7th Grade US History Ch 7 Review PDF

Chapter 7 Review 7th Grade US History Directions: Answer the following questions using your class notes (especially the review time notes), homework, and textbook. You may work with a partner or independently. This will not be graded, but you should us...

Chapter 7 Review 7th Grade US History Directions: Answer the following questions using your class notes (especially the review time notes), homework, and textbook. You may work with a partner or independently. This will not be graded, but you should use this as a study guide for our first test. You will only be tested on things covered in this study guide. 1. Define the following terms: a. Wilmot Proviso - keep slavery out of the western states b. Popular sovereignty - Putting power to the people and people living in a territory got to choose whether or not they practiced slavery c. Fugitive Slave Law (1793) - runaway slaves must be returned to their enslaver d. Compromise of 1850 - US government became more involved with slavery and established the New Fugitive Slave Law e. Fugitive Slave Law (1850) - required citizens to catch and return runaway slaves f. Border Ruffians - Missouri residents who came into KS and forced voters to elect proslavery candidates g. New England Emigrant Aid Society - raised $ to help establish a town, Lawrence to establish an anti slavery government in Kansas h. Nativists (“Know-Nothings”) - native-born Protestants who secretly feared new religious groups may harm American society i. Confederate Constitution - emphasized state independence, right to secede, and the right to practice slavery. j. Contraband - supplies captured during the war k. Kansas Colored Volunteer Infantry Regiment - black volunteers demonstrated the will to fight of free blacks to white Americans and won and fought the Battle of Island Mound l. Government bond - individuals or bankers purchase a certificate from the government that promised to pay them a larger amount of money in the future m. Conscription - proper term of the draft n. Thirteenth Amendment - outlawed slavery in the US  o. Juneteenth - It is a federal holiday and represents the last day of when news got out that slavery was abolished so it is important and signifies the freeing of the slaves. 2. Provide a description for each of the following people (include their contributions, beliefs or any other information that makes them stand out): a. Zachary Taylor - a whig politician slaveholder who was a general in the Mex-Am. War who did not express strong political opinions and was the 13th president b. Harriet Beecher Stowe - Harriet Beecher Stowe was a Northern writer and abolitionist and wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin. c. Josiah Henson - Josiah Henson was the real Uncle Tom who experienced slavery, and fought and escaped it. He fled to Canada and freed over 100 slaves. d. John Brown - violent abolitionist who captured Harper’s Ferry as he felt it was his duty e. Charles Sumner - a senator who got jumped by a South Carolina Senator and read the speech, “The Crime Against Kansas” f. John C. Frémont - A republican californian who opposed slavery and popular sovereignty g. James Buchanan - James Buchanan won the election but he supported the south and said that he would resolve the Slavery “issue”. h. Jefferson Davis - president of the Confederacy i. Robert E. Lee - Commander of the Confederate Army j. George McClellan - a general in the Union army who got fired 2 times and was the leader in the Battle of Antietam k. Ulysses S. Grant - Commander of the Union Army l. William H. Carney - the first black man to receive the medal of honor m. Clara Barton - The founder of the American Red cross and a battlefield nurse who helped many ppl. n. Marcus Spiegel - A German-American soldier who was in favor of slavery but when he saw it with his own eyes, the changed his view  o. Mary Livermore - Person who wanted women to be equally regarded to men (socially) and wanted more facilities for them to work in p. William Tecumseh Sherman - Used the total war tactic to capture Atlanta and Savannah Georgia 3. Describe each of the following battles (include approximate dates, who was involved, strategies, and who won): a. Fort Sumter - First battle (unofficial) of the Civil War, 1860, and led to a Confederate victory b. Battle of Bull Run/Battle of Manassas - Known as 2 different names on both sides and was a Confederate victory led by General Stonewall Jackson in 1861 c. Battle of Shiloh - Confederates fought off Union in New Orleans and the Union capture a Confederate fort but failed to capture a Confederate stronghold in 1862 d. Battle of Antietam - General McClellan attacked Lee’s army near Antietam Creek, Maryland e. Battle of Vicksburg - Union victory by cutting of railways and capturing both Vicksburg and Port Hudson by way of siege in 1863 f. Battle of Gettysburg - 3 day battle in the Union which led to the Union digging a 2.5 mile long trench which led to a Union victory and the last battle on Union soil in 1863 g. Battle of Petersburg - Union captured Confederates major railway center 20 miles south of the Confederate capital, leading to the burning of Richmond and the Confederate surrender in 1864 4. Compare and contrast how northerners and southerners viewed slavery prior to 1850. Before 1850, the north had 50,000 slaves and had little to no experience of interacting with free or enslaved people. Northerners didn’t want to abolish slavery due to the profits or threats to jobs. The southern economy was agrarian and was dependent on slave labor for picking cotton. Before 1850, the south had more than 1 million slaves and stated that slavery was God’s intent. They argued that slavery was more healthy than working in a factory and that slaves were happier and healthier than northern workers. Both of these regions supported slavery and didn’t want to abolish it as it would hurt their economies. 