Cell Types and Modifications PDF

CELL TYPES DERMAL Parenchyma cells GROUND Parenchyma Cells Collenchyma Cells Sclerenchyma VASCULAR Xylem Phloem Parenchyma Characteristics: Parenchyma cells are the typical cells of plants with large vacuoles and thin cell walls. These cells are alive even at maturity and are continuou...

CELL TYPES DERMAL Parenchyma cells GROUND Parenchyma Cells Collenchyma Cells Sclerenchyma VASCULAR Xylem Phloem Parenchyma Characteristics: Parenchyma cells are the typical cells of plants with large vacuoles and thin cell walls. These cells are alive even at maturity and are continuously dividing. Functions: Parenchyma cells are responsible for metabolic process and storage of organic products.  Collenchyma Characteristics: These elongated cells with uneven thick walls found usually on green or growing of plants. Function: They provide structural support for growing parts due to lack of secondary hardened cell wall. Collenchyma’s cell wall is composed of cellulose.  Sclerenchyma Characteristics: These are rigids cells with secondary cell walls made of lignin and cutin. Functions: They provide structural support to plants and decrease chances of herbivory. Sclerenchyma has two cell types: Fiber (slender cells) Sclereid (stone cells)  Xylem Characteristics: They are the ‘water- conducting cells’ of plants. At maturity, they become hollow cells, having only cell walls. Function: They transport water and dissolved nutrients from the root to all parts of the plant.  Phloem Characteristics: Phloem is another cell of the vascular tissue that has reduced cell content. It is alive at maturity but has no nucleus. Functions: They transport sugar that are produced by the leaves throughout the plant.  Epithelial Tissue Characteristics: it covers the body and lines body and lines body cavities. Function: it is the protective layer against injury that also secretes juices to prevent water loss. Cell Classification Shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar Layer: simple and stratified Simple Squamous for gas and nutrients exchange in blood vessels and air sacs of lungs. Simple Cuboidal for secretion of water in glands and diffusion in kidney tubules. Simple Columnar for absorption nutrients from digested food, lines digestive organs Stratified Squamous for protection against abrasion and drying out. Stratified Cuboidal for secretion water and ions and protects ducts of sweat glands. Stratified Columnar for protection and secretion of mucus.  Muscle Tissue Function: a system that provides movement and generates heat for the organs of the body. Muscle Tissue three cell types: Cardiac cell Skeletal Cell Smooth Cell Skeletal Muscle Cell controls the movement of the skeleton and facial tissues. Cardiac Muscle Cells pumps blood through the heart Smooth Muscle Cells moves food along the gastrointestinal tract  Connective Tissue Characteristics: The most abundant tissue in an animal body that functions to support, anchor and connect various parts of the body.  Cartilage Tissue Characteristics: Cartilage is a strong, flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones. It acts as a shock absorber throughout your body. Cartilage at the end of your bones reduces friction and prevents them from rubbing together when you use your joints.  Adipose Tissue Characteristics: Adipose tissue contains nerve cells and blood vessels and communicates through hormone signals with other organs throughout your body. Body fat is primarily known for storing and releasing energy and providing insulation.  Nervous Tissue Characteristics: The nervous tissue system is made up of the cells (neurons) that control release of stimulus and corresponding response. Neurons move information around the body through electrical nerve impulse.  CELL DIFFERENTIATION A process by which a cell changes from one cell type to another which allows to perform different functions from its previous state. It is a complex process that involves large modifications in gene expression.  Specialized Cells Cells with same set of genes from its parent cell but have different structures and functions. These differences arose due to variations on gene expression- a process where information carried by a gene is translated into a more useful product.  List of Root Hair cells Red blood cells Xylem Vessels Specialized Cells Sperm cells Guard Cells Neurons  Root Hair Cells These are elongated cells found at the root’s tip. The cell modification is its large surface area which is ideal for nutrients and water absorption.  Xylem Cells These are cells found in plants stem which are responsible for transporting water. It has a hollow structure which allows uninterrupted flow of water.  Guard Cells Guard cells are located around each stomata of plant cells These are responsible in facilitating gas exchange and controlling transpiration.  Red Blood Cells It is one of the cell types that comprises our circulatory system. RBC’S are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the other cells of the body.  Red Blood Cells Its biconcave and flexible disc shape is ideal for its specialized function. This structure increases the area for hemoglobin and oxygen and allows access into tiny capillaries.  Sperm Cells These are the male reproductive cell responsible for carrying the paternal chromosome during reproduction.  Neurons These are nerve cells responsible for sending information throughout the body. They have modified long and branched cell body which allows coordinated and uninterrupted travel of impulses.