CEPC0508 Earthquake Engineering Course Outline PDF

CEPC0508 – EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Units: 3 Units Lecture Contact Hours per Week: 3 Hours per Week Schedule: SE4B Wednesday, 6:00-7:30PM, CE LAB1 Friday, 8:30-10:00AM, OCEA306  CEPC0508 – EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Units: 3 Units Lecture Contact Hours per Week: 3 Hours per Week Sch...

CEPC0508 – EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Units: 3 Units Lecture Contact Hours per Week: 3 Hours per Week Schedule: SE4B Wednesday, 6:00-7:30PM, CE LAB1 Friday, 8:30-10:00AM, OCEA306  CEPC0508 – EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Units: 3 Units Lecture Contact Hours per Week: 3 Hours per Week Schedule: SE4A Thursday, 6:00-7:30PM, CE LAB2 Friday, 8:30-10:00AM, FIELD COURSE OUTLINE COURSE TOPICS ACTIVITIES/CALENDAR WEEK 1: CLASS ORIENTATION 1.1 Overview of the University Mission and Vision 1.2 Course Syllabus 1.3 Classroom Policies and Requirements 2.0 Introduction to Earthquake Engineering ENGR. SLABAMPA COURSE OUTLINE COURSE TOPICS ACTIVITIES/CALENDAR WEEK 2 SEATWORK/ASSIGNMENT 3.0 Causes of Earthquakes and QUIZ faulting tectonic plates WEEK 3 4.0 Faulting and seismic zones of the SEATWORK/ASSIGNMENT Philippines WEEK 4 SEATWORK/ASSIGNMENT 5.0 Measurement of earthquakes; QUIZ magnitude vs. intensity ENGR. SLABAMPA COURSE OUTLINE COURSE TOPICS ACTIVITIES/CALENDAR WEEK 5 – WEEK 6 SEATWORK/ASSIGNMENT 6.0 Dynamics of vibration; attenuation WEEK 7 – WEEK 8 SEATWORK/ASSIGNMENT 7.0 Time History QUIZ WEEK 8 - MIDTERM EXAMINATION ENGR. SLABAMPA COURSE OUTLINE COURSE TOPICS ACTIVITIES/CALENDAR WEEK 9 – WEEK 10 SEATWORK/ASSIGNMENT 8.0 Elastic and inelastic response spectra WEEK 11 9.0 Effects of soils on ground motion; SEATWORK/ASSIGNMENT liquefaction QUIZ ENGR. SLABAMPA COURSE OUTLINE COURSE TOPICS ACTIVITIES/CALENDAR WEEK 12 – WEEK 15 SEATWORK/ASSIGNMENT 10.0 National Structural Code of the QUIZ Philippines in relation to earthquake resistant structural design WEEK 16 - FINAL EXAMINATION ENGR. SLABAMPA COURSE GRADING SYSTEM ENGR. SLABAMPA CLASS RULES You are not allowed to eat inside the room. You show up. BE A RESPONSIBLE STUDENT. Always check your boundaries. Always follow the given instructions for the set given of time. ENGR. SLABAMPA  INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Earthquake Engineering Earthquake Causes and Effects of Earthquake Facts about Earthquakes History of Major International and Philippine Earthquakes ENGR. SLABAMPA  EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Earthquake Engineering is a branch of civil engineering that focuses on designing and constructing buildings, structures, and infrastructure to withstand the forces generated by earthquakes. It aims to minimize damage, prevent loss of life, and ensure the resilience of structures in seismic-prone areas. ENGR. SLABAMPA  EARTHQUAKE Earthquake, is any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth’s rocks. Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses move in relation to one another. The major fault lines of the world are located at the fringes of the huge tectonic plates that make up Earth’s crust. ENGR. SLABAMPA Causes of Earthquakes Natural Forces Volcanism Earthquakes are caused by the A separate type of earthquake sudden release of energy within some is associated with volcanic activity limited region of the rocks of the and is called a volcanic earthquake. Earth. The energy can be released by Yet it is likely that even in such cases elastic strain, gravity, chemical the disturbance is the result of a reactions, or even the motion of sudden slip of rock masses adjacent massive bodies. Earthquakes to the volcano and the consequent associated with this type of energy release of elastic strain energy. release are called tectonic earthquakes. ENGR. SLABAMPA Causes of Earthquakes Effects of Earthquakes Artificial Induction Surface phenomena Earthquakes are sometimes Earthquakes often cause caused by human activities, dramatic geomorphological changes, including the injection of fluids into including ground movements—either deep wells, the detonation of large vertical or horizontal—along underground nuclear explosions, the geologic fault traces; rising, excavation of mines, and the filling dropping, and tilting of the ground of large reservoirs. surface; changes in the flow of groundwater; liquefaction of sandy ground; landslides; and mudflows. ENGR. SLABAMPA Effects of Earthquakes Tsunamis Seiches Following certain