5. What was the Free Soil Party? How did it impact American society? Mainly abolitionist party that supported free speech, free soil, free labor, and free men. They supported Wilmot Proviso to keep slavery out of the west. They were the first abolitionist political party. Democrats and Whigs thought that states should choose for themselves whether they want to be slave or free states in opposition to having the politicians choose. In the 1848 election both Lewis Cass and Zachary Taylor supported slavery in some way unlike Van Buren who supported Wilmot Proviso.  6. What was the California crisis? If California joined the US, it would be a free state, which would tip the free state to slave state balance to the north and southerners didn’t like it. The south argued that the federal law should be more strict with slavery. 7. Describe Henry Clay’s proposal to address the California crisis. What did John Calhoun and Daniel Webster think of Clay’s proposal? Henry Clay wanted California to become a free state. He also wanted a strict fugitive slave law and wanted popular sovereignty to be enforced in New Mexico and Utah. John C. Calhoun thought that if the Union didn’t address slavery or otherwise, the south would secede, and he was right. Daniel Webster wanted unification and agreed with Henry Clay about that California should be a free state because he thought California couldn’t produce the cotton and tobacco like the south could. Most northerners supported Daniel Webster’s plan. 8. What were personal liberty laws? What do they symbolize? They voided the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 by allowing the state to arrest slave catchers for kidnapping. It symbolized that states could take a stand against something they didn’t think was right. 9. What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act? How did it lead to disputes? The Kansas Nebraska Act organized territories from the Louisiana Purchase and used popular sovereignty to decide whether a state would be a slave or free state. People weren’t given the context of when they could use popular sovereignty. People rushed to Kansas to try to sway the government in favor of a pro slavery government and anti-slavery government. Border ruffians came from Missouri and forced people to vote for the pro-slavery government. Abolitionists like John Brown fought back and killed pro-slavery settlers. 10. What do “Bleeding Kansas” and the caning of Charles Sumner symbolize? It represents the different polarized opinions that led to conflict to each side. It also showed the strong support each side got for their cause. 11. Describe the fall of the Whig Party. Most of the Whig Party’s members joined the newly formed Republican party because they had similar ideals to the Whig Party after the Kansas Nebraska Act. Since many of the Whigs were anti-slavery, they supported an anti-slavery government in Kansas, which aligned with the ideals of the Free Soil Party, whose members also joined the Republican party. The Whigs who wanted pro-slavery supported the Democratic party and wanted a pro-slavery government in Kansas. This split in opinions caused the fall of the Whig Party. 12. Describe the rise of the Republican Party. The Republican Party was in opposition of slavery and was mostly made up of northerners, some were businessmen who believed that slavery hurt the nation’s economy. It also included moral leaders who believed that slavery could encourage people to do bad things. Know nothings, Whigs, and people from the Free Soil Party joined the newly formed party. Their first president was Abraham Lincoln who was elected in 1860, 6 years after the party was created.  13. What was the dividing principle in the 1856 election? Who won? The dividing principle in the 1856 election was the stance on slavery. John Fremont was an abolitionist while James Buchanan was a person who promised to solve the slavery issue and was supported by the south so he was probably pro slavery. James Buchanan won. 14. What did the Supreme Court rule in Dred Scott v. Sanford? What resulted from this? The Supreme Court ruled that slaves were property, not US citizens so they couldn’t sue. The Missouri Compromise was deemed unconstitutional which led to northerners being frustrated. 15. Describe the Lincoln and Douglas debates. In the debates Lincoln was a Republican who thought that slaves shouldn’t be deprived of their rights but should not have equal treatment as white men. Lincoln did not want to interfere with slavery. (at first) Douglas on the other hand was a sole Democrat who believed that blacks should not get rights and he also mocked Lincoln saying that he was in the “Black Republican Party”. Douglas believed in popular sovereignty. They argued on the topic of slavery. 16. Why is the raid on Harpers Ferry symbolic? It was an example of northern backlash to slavery and segregation in society. The idea of secession sped up. 17. Describe some of the regional concerns leading up to the 1860 election. For both sides they were concerned about John’s Brown raid of Harpers Ferry and whether Kansas should be a free or slave state. The north was worried about the Dred Scott decisions, that slaves couldn’t take people to court and the new fugitive slave law that forced abolitionists to return slaves to slave states. The south feared states' right to practice slavery. Senator Jefferson Davis convinced Congress to not meddle in slavery in every state. 