Ch 23. ANSWERS Review Question (2019_04_17 01_51_15 UTC).docx

What is breathing or Respiration? Respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells What is the function of the Respiratory System? Provides for gas exchange: intake 02 for delivery to body cells and removal of CO2 produced by body cells Helps regulate blood pH Contains r...

What is breathing or Respiration? Respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells What is the function of the Respiratory System? Provides for gas exchange: intake 02 for delivery to body cells and removal of CO2 produced by body cells Helps regulate blood pH Contains receptors for sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces vocal sounds (phonation), and excretes small amounts of water & heat What 3 processes are needed for respiration? Describe what these mean Ventilation (breathing): Inhalation (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air, involved atmosphere & lungs External (pulmonary) respiration: exchange of gases between alveoli of lungs and pulmonary blood capillaries (02 intake, CO2 expelled) Internal (tissue) respiration: Exchange of gases in blood to tissue (cellular respiration) How does the cardiovascular system assist the respiratory system? By transporting gases What are the 2 divisions of the respiratory system & and what are the 2 components? Upper respiratory Lower respiratory Conducting zone Respiratory zone What structure are included for the 2 divisions of the respiratory system? Upper: Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Associated structures Lower: Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs What are the functions of the respiratory system? Provides for gas exchange intake of O2 for delivery to the body cells & removal of CO2 produced by body cells Helps regulate blood pH Contains receptors for sense of smell, filters air, produces vocal sounds (phonation) & excrete small amounts of water & heat What is the function of the dual zones, what are their structures? Conducting: Function: Filter, warm and moisten air & conduct it into lungs Structure: Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles Respiratory Function: Main site of gas exchange between air and blood Structure: (With in the lungs) respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and blood The boney frame work for the nose is formed from? Frontal, nasal & maxillary bones What is the surface anatomy of the nose? Describe Root: Superior attachment of the nose to the frontal bones Apex: tip of nose Bridge: Bony framework of nose formed by the nasal bones External naris: Nostrils, external openings into nasal cavity What is a rhinoplasty & why is it performed? Surgical procedure in which the shape of the external nose is altered Performed: mostly cosmetic reasons but also done to help repair a broken nose or a deviated septum What is the function of the Pharynx? Passageway for air & food Provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds Houses the tonsils for immunity What are the 3 regions of the pharynx form superior to inferior? Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx What is the Larynx (2 points)? What is it function/how is this achieved? Voice Box – contains vocal folds which produce sound when vibrate Passageway that connects the pharynx and trachea Where does the trachea extend too? Larynx to primary bronchi What is laryngitis? How does this affect the vocal cords? Inflammation of the larynx most often caused by a respiratory infection or irritants Inflammation of the vocal folds causes hoarseness or loss of voice by interfering w/ contraction of the folds or prevent vibration d/t swelling present What ais a tracheotomy? What is the difference with intubation? Tracheotomy (Tracheostomy) is a skin followed by incision to the trachea below the cricoid cartilage. Tracheal tube is then inserted into the inscision to open an airway Intubation: tube is inserted into the mouth or nose & passes inferior through the larynx & trachea to create an airway into the lungs. Where does the Bronchi start, where does it lead too? Starts: T5 Primary R & L branches into the respective lungs What is the order of the Bronchial Tree? Show relatively of diameter. Where does the conducting zone end? Trachea (Largest Diameter) Main Bronchi Lobar bronchi Segmental Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal Bronchioles (Smallest diameter) – CONDUCTING ZONE ENDS What are the Lungs? What protects them? paired organs in the thoracic cavity Pleural membrane (protective) What are the lobes of the lung? (3) Which lobe is missing from which lung? Inferior lobe Middle lobe – missing in L lung Superior Lobe List the Microscopic airway in descending order. Which Zone is represented? When does it terminate? Respiratory Bronchioles Alveolar Ducts Alveolar Sacs Alveoli RESPIRATORY ZONE – terminates @ air sacs / alveoli What are the 2 types of alveolar cells? What is their function? Type I: main site of gas exchange Type II: contain microvilli, secrete alveolar fluid (keeps surface b/t cells & air moist) What component is included in alveolar fluid? What is its function? Surfactant Function: lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid thus reducing collapsing of aveoli contributing to patency What are the 4 parts of the respiratory