earthquakes, Seiches are rhythmic motions of very long-wavelength water waves in water in nearly landlocked bays or lakes oceans or seas sweep inshore. More that are sometimes induced by properly called seismic sea waves or earthquakes and tsunamis. Oscillations of tsunamis, they are commonly referred to this sort may last for hours or even for a as tidal waves, although the attractions of day or two. the Moon and Sun play no role in their formation. They sometimes come ashore to great heights—tens of meters above mean tide level—and may be extremely destructive. ENGR. SLABAMPA FACTS ABOUT EARTHQUAKE There are several million An earthquake can earthquakes annually affect the length of a According to the United States day Geological Survey, there are around 17 On 11 March 2011, an 8.9 major earthquakes measuring above 7.0 magnitude earthquake which on the Richter scale – and one great earthquake measuring above 8.0 – each struck northeast Japan year. However, experts estimate that altered the distribution of the there are actually several million earth’s mass, causing it to earthquakes annually; many go rotate slightly faster, and undetected due to their geographical shortening an earth day by remoteness or small magnitude. around 1.8 microseconds. ENGR. SLABAMPA FACTS ABOUT EARTHQUAKE San Francisco is moving towards L.A. The Pacific Ocean is The city of San Francisco is moving the root of most toward Los Angeles at the rate of about earthquakes two inches per year. That's the same The vast majority – in pace at which your fingernails grow. This fact about 90% – of the world's is happening because the two sides of the earthquakes occur along the San Andreas Fault are gradually slipping Ring of Fire, which is an area in past one another. The cities will meet in the basin of the Pacific Ocean. several million years. ENGR. SLABAMPA FACTS ABOUT EARTHQUAKE Standing water smells before an earthquake Ponds, canals, lakes and other standing water may give off a nasty whiff and become slightly warmer before an earthquake. This is due to gases being released underground as the plates shift. This can contribute to a change in the behavior of wildlife in the area. Scientists from the Department of Life Sciences at the Open University observed toads disappearing before an earthquake which struck Italy in 2009 – and returning afterwards. It is also believed toads detect changes in water chemistry caused by stresses in rocks. ENGR. SLABAMPA FACTS ABOUT EARTHQUAKE Internal waves post-quake are called “seiches” After an earthquake, you can sometimes see an internal wave sloshing the water about in swimming pools and ponds. This is called a seiche (pronounced “saysh”). The water can continue sloshing about for hours after the end of the earthquake. The swimming pool at the University of Arizona in Tucson lost water from a seiche caused by the 1985 earthquake in Mexico, 2000km away. ENGR. SLABAMPA FACTS ABOUT EARTHQUAKE Inca and traditional Japanese architecture was designed with earthquakes in mind Inca architecture was built to withstand earthquakes, as are Japanese pagodas. ENGR. SLABAMPA FACTS ABOUT EARTHQUAKE A Chilean city moved ten feet An earthquake caused to the west as a result of an Everest to shrink On 25 April 2015, a earthquake magnitude 7.8 earthquake During a massive earthquake on inflicted severe damage to the Saturday 27 February, 2010, measuring nation of Nepal, causing 8.8 on the Richter scale, the earth’s crust several Himalayan mountains was ripped so dramatically that the city to shrink, including Mount of Concepcion actually moved 10 feet to Everest which shrunk by one the west. inch. ENGR. SLABAMPA FACTS ABOUT EARTHQUAKE In Japanese mythology earthquakes were caused by a giant catfish Historically it was believed that Namazu – a giant catfish – which lives submerged in mud under the Japanese islands, was responsible for earthquakes. Many believed that the catfish would thrash about, resulting in seismic activity when Kashima, a god of thunder, was not watching. The Ancient Greeks believed that Poseidon, the god of the sea, caused earthquakes by banging on the earth with his trident when he was angry. Hindu mythology believes that the earth is held in place by eight elephants, which are in turn balanced on the back of a turtle which is standing on a snake’s coils. Any of those animals moving causes an earthquake. ENGR. SLABAMPA FACTS ABOUT EARTHQUAKE Earthquakes Can Trigger Other The Moon and Other Natural Disasters Planets Have Quakes Too Earthquakes can cause