18. Describe the candidates for the 1860 election. Who won? John Breckenridge was a southern Democrat from Kentucky who thought that the federal government must protect slavery. Stephen Douglas was a northern Democrat from Illinois and thought that popular sovereignty should decide the issue of slavery in the territories when they become states. John Bell was a Constitutional Unionist from Tennessee who thought that the federal government should support slavery and support the Union. Abraham Lincoln was a Republican from Illinois who thought that slavery shouldn’t be allowed in the territories. Abraham Lincoln won the election.  19. Which states formed the Confederate States of America? Virginia, Alabama, Florida, Texas, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Tennessee. 20. Describe some of the Union’s advantages and disadvantages. The Union had more people and more factories which led to their economy producing more supplies. They had a larger railroad system as well as a larger communication system. They had a large and well organized navy with a strong leader in Abraham Lincoln. The government was well established. The Union’s disadvantages were that people didn’t like their goal of recapturing the south, stating that they didn’t need it. The Union had poorly trained soldiers that mainly joined the Confederacy after training. It was an offensive war in enemy territory that required a longer distance of travel. Washington D.C had to be protected since it was close to the Confederate states. 21. Describe some of the Confederacy’s advantages and disadvantages. Most Confederate soldiers fought for survival which boosted their will to fight. Robert E. Lee was considered a great commander of the Confederate Army. Their goal was to avoid defeat and not to conquer the North as it was a defensive war for them. Their disadvantages were that they had a small population mostly made up of unsupportive slaves. They were also vulnerable to being hurt by the North cutting off manufacturing supplies. The Confederacy also had a new inexperienced government 22. What was the Confederacy’s plan to win the war? The Confederacy wanted to elongate the war to deplete Union morale and to preserve their own army. They hoped to win recognition from Britain, France, and Europe. They thought that by cutting off their agricultural trade with the north, the north’s manufacturing industry would halt (Ex: textile industry.) 23. What was the Union’s strategy for winning the war? The Union implemented the Anaconda Plan which consisted of 2 parts which was created by General Winfield Scott. The first part was blockading southern ports to starve the south of supplies, food, and money. The second part was splitting the Confederacy in 2 by controlling ports along the Mississippi River. 24. Describe the first year of the Civil War. The Battle of Bull Run was a Confederate victory in July of 1861 and fought off 40,000 Union troops. In February of 1862, General Ulysses S. Grant led attacks on Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. In March of 1862 the Monitor of the Union fought the Virginia of the Confederacy leading to an end to wooden warships. In the same month, the south lost control of the southwest. In April 1862, the Battle of Shiloh occurred which led to a failed and successful attempt of the Union capturing 2 forts but still lost the main battle in New Orleans. In June and July of 1862, the Confederacy defended Richmond and General McClellan was replaced. The Confederates won the second Battle of Bull Run.  25. In what ways was President Lincoln pressured to question slavery? (Who was pushing him?) Abolitionists worldwide and Union generals told Lincoln to question slavery. War generals like Benjamin Butler and John Fremont took out African American’s slave labels and changed them to free people and contraband. 26. What led to President Lincoln formally announcing the Emancipation Proclamation? The Union suffered more losses in the Battle of Antietam even though they won. To demoralize the south even though it didn’t affect them, he presented the Emancipation Proclamation. 27. How impactful was the Emancipation Proclamation? Why did some criticize it? Union citizens and soldiers' morale boosted because they thought they had some control over the Confederacy and winning in some aspects. Because the US had no authority over a different nation, republicans and abolitionists criticized that it did nothing. Democrats thought it was too drastic. Frederick Douglass and some northerners were excited by it. 28. What methods did the Union take to encourage African Americans to join the Union’s fight? The Union passed the Militia Act to allow African Americans to join the army. To also tug at the heart strings, the Union stated that they had to fight for their country, which made African Americans want to prove their worth in battle. Also, after William H. Carney received the Medal of Honor, it inspired other Black people to strive to get the same medal. 29. Why is the 54th Massachusetts Regiment significant to the outcome of the Civil War? Though it was unsuccessful, it encouraged more African Americans to join the Union Army, which allowed for more reserve troops, which allowed them to win the Battle of Petersburg which led to the downfall of the Confederacy.Federal government asserted their national power with the Constitution over states and individuals which led to American national citizenship and pride 30. Why did Hannah Johnson write to President Lincoln? What argument did she make? She wanted Lincoln to act immediately and end slavery as well as equal treatment for black soldiers. 