General Biology 1 Module 1 PDF

General Biology 1 1 “Cell Theory, Structure and Function” MR. CLEARED LUYA  NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 CELL THEORY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION illustrate the structure of the endomembrane system, label its parts,...

General Biology 1 1 “Cell Theory, Structure and Function” MR. CLEARED LUYA  NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 CELL THEORY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION illustrate the structure of the endomembrane system, label its parts, and understand how the system works understand the connection of the endomembrane system to other cell parts such as the lysosomes, peroxisomes, endosomes, and cell membrane understand how the extracellular components or matrix determine the appearance and function of the tissues  NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development and evolution. NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1  NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY Cell Theory The CELL THEORY, or cell doctrine, states that all organisms are composed of similar units of organization, called cells. The concept was formally articulated in 1839 by Schleiden & Schwann and has remained as the foundation of modern biology. NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY Cell Theory  NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY Modern Tenets of the Cell Theory all known living things are made up of cells. the cell is structural & functional unit of all living things all cells come from pre-existing cells by division cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division All cells are basically the same in chemical composition. all energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells.  NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes The primary distinction between these two types of organisms is that eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not. The nucleus is where eukaryotes store their genetic information. In prokaryotes, DNA is bundled together in the nucleoid region, but it is not stored within a membrane-bound nucleus.  NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY Parts of the Cell A cell consists of three parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and, between the two, the cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm lie intricate arrangements of fine fibers and hundreds or even thousands of miniscule but distinct structures called organelles.  NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY The Cell Membrane The plasma membrane (also known as the cell membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment. The primary function of the plasma membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings.  NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY The Cell Membrane Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, the plasma membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells. Plasma membranes must be very flexible in order to allow certain cells, such as red blood cells and white blood cells, to change shape as they pass through narrow capillaries  NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY The Organelles Organelles are specialized structures, which carry out unique functions inside the cell. These structures can be categorized into two as membranous and non-membranous organelles. Membranous Non-membranous Mitochondria Ribosomes Plastids Cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Centrosome  NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY The Organelles The compartmentalization of the cell into membrane-bound organelles allows conflicting functions (i.e., synthesis vs. breakdown) and several cellular activities to occur simultaneously without interference from each other separates the DNA material of the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast increases the surface area-volume ratio of the cell NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY Plant Cell vs Animal Cell NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY Plant Cell vs Animal Cell  NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY Endomembrane System, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Cytoskeleton, and Extracellular Components The endomembrane system (endo- = “within”) is a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. It includes a variety of organelles  NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY Parts of the Endomembrane System Endoplasmic reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in the modification of proteins and the synthesis of lipids. It consists of a network of membranous tubules and flattened sacs. The discs and tubules of the ER are hollow, and the space inside is called the lumen. Rough ER: gets its name from Smooth ER: The smooth endoplasmic the bumpy ribosomes reticulum (smooth ER) is continuous with attached to its cytoplasmic the rough ER but has few or no surface ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface.  NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY Parts of the Endomembrane System Golgi Apparatus: an organelle Lysosomes: an organelle that contains made up of flattened discs of digestive enzymes and acts as the membrane where the sorting, organelle-recycling facility of an animal cell. tagging, packaging, and distribution It breaks down old and unnecessary of lipids and proteins occur. structures so their molecules can be reused.  NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY Parts of the Endomembrane System Vacuoles: Plants cells are unique because they have a lysosome-like organelle called the vacuole. The large central vacuole stores water and wastes, isolates hazardous materials, and has enzymes that can break down macromolecules and cellular components, like those of a lysosome. Plant vacuoles also function in water balance and may be used to store compounds such as toxins and pigments (colored particles).  NO. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY Parts of the Endomembrane System Peroxisomes: It houses enzymes involved in oxidation reactions, which produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product. The enzymes break down fatty acids and amino acids, and they also detoxify some substances that enter the body.  NO. 1 Environmental Science Q1.1.1-1 Illustrate the structure of the endomembrane system and discuss the function of each part. NO. 1 Managerial Economics