tsunamis, landslides, avalanches, and even volcanic "Moonquakes" occur on eruptions. The 2004 Indian Ocean the Moon due to gravitational earthquake (9.1 magnitude) triggered a forces from Earth. Marsquakes deadly tsunami, killing over 230,000 were also detected by NASA’s people. InSight lander on Mars. ENGR. SLABAMPA FACTS ABOUT EARTHQUAKE Animals have been observed changing their behaviour prior to an earthquake It is not just toads which have been observed reacting to seismic activity: before the Indonesian earthquake and tsunami in 2004, witnesses reported seeing animals and birds heading for the higher ground. Scientists think that animals may sense weak tremors before a quake, or possibly electrical signals triggered by the shifting of underground rocks. ENGR. SLABAMPA FACTS ABOUT EARTHQUAKE A British engineer identified the cause of earthquakes We have British engineer John Michell to thank for identifying the cause of earthquakes, at the beginning of the 18th Century. He was one of the first fathers of seismology, and he propounded his theory that earthquakes and their resulting waves of energy were caused by “shifting masses of rock miles below the surface”. ENGR. SLABAMPA History of Major International and Philippine Earthquake Also known as the Great Chilean earthquake (Spanish: Gran terremoto de Chile), it was the most Major International Earthquake powerful earthquake ever recorded. The earthquake hit Valdivia Earthquake (1960)– 9.5 on May 22 in the afternoon (19:11 GMT, 15:11 local time), approximately 100 miles (160 km) off the coast of Chile, and parallel to the city of Valdivia. It lasted approximately 10 minutes and triggered a massive tsunami with waves up to 25 meters (82 feet). The main tsunami severely battered the Chilean coast, and raced across the Pacific Ocean and devastated Hilo, Hawaii. Waves as high as 10.7 meters (35 feet) were recorded even 10,000 kilometers (6,200 mi) from the epicenter, and as far away as Japan and the Philippines. The death toll of 1960 Valdivia Earthquake is not certain – the total number of fatalities from the earthquake and tsunamis have been estimated between 1,000 and 6,000. About 3,000 people were injured. ENGR. SLABAMPA History of Major International and Philippine Earthquake On August 17, 1976, at ten minutes past midnight Major Philippine Earthquake while people were sound asleep, a magnitude 8.0 Moro Gulf Earthquake (1976) earthquake rocked Mindanao. Its epicenter was detected in the Cotabato Trench, which generated a tsunami. According to PHIVOLCS, the tsunami was responsible for 85 percent of deaths, 65 percent of injuries, and 95 percent of missing persons. The tsunami flattened towns and villages along the 700 kilometers of coastline bordering the Moro Gulf in the Celebes Sea. It swept away people, animals, and property. The 1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake is remembered as one of the worst disasters in the Philippines owing to the high number of deaths, injuries, and missing persons it caused. A total of 4,791 people died, 2,288 went missing, and 9,928 were injured. Another 93,300 were left homeless. ENGR. SLABAMPA Elements of Seismology Earthquake Faults Theory of Plate Tectonics ENGR. SLABAMPA  What is a Fault? A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake - or may occur slowly, in the form of creep. Faults may range in length from a few millimeters to thousands of kilometers. Most faults produce repeated displacements over geologic time. During an earthquake, the rock on one side of the fault suddenly slips with respect to the other. The fault surface can be horizontal or vertical or some arbitrary angle in between. ENGR. SLABAMPA  What is a Fault? Earth scientists use the angle of the fault with respect to the surface (known as the dip) and the direction of slip along the fault to classify faults. Faults which move along the direction of the dip plane are dip-slip faults and described as either normal or reverse (thrust), depending on their motion. ENGR. SLABAMPA Normal Fault A dip-slip fault in which the block above the fault has moved downward relative to the block below. This type of faulting occurs in response to extension and is often observed in the Western United States Basin and Range Province and along oceanic ridge systems. ENGR. SLABAMPA Normal Fault ENGR. SLABAMPA Reverse (thrust) Fault A dip-slip fault in which the upper block, above the fault plane, moves up and over the lower block. This type of faulting is common in areas of compression, such as