31. How did the Union fund the Civil War? What method was the most successful? The Union enacted income tax which taxed people who earned over $800 a year 3%. They raised tariffs to increase internal revenue and reenacted government bonds which gave people more money at a later date. They also encouraged people to be patriotic by using one currency. Investors and bankers liked getting more money so if they donated a large amount, they would get paid an even larger amount which attracted people to the idea. 32. What was the Homestead Act? How did that change land ownership in the United States? The Homestead Act allowed US farmers who wanted land west could get it cheaply. This changed land ownership by owners having to improve 160 acres of land in order to get ownership of it. 33. How effective was the Union’s blockade on the Confederacy? What issues did that cause? It was effective because 80% of Confederate ports were blockaded and were only temporarily able to be passed. They were unable to effectively transport food to troops and the Confederacy had to rely on their own farms. 34. What new experiences did the Civil War bring many soldiers? Soldiers faced adventure, danger, discipline, hardship, and travel. Their families were also broken apart because siblings might be fighting on opposite sides of the war. New technology killed more people. Soldiers wrote letters to be remembered. 35. How did the Civil War open new opportunities for women? Though women weren’t directly involved with the war, since the men who left for war had previous jobs, those jobs were vacant. They took up these occupations like some businesses, farms, and plantations. In the military, women played a prominent role in nursing. They also took care of families. 36. Compare and contrast the strategies used in the battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg. Vicksburg was an offensive battle for the Union while Gettysburg was a defensive battle for the Union. In Vicksburg, the Union seized control of multiple forts and rail lines, while in Gettysburg, they dug a 2.5 mile long trench to keep high ground and defend the area. In both battles, splitting was either a result or an aftermath of the battle. For the Battle of Vicksburg, it resulted in the Confederacy being split in 2. In the Battle of Gettysburg, General Lee ordered attacks from 2 different sides, the north and south. 37. What did Lincoln state in his Gettysburg Address? Lincoln took people back to the Declaration of Independence, saying it said all men are equal, including African Americans. He didn’t want to blame a specific group of people to receive backlash, so he thought that everybody should come together as a group.  38. What factors contributed to the fall of the Confederacy? The Union grew stronger after the Battle of Petersburg because the south didn’t have any reserve troops and most of their troops were being killed in battle. The scattered 170,000 troops after Lee’s surrender never could group up to win a singular battle against the Union. The cutting off of the major railway center disallowed trade through the Confederacy. 39. What is total war? How did Union generals implement it? Total war is killing anybody in their path. General Ulysses S. Grant used this tactic after the Battle of Petersburg when he burned down Richmond. General William T. Sherman used this tactic in the process of capturing Savannah, Georgia and Atlanta, Georgia. 40. What does the election of 1864 symbolize? It symbolized that Congress and the people could have different opinions about presidential candidates. It also symbolized the dedication of the South to staying as a separate nation as they didn’t vote in this election or vote for Lincoln in the election prior. 41. What factors contributed to Robert E. Lee’s formal surrender? The Battle of Petersburg, the repeating Union victories, the capital being burned down, and being trapped by the Union on his way to join with other troops caused him to surrender. 42. How did most Americans view Lincoln’s assassination? Most Americans saw it as a grievous event. 43. What were some reasons for the Union’s victory? The Union had superior political leadership, more resources and supplies, better finances, technological support, and a larger population. 44. Describe some of the economic results of the Civil War. Congress passed the Land Grant College Act, which gave money to states which established schools to teach agricultural and mechanical engineering. The government put in place a tariff to protect northern industries from foreign competition. North’s industrialization kept on improving post war which led to them being named a global power. Southern cities were in ruins and the south heavily relied on the north for investment. 45. Describe some of the societal impacts of the Civil War. 600,000 soldiers were killed and thousands were wounded. Journalists like Matthew Brady and Alexander Gardner took pictures during the war that allowed people to see the hardships and losses in the war as well as the victories. Drifters included millions of southerners whose houses and farms were destroyed. Some southerners didn’t give up the Confederate cause. Most African Americans moved to the north, but some stayed to spark the Reconstruction movement. 46. Describe how the Civil War changed Americans politically. Some tensions were eased between Republicans and Democrats which reduced the threat of a major secession for the rest of US history. Sparked debates over states’ rights that continue today. The Federal government asserted their national power with the Constitution over states and individuals which led to American national citizenship and pride