-50 50 25  7/21/2024 The Cognitive Perspective Albert Ellis used an ABC model to explain this process. Aaron Beck emphasised the cognitive distortions that he had observed, particularly in patients suffering from depression. Cognitive distortions include: – black and white thinking – selective attention (focusing on negative events) – over-generalising – catastrophising. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-51 51 The Cognitive Perspective Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-52 52 26  7/21/2024 The Cognitive Perspective Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-53 53 The Psychological Perspective(s) The Psychoanalytic … The Behavioural … The Cognitive … The Cognitive-Behavioural perspective The Humanistic … Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-54 54 27  7/21/2024 Cognitive-Behavioural Perspective In Simplest terms, this is an integration of cognitive and behavioural perspectives, although there is quite a bit of variety. It is currently the dominant psychological approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders. We will return to it in most chapters. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-55 55 Treatment from the Cognitive-Behavioural Perspective Cognitive-behaviour therapy involves helping clients identify and replace unhelpful cognitions. It also involves identifying and replacing unhelpful behaviours that may be maintaining emotional and behavioural difficulties. Has been empirically studied as a treatment for a wide variety of psychological disorders. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-56 56 28  7/21/2024 The Psychological Perspective(s) The Psychoanalytic … The Behavioural … The Cognitive … The Cognitive-behavioural … The Humanistic perspective Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-57 57 The Humanistic Perspective The Humanist perspective emphasised the potential for human growth, the uniqueness of individuals. – Emphasised that individuals have freedom and responsibility to make choices (and not just respond robotically to environmental contingencies). – Was critical of the reductionist approach to human emotions and behaviours. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-58 58 29  7/21/2024 The Humanistic Perspective Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow Self-actualisation Client-centred Therapy Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-59 59 Perspectives on the Classification, Causation, and Treatment of Mental Disorders The Biological Perspective The Psychological Perspective – With several sub-perspectives Sociocultural Perspective An integrative approach Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-60 60 30  7/21/2024 The Sociocultural Perspective Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-61 61 The Sociocultural Perspective Sociocultural Factors – Culture, ethnicity, SES, – May increase vulnerability to psychopathology  e.g., some ethnic groups have higher rates of psychosis – May also serve as a buffer  e.g., social support – Some disorders specific to certain cultures  Ataque de nervios in some Latino cultures  Hikikomori in Japanese culture Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-62 62 31  7/21/2024 Perspectives on the Classification, Causation, and Treatment of Mental Disorders The Biological Perspective The Psychological Perspective – With several sub-perspectives Sociocultural Perspective An Integrative Approach Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-63 63 An Integrative Approach None of the perspectives discussed is sufficient to explain abnormal behaviour. The Biopsychosocial Model The Diathesis-Stress Model Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-64 64 32  7/21/2024 The Biopsychosocial Approach Mental disorders can arise in the interaction between nature and nurture caused by biology, thoughts, and the sociocultural. environment Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-65 65 Chapter 1 Conceptual Issues in Abnormal Psychology – The definitions of abnormal behaviour and mental disorder – Perspectives on the classification, causation, and treatment of mental disorders – The classification and diagnosis of mental disorders Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-66 66 33  7/21/2024 The Classification and Diagnosis of Mental Disorders What is Classification and why do it? The DSM Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-67 67 What is Classification and why do it? Classification – An effort to assign objects or people to categories on the basis of their shared attributes or relations – In this field it’s the delineation of various types, categories, or sometimes dimensions of psychopathology Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-68 68 34  7/21/2024 What is Classification and why do it? Advantages – Communication – Consistency – Research and Treatment (may allow for better clinical care) Disadvantages – Stigma (may not allow for better clinical care) – Possible loss of individuality – Reification – Illusion of Explanation Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-69 69 The Classification and Diagnosis of Mental Disorders What is Classification and why do it? The DSM Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-70 70 35  7/21/2024 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-71 71 DSM Diagnostic System Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – “the manual used by clinicians and researchers to diagnose and classify mental disorders”. – “It has never claimed to be and is not any sort of “bible” of psychiatry.” (Frances & Widiger, 2013) – Currently using the 5th edition (Text Revision) – Published by American Psychiatric Association. – www.dsm5.org/ – https://www.facebook.com/pages/DSM-5-Diagnostic-and-Statistical- Manual-of-Mental-Disorders/260197062886 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-72 72 36  7/21/2024 History/Development of the DSM DSM-I (1952) DSM-II (1968) DSM-III (1980) DSM-III-R (1987) DSM-IV (1994) DSM-IV-TR (2000) DSM-5 (2013) DSM-5-TR (2022) Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-73 73 History/Development of the DSM Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-74 74 37  7/21/2024 Diagnostic Criteria Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-75 75 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-76 76 38  7/21/2024 Mental Disorders in the DSM-5 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-77 77 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-78 78 39  7/21/2024 Improvements in the DSM over Time 1. Specific diagnostic criteria – Less vague, more explicit and concrete than earlier DSM-I and DSM-II 2. More extensive descriptions – Essential features – Associated features (e.g., lab findings) – Differential diagnosis Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-79 79 Improvements in the DSM over Time 3. Increasing number of diagnostic categories (good or bad) 4. Issues and possible diagnostic categories in need of further study Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-80 80 40  7/21/2024 Criticisms of the DSM Too many diagnoses (including concerns about reliability and diagnostic validity)? Categorical versus continuous model Criticisms more specific to the DSM-5 (and TR) – Blurring relationship with normality. – A few specific disorders challenged. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-81 81 Summary of Pros and Cons of the DSM “Well-meaning clinicians, theorists, and researchers could find some basis for fault in virtually every sentence” Widiger & Clark (2000) “Other than that, it’s pretty good” Gleaves (2000) Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-82 82 41  7/21/2024 Any Questions? If so, post them online Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Rieger, Abnormal Psychology, 4e 1-83 83 42