regions where one plate is being sub ducted under another as in Japan. When the dip angle is shallow, a reverse fault is often described as a thrust fault. ENGR. SLABAMPA Reverse (thrust) Fault ENGR. SLABAMPA Blind Thrust Fault A thrust fault that does not rupture all the way up to the surface so there is no evidence of it on the ground. It is buried under the uppermost layers of rock in the crust. ENGR. SLABAMPA Blind Thrust Fault ENGR. SLABAMPA  Faults which move horizontally are known as strike-slip faults and are classified as either right-lateral or left-lateral. Strike-Slip Fault Strike-slip faults are vertical (or nearly vertical) fractures where the blocks have mostly moved horizontally. If the block opposite an observer looking across the fault moves to the right, the slip style is termed right-lateral; if the block moves to the left, the motion is termed left-lateral. ENGR. SLABAMPA Strike-Slip Fault ENGR. SLABAMPA  Faults which show both dip-slip and strike-slip motion are known as oblique-slip faults. Oblique-Slip fault Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip. Oblique slip fault is caused by a combination of shearing and tension or compressional forces. ENGR. SLABAMPA Oblique-Slip fault ENGR. SLABAMPA Plate Plate tectonics deals with the study of the motion and deformation of the Earth's crust. This type of study is based on the theory that the lithosphere is divided into seven major and several minor plates that are all moving in relation to each other as well as in relation to fixed "hot spots," which are areas of upwelling mantle material. Plate tectonic theory tries to account for the movement of the crust throughout geologic time. Motion of the crust is that of a rigid body, which accounts for the style of deformation we see. African Plate, Antarctic Plate, Eurasian Plate, Australian Plate, North-American Plate, Pacific Plate and South American Plate ENGR. SLABAMPA  The Indian, Nazca, and Juan de Fuca plates are examples of minor tectonic plates. ENGR. SLABAMPA PLATE Plates are rigid bodies of rock that essentially float atop a region of partial melt called the asthenosphere. The plates comprise the lithosphere, composed of the crust (which is the rigid, outermost layer of the Earth) and the solid portion of the upper mantle. The crust is of two basic types, continental and oceanic, that differ on the basis of composition. ENGR. SLABAMPA PLATE Continental crust is mostly of granitic composition. This means that the rocks contain an abundance of quartz and feldspars, which are called felsic (meaning light-colored) minerals. Oceanic crust, on the other hand, is of basaltic composition. Basalts contain minerals such as olivine and plagioclase feldspar, which are called mafic (meaning dark- colored) minerals. The two different types of crust differ in density and thickness as well as in composition-- continental crust (avg. density = 2.8 gcm-3) is much less dense than oceanic crust (avg. density = 3.3 gcm-3). Oceanic crust is 7-10 km thick, while continental crust is 35-70 km thick. ENGR. SLABAMPA The Ring of Fire The Ring of Fire, also referred to as the Circum-Pacific Belt, is a path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. The Ring of Fire isn’t quite a circular ring. It is shaped more like a 40,000- kilometer (25,000-mile) horseshoe. It traces boundaries between several tectonic plates—including the Pacific, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Indian-Australian, Nazca, North American, and Philippine Plates. ENGR. SLABAMPA The Ring of Fire Seventy-five percent of Earth’s volcanoes—more than 450 volcanoes—are located along the Ring of Fire. Ninety percent of Earth’s earthquakes occur along its path, including the planet’s most violent and dramatic seismic events. ENGR. SLABAMPA Plate Boundaries There are many different types Plate boundaries are of plate boundaries. For example, sections of Earth’s crust can come important because they are often together and collide (a “convergent” associated with earthquakes and plate boundary), spread apart (a volcanoes. When Earth’s tectonic “divergent” plate boundary), or slide plates grind past one another, past one another (a “transform” plate enormous amounts of energy can boundary). Each of these types of be released in the form of plate boundaries is associated with earthquakes. different geological features. ENGR. SLABAMPA Plate Boundaries Convergent Plate Boundary Divergent Plate Boundary ENGR. SLABAMPA Plate Boundaries Transform Plate Boundary ENGR. SLABAMPA