Cellular Properties Biology 101.ppt

Cellular Properties  Objectives Describe the structure of the plasma membrane and the functions of proteins within the plasma membrane Distinguish between integral and peripheral proteins Distinguish between microvilli and cilia State the function of each of th...

Cellular Properties  Objectives Describe the structure of the plasma membrane and the functions of proteins within the plasma membrane Distinguish between integral and peripheral proteins Distinguish between microvilli and cilia State the function of each of the following organelles: mitochondria, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, nucleus, nucleolus, peroxisomes, centrioles, proteasomes Discuss the functions of the cytoskeleton and composition Differentiate between the functions of microtubules and microfilaments Distinguish between cilia and flagella  Example of Cell Types Blood Cells Nerve Cells Muscle Cells Immune Cells  Parts of the Cell Nucleus Nucleolus RER SER Lysosome Mitochondria Centriole Microtubules Cytoplasm Ribosome Plasma Membrane The Plasma Membrane Barrier Lipid Bilayer – Phospholipids – Cholesterol Phospholipids Constitute 75% of membrane Amphipathic – Polar Hydrophilic Head – Nonpolar Hydrophobic Tails – Fatty Acids  Cholesterol Constitutes 20% Amphipathic Attaches to phospholipids Helps to keep the membranes together Membrane Proteins Integral Proteins Peripheral Proteins Peripheral Proteins Not firmly embedded Associated with: – Polar heads of phospholipids – Integral Proteins Integral Membrane Proteins Transmembrane Glycoproteins Amphipathic Covalent Bonding Glycoproteins Carbohydrate groups Glycocalyx – Cell-Specific Signature Immune System – Adhesion – Protection from drying out Respiratory system GI Tract Mucus Cytoplasm Contains all cellular contents 2 Components – Cytosol – Organelles Cytosol Intracellular Fluid 55% of total cell vol. 75 – 90% Water pH 7 Ions Glucose Amino Acids Proteins Lipids ATP Waste Organelles Cytoskeleton Centrosome Ribosome Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Complex Lysosomes Peroxisomes Proteasomes Mitochondria Nucleus Cytoskeleton Protein Filaments 3 Types – Microfilaments – Intermediate Filaments – Microtubules Microfilaments Actin Help generate movement – Muscle Contraction – Cell Division – Locomotion Immune Migration Mechanical Support – Strength – Anchor to integral proteins Intermediate Filaments Stabilization Attach cells Microtubules Tubulin Assembled by: – Centrosome Shape Movement – Secretory Vesicles – Chromosomes – Cilia – Flagella Microtubules Centrosome 2 Centrioles – Microtubules Cell Division Microtubules formation Ribosome Site of Protein Synthesis – Insertion in PM – Export – For Organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum Network of Membranes 2 Forms – Rough – Smooth Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Continuous with nuclear membrane Ribosomes Synthesizes Phospholipids Produces – Secretory Proteins – Membrane Proteins – Organellar Proteins Processes and Sorts Proteins – Enzymes Add: Carbohydrates – Phospholipids Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Extends from RER No Ribosomes Synthesizes – Fatty Acids – Steroids Estrogen Testosterone Golgi Complex Protein Transport – Synthesized by ribosomes of RER Lysosomes Formed from Golgi Complex pH 5 H+ Pumps Autophagy – Organelle Digestion Proteasomes Proteases Destruction of proteins – Unneeded – Damaged – Faulty Dysfunction – Alzheimer's – Parkinson's Mitochondria Powerhouse – Generate ATP Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Cristae Ribosomes Mitochondrial DNA Nucleus Nuclear Envelope – Double Mb – Lipid Bilayer Nuclear Pore Nucleolus – Protein – DNA – RNA – Ribosomal Production