CH. 5 STUDY GUIDE.docx

**BIO211-004 Summer 2024** **[Chapter 5 Study Guide]** **Module 5.1: Overview of the Integumentary System** ==================================================== LO 1. Describe the basic structure of the skin. ----------------------------------------------- [The skin has 3 Main Layers] ----------...

**BIO211-004 Summer 2024** **[Chapter 5 Study Guide]** **Module 5.1: Overview of the Integumentary System** ==================================================== LO 1. Describe the basic structure of the skin. ----------------------------------------------- [The skin has 3 Main Layers] ---------------------------------------- - [Epidermus:] Elastic layer on the outside that is continually being regenerated ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - [Dermis:] Contains connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - [Hypodermis:] Not apart of the skin; anchors skin to deeper structures like muscle and bone ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LO 2. Describe the basic functions carried out by the components of the integumentary system. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The basic functions include, body temperature regulation, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of Vitamin D, and detection of stimuli. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Module 5.2 The Epidermis** ============================ LO 1. Explain how the cells of the epidermis are arranged into layers. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- [The stratified squamous epithelial cells are on the basement membrane, the layers include:] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Stratum Corneum --------------- - Stratum Lucidum --------------- - Stratum Spinosum ---------------- - Stratum Basale -------------- LO 2. Describe the cells of the epidermis and the life cycle of a keratinocyte. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Cells of the Epidermus:] ------------------------------------- - [Keratinocytes:] Produces the protein Keratin, which is the main component of the Epidermis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - [Melanocytes:] Make your skin pigment, known as melanin ------------------------------------------------------------------- - [Langerhans:] Cells that prevent things from getting into your skin ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Life Cycle of a Keratinocyte:] ------------------------------------------- Begins when the Keratinocyte grows in the Stratum Basale. Later, in a course of two weeks, it matures and migrates through the suprabasal layers until it reaches the top part of the skin, which is the Stratum Corneum. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LO 3. Differentiate between thick skin and thin skin. ----------------------------------------------------- - [Thin Skin:] Missing a layer (Stratum Lucidum) ; Thin as Printer Paper ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - [Thick Skin:] Contains all 5 layers; as thick as a Paper Towel -------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Module 5.3: The Dermis** ========================== LO 1. Describe the layers and basic structure and components of the dermis. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Layers] -------------------- - Papillary Dermis ---------------- - Reticular Dermis ---------------- [Basic Structure and Components:] --------------------------------------------- The Dermis mainly contains Fibrous, consisting of both Collagen and Elastic Fibers ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LO 2. Explain the functions of the dermal papillae. --------------------------------------------------- The Dermal Papillae specifies the size, shape, and color of the hair as well as the frequency with which it regenerates. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ LO 3. Explain how skin markings such as epidermal ridges are formed. -------------------------------------------------------------------- Thick Collagen Fibers arrange them into Dermal Ridges ----------------------------------------------------- **Module 5.4: Skin Pigmentation** ================================= LO 1. Explain how melanin is produced and its role in the integument. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Melanocytes produce Melanin in the Basal Layer, which is the innermost layer of the Epidermis. Keratinocytes then carry the Melanin to the surface of the skin. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LO 2. Describe the other pigments that contribute to skin color. ---------------------------------------------------------------- - [Carotene:] Slight yellow-orange color; mostly visible in the Stratum Corneum of thick skin ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - [Hemoglobin:] Indirect result of blood flow in the Dermis; color of blood in deeper Dermis is visible through the Epidermis (Orange-Red color) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LO 3. Explain how skin coloration may indicate health. ------------------------------------------------------ Color changes associated with the amount of blood flow in the Dermis and can be useful in diagnosis of Disease -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Diseases that cause Change in Skin Color:] ------------------------------------------------------- - [Erythema:] Blood flow in Dermis increases; makes skin reddish, includes Trauma, Fever, and Infection ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - [Pallor:] Blood flow in Dermis decreases; loss in normal pinkish-hue, occurs when Nervous and Endocrine system alter blood flow to Dermis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - [Cyanosis:] Hemoglobin has very low levels of bound Oxygen, blood turns reddish-purple, skin takes on blue-hue, occurs when difficulty breathing ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ **Module 5.5: Accessory Structures of the Integument: Hair, Nails, and Glands** =============================================================================== LO 1. Describe the structure and function of hair and nails. ------------------------------------------------------------ - [Structure:] Keratinocytes make Keratin, which is a type of Protein that is a basic component of Hair, Skin, and Nails ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - [Funticion:] Protection against Microbes, Temperature Regulation, and Environmental Interaction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LO 2. Explain the process by which hair and nails grow. ------------------------------------------------------- The Epidermal Cells below the Nail Root move up to the surface of the skin, they increase. Those closest to the Nail Root get flat and pressed tightly together. Each cell becomes a thin plate; these plates pile into layers to form the nail. As with hair, nails form by Keratinization ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LO 3. Summarize the structural properties of sweat and sebaceous glands. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - [Sebaceous Glands:] Produce an oily substance called Sebum ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - [Sweat Glands:] Produce a watery substance called Sweat ------------------------------------------------------------------- LO 4. Explain the composition and function of sweat and sebum. -------------------------------------------------------------- - [Sweat:] Composed of Water and Salts, the function is to control body temp -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - [Sebum:] Composed of Oil, Fatty Waxes and Cholestrol, the function is to moisturize the skin, and protect it from foreign substances ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ **Module 5.6: Pathology of the Skin** ===================================== LO 1. Explain how to classify burns and how to estimate their severity. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - [Classifying Burns:] Burns are classified as first, second, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severely they penetrate the skin\'s surface. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - [Estimating Severity:] Using the Rule of Nines, the Palm Method, and how deep the burn goes into the Epidermis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LO 2. Describe the three main types of cancerous skin tumors. ------------------------------------------------------------- - [Basal Cell Carcinoma:] Most often develops on areas of skin exposed to the sun, such as the Face ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - [Squamous Cell Carcinoma:] Begins as a growth of cells on the skin, this happens when exposed to too much UV Radiation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - [Malignant Melanoma:] Occurs when the pigment-producing cells that give color to the skin become cancerous, this can happen from too much UV Radiation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Terms] - A B C D E rule - Accessory structures - Apocrine sweat gland - Arrector pili muscles - Avascular - Basal cell carcinoma - Callus - Cancer - Carcinogens - Carotene - Cerumen - Ceruminous sweat gland - Collagen bundles - Cutaneous membrane - Cyanosis - Dendritic (Langerhans) cells - Dermal papillae - Dermal ridges - Dermis - Eccrine sweat gland - Elastic fibers - Epidermis - Erythema - Fingerprint - First-degree burn - Flexure lines - Hair - Hair bulb - Hair follicle - Hemoglobin - Hypodermis - Keratin - Keratinocytes - Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles - Lateral nail folds - Lunula - Malignant melanoma - Matrix - Medial nail folds - Melanin - Melanocytes - Merkel cells - Metastasize - Nails - Pallor - Papillary layer - Pili - Proximal nail fold - Reticular layer - Root - Sebaceous glands - Sebum - Second-degree burn - Sensory receptors - Shaft - Skin markings - Squamous cell carcinoma - Stem cells - Stratum basale - Stratum corneum - Stratum germinativum - Stratum granulosum - Stratum lucidum - Stratum spinosum - Sweat (sudoriferous) glands - Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles - Tension (cleavage) lines - Thick skin - Thin skin - Third-degree burn - Tumor - Vasoconstriction - Vasodilation - Vitamin D