Cell Structure and Functions Study Guide PDF

Welcome to our Class Ms. Christine Cell Structure and Functions How can you describe the process of work inside the factory? Levels of Biological Organization Levels of Biological Organization There are many levels of organization in living organisms. Biologists diff...

Welcome to our Class Ms. Christine Cell Structure and Functions How can you describe the process of work inside the factory? Levels of Biological Organization Levels of Biological Organization There are many levels of organization in living organisms. Biologists differ as regards the number of levels they consider. The levels will be presented hierarchical or from the simplest to the most complex level. Cell The cell is the first and the simplest level of organization. Considered as the basic unit of life, the cell is capable of carrying out all the functions of living things. Tissue Tissue is a group of distinct and similar cells that work together to perform a specific set of functions. Organ An organ is composed of different tissues that perform a certain function. For example, the heart is made up of different tissues that enable it to perform the task of pumping blood to all parts of the body. Organ System An organ system consists of different organs that perform a broad spectrum of functions. For example, the circulatory system is composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels that function in transporting nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. Organism An organism is an aggregation of the organ systems that work together to bring about various life activities. An organism is an individual belonging to a particular species that has its own distinct existence as a complex, self-reproducing unit. Population A population is a group of organisms of the same species occupying any given area. These organisms are freely interacting with one another. Community A community consists of all the populations of different species of organisms living together in a given area. These organisms are interacting with one another and can be harmful, symbiotic, or cooperative. Ecosystem An ecosystem consists of all the community of organisms that inhabit the same area. As well as the nonliving components of the area and the set of interactions that exist between these two components. Biome Biome pertains to a collection of ecosystems with similar climates and covers a large geographical area. Grasslands, savannas, deserts, and tropical rainforests are examples of biomes. Biosphere The biosphere consists of the totality of the ecosystems on planet Earth. It also pertains to any part of the Earth’s sphere where life exists. It is also referred to as the world of life. Cell Theory Cytology Cytology is the field of science that deals with the study of cells. The presence of cells is a characteristic that identifies living things from nonliving things. Zacharias Janssen In the year 1590, he invented the first compound microscope that paved the way to observe objects in a cellular scale. Robert Hooke In 1665, he discovered tiny compartments in a thin slice of cork, which he called “cells.” The tiny compartments reminded him of the small rooms in the monastery where he lived. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek In 1675, he discovered tiny creatures in a drop of rainwater using his simple microscope. He called it “animalcules.” Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, Rudolf Virchow The investigation made by these three people formed the basis of the cell theory that was formulated in 1839. The Cell Theory The Cell Theory states that: ✓All living things are made of one or more cells. ✓Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. ✓All cells come from preexisting cells. Kinds of Cell Eukaryotic Prokaryotic These are cells that These are cells that have a distinct and have no distinct true nucleus. nucleus. It can be found in cells It can be found in of animal, plant, fungi, unicellular organisms and protists. like Archae and Bacteria. Structure of Cells Multicellular Unicellular Organisms like Organisms that are humans, sea composed of only one creatures, plants, cell like amoeba and animals are composed bacteria. of many cells.  Interpret This! “Life is understandable if it’s in order.” Seatwork Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise FALSE. DIRECTIONS: Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise FALSE. 1. All living organisms are made of cells. 2. Prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and a nucleus. 3. Cells can only be created from other pre-existing cells. 4. Theodor Schwann proposed that all plants are made of cells. 5. Robert Hooke was the first to observe living cells. DIRECTIONS: Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise FALSE. 1. All living organisms are made of cells. 2. Prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and a nucleus. 3. Cells can only be created from other pre-existing cells. 4. Theodor Schwann proposed that all plants are made of cells. 5. Robert Hooke was the first to observe living cells. Cell Structure and Functions Parts of The Cell Cell Wall A A plant cell exclusive organelle. Provides mechanical B support and maintains C cell shape in cells. Found in the outer layer of the cell. Cell Membrane A A selectively permeable membrane that regulates the entry and exit of materials. B Found right behind the C cell wall (plant cells) or as the main boundary (animal cells). Cytoplasm A The complex fluid that fills the cell. It holds the different B organelles together C and distributes cellular materials to the whole cell. Mitochondria A A double membraned- bound structure with its inner membrane B having folds. It provides energy for the cell in the form of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Ribosomes A Small spherical bodies that are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum B or free floating in the cytoplasm. Synthesis of amino acid using the RNA from the nucleolus. Chloroplast A An organelle within plant cells that functions as the main site for photosynthesis. They are green colored plastids. B C Endoplasmic Reticulum A It functions as the translocation of B materials within the cell and in and out of the nucleus. C It may also contain ribosomes (rough) or none at all (smooth). Nucleus A It is the control center of the cell. B It directs and coordinates all cellular C activities. Nucleolus A The dense, spherical body inside the B nucleus. It synthesizes RNA and C produce ribosomes. Golgi Apparatus A Stacks of single membranes that are B connected to the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. C Sorts, packages, and secretes materials; also D involved in the processing and modification of proteins. Vacuole A A compartment covered by a single membrane called tonoplast. Stores water, food, and waste for the cells. B Centrioles Two small rods lie at right angles to each other. They form spindle fibers during cell A division and as an B anchor for the cytoskeleton. C Cytoskeleton These are network of fibers that maintains that shape of cells and aids in movement of some organelles. A B C Lysosome A spherical body that contains powerful hydrolytic enzymes. It simplifies or breaks down complex A materials and it is used B for apoptosis or cell death. C Parts of the Cell: Differences Animal Cell Plant Cell Only has a cell Has a distinct cell wall membrane and has no that determines the fixed shape. shape of the cell. Vacuoles are small and Vacuoles are larger. temporary. Chloroplasts are present. It lacks chloroplasts. It lacks centrioles. Centrioles are present.