membrane? A layer of type I and type II alveolar cells and associated alveolar macrophages that constitutes the alveolar wall An epithelial basement membrane underlying the alveolar wall A capillary basement membrane that is often fused to the epithelial basement membrane The capillary endothelium What is Coryza? What are the signs & symptoms? Complication symtoms? Coryza = Common Cold S&S Sneezing Excessive nasal secretions Dry cough Congestion Complications Sinusitis Asthma Bronchitis Ear infection Laryngitis What causes the seasonal flu? What are signs & symptoms? Caused by a virus S&S Chills Fever HA Muscular aches Can develop into life-threatening pneumonia How does blood entre the lungs? How is blood systemically circulated through the lungs? Pulmonary arteries (blood enters) Bronchial arteries (systemic circulation) What is Ventilation-perfusion coupling? How does this phenomenon differ in comparison to the rest of the body? Vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia - diverts blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas Everywhere in the body blood vessel VasoD to increase blood flow What is the purpose of Cilia or Microvilli in the respiratory system? How is this achieved? To catch & eliminate foreign substances Substances will be brushed towards upper respiratory where we will wither cough, hork or sneeze it up. What is Pulmonary Ventilation & how is it achieved? What are the 2 actions of pulmonary ventilation? Pulmonary Ventilation: Air flow between atmosphere & lungs Achieved: respiratory muscle contraction & relaxation Action: Inhalation & Exhalation What is Boyle’s Law Inverse relationship between volume & pressure In which inhalation & exhalation is governed What muscles are involved in breathing? Inhalation: SCM Scalene External intercostal Diaphragm - contraction Exhalation Internal intercostals External obliques Internal obliques Transverse abdominis Rectus abdominius Diaphragm - relaxes What are other factors the affect Pulmonary Ventilation? Describe them Surface tension of alveolar fluid Inwardly directed force in the alveoli which must be overcome to expand the lungs during each inspiration **Because water molecules are attracted to each other and not gas molecules. Like a bubble that busts, it collapses on itself – Surface tension needs to be overcome with each inhalation Elastic recoil Decreases the size of the alveoli during expiration Compliance Ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded List & describe the different breathing patterns and respiratory movements: Eupnea: normal pattern of quiet breathing (combination of deep & shallow breaths) 8-16 breaths per minute Apnea: temporary stopping of breathing Dyspnea: Shortness of breath, painful or laboured breathing Tachypnea: Abnormally rapid shallow breaths – greater than 20 breaths per minute Costal breathing: shallow (chest) breathing Diaphragmatic breathing: Abdominal breathing (Hyperventilation): Exhaling more than u inhale - breathing rapid but deep, usually = head rush and possible loss of consciousness What is respiratory distress syndrome? Is a breathing disorder of premature newborns in which their alveoli do not remain open d/t lack of surfactant What are some modified breathing movements? Coughing, Sneezing, Sighing, Yawning, Sobbing, Crying, Laughing, Hiccupping, Valsalva’s maneuver, Pressurizing middle ear What are the Lung volumes & Capacities? Inspiratory reserve volume: Additional air inhaled (more than 500 ml) Tidal Volume: (500 ml) normal air exchange Expiratory reserve Volumes: amount of air expelled in 1 minute from lungs with maximal effort (1200 male, 700ml Female) Residual Volume: the air left in alveoli sacs to keep them slightly inflates (not really measureable w/ Spirogram) [1200 mL male, 1100 ml female] Inspiratory Capacity: Vital Capacity: sum of tidal & inspiratory volumes (MALE: 500 mL + 3100 mL = 3600mL; FEMALE: 500mL + 1900mL = 2400 mL) Function Residual Capacity: sum of residual volume & expiratory reserve volume [MALE: 1200 ML + 1200 mL = 2400 mL ; FEMALE: 1100 mL + 700 mL = 1800 mL] Vital Capacity: Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume & Expiratory volume. Total Lung Capacity: sum of all numbers What is Daltons Law? Why is it significant? Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present Important in understanding how gases move down their pressure gradient by diffusion ** Partial pressure from each gas is added up to make total pressure Atmospheric air is a mixture – Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2), Argon (Ar), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Water (H2O), plus other gases Atmospheric Pressure (760 mmHg) PN2 + P02 + PAr + PH20 + PCO2 + POther Gases What is Henry’s Law? Why is it significant? The quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient when the temperature remains constant Helps explain how solubility of a gas relates to its diffusion What is the direction of O2 & CO2 in external & internal respiration? External Respiration: O2 diffuse form alveoli into pulmonary capillaries, CO2 opposite direction Internal Respiration: O2 diffuse form systemic capillaries into tissue, CO2 opposite direction What is the % of oxygen & Carbon dioxide carried by plasma, hemoglobin & bicarbonate ions? Oxygen 1.5% = Plasma 98.5% Hemoglobin (Hb) Carbon dioxide 7% plasma 23% carbominohemoglobin 70% bicarbonate ions (HCO3) What factors will affect Hemoglobin affinity for Oxygen? PO2: Partial pressure of Oxygen pH: Acidity ↑(pH ↓) and HB affinity for O2 ↓ [ acidity causes unloading of oxygen] – called the Bohr effect Temperature: heat causes O2 to release from Hb (like in exercise for increased metabolic Rxn) BPG: Bisphosphate phoglycerate – a substance found in RBC; causes the unloading oxygen = ↓ the affinity of HB for O2 *Certain hormones increase BPG; thyroxine, human growth hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, testosterone Type of Hb: Fetal vs maternal – fetal Hb has a higher affinity than maternal and thus will steal maternal oxygen Where is the respiratory centre (the nervous centre than controls breathing)? Where is this located? Medullary center in the medulla oblongata Pons in the pontine respiratory group Located C1-2 area What other things influences respiration? Cortical influences Allow conscious control of respiration that may be needed to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water Chemoreceptor Central and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor levels of O2 and CO2 and provide input to the respiratory center Hypercapnia A slight increase in PCO2 (and thus H+) Stimulates central chemoreceptors Hypoxia Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level Caused by a low PO2 in arterial blood due to high altitude, airway obstruction or fluid in the lungs List & describe 3 other types of Hypoxia. Anemic hypoxia Hemoglobin in blood does not function properly resulting in decreased ability to transport O2 Ischemic Hypoxia Blood flow to a tissue is so reduced that too little O2 is delivered Partial pressure of O2 & oxyhemoglobin levels are still normal Histotoxic Hypoxia Blood delivers sufficient O2 but there is a toxic agent present that prevent the tissue from using the O2 effectively. Cyanide poisoning – blocks enzymes that use O2 during ATP synthesize so no energy gets created. What influence does exercise have on the Respiratory System? The respiratory and cardiovascular systems make adjustments in response to both the intensity and duration of exercise Blood flow to lungs with ↑ as excercises ↑ - pulmonary perfusion Oxygen diffusing capacity can ↑ 3x during maximal exercise What effect does aging have on the Respiratory System? Aging results in decreased: Vital capacity Blood O2 level Alveolar macrophage activity Ciliary action of respiratory epithelia Consequently, elderly people are more susceptible to pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema, and other issues What are some disorders that effect the Respiratory System? Briefly describe them Asthma Characterized by chronic airway inflammation, airway hypersensitivity to variety of stimuli, & airway obstruction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Respiratory disorder characterized by chronic & recurrent obstruction of airflow which increases airway resistance Lung cancer Cancer of some or all of the tissues found in the lungs Symptoms may include: Chronic cough, spitting/coughing blood from respiratory tract, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pain, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, weight loss, anorexia, fatigue, bone pain, confusions, balance issues, HA, anemia, thrombocytopenia, & jaundice Pneumonia Acute infection or inflammation of the alveoli Tuberculosis Infectious, communicable disease caused by the mycobacterium tuberculosis that most often affects the lungs & the pleurae but may also affect other parts of the body. Common cold Pulmonary edema Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces & alveoli of the lungs Cystic fibrosis Hereditary disorder that affects exocrine glands & causes the production of abnormally thick mucus causing issues in the pancreatic ducts, intestines & bronchi, often resulting in respiratory infection Asbestos-related diseases Exposure to asbestos including chrysotile cause cancer of the respiratory tract, fibrosis of the lungs, thickening & effusion (fluid build-up) in the pleura Sudden infant death syndrome Sudden & unexplained death of a baby under 1yrs Acute respiratory distress A life threatening lung injury that allows fluid to leak into the lungs resulting in the increased difficult breathing Define the Following terms Abdominal Thrust Maneuver – first aid procedure designed to clear an obstruction from the airway Asphyxia – oxygen starvation due to low atmospheric oxygen or interference with ventilation, external respiration or internal respiration Aspiration – inhalation of a foreign substance into the bronchial tree Dyspnea – pained or laboured breathing Epistaxis – loss of blood from the nose due to trauma, infection, allergy, malignant growths or bleeding disorder. Also called a nose bleed Hypoventilation – slow and shallow breathing Rhinitis – chronic or acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose due to viruses, bacteria & irritants. Excessive mucous production produces a runny nose, nasal congestion, & postnasal drip Sleep apnea – disorder when na person repeadedly stops breathing for 10+ secs while sleeping Sputum – mucus & other fluids from the airpassage way that get expelled by coughing Tachypnea – rapid breathing rate