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**CELL THEORY, CELL STRUCTURES AND ITS FUNCTIONS** **Cell Discovery Timeline** - **1590: Zacharias Janssen,** a Dutch eyeglass maker, invented the very first **[MICROSCOPE].** It is an instrument used to magnify small objects - **1665:** While looking at a piece of cork under the micr...

**CELL THEORY, CELL STRUCTURES AND ITS FUNCTIONS** **Cell Discovery Timeline** - **1590: Zacharias Janssen,** a Dutch eyeglass maker, invented the very first **[MICROSCOPE].** It is an instrument used to magnify small objects - **1665:** While looking at a piece of cork under the microscope, **Robert Hooke** saw box-shaped structures that he called **[CELL].** It is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. - **1674:** **Anton van Leeuwenhoek** (Father of Microbiology), while looking at pond water under the microscope observed what he called **"animalcules".** - **1838:** **Matthias Schleiden**, German a botanist stated that **[PLANTS]** are made up of cells. - **1839: Theodor Schwann**, a German physiologist, concluded that **[ANIMALS]** are made up of cells. - **1855: Rudolf Virchow** stated that cells come from pre-existing cells through **CELL DIVISION.** **CELL THEORY** 1\. All living things are made up of cells. 2\. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism. 3\. Cells come from pre-existing cells. "Omnis cellula e cellula" -- Rudolf Virchow 4\. Cells carry genetic material which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. 5\. All cells are basically the same in structure and chemical composition. 6\. Energy flow (biochemical processes) occurs within cells. **CELL STRUCTURES** **Organelles** - literally means "little organs" - specialized structures found within the cell which performs specific functions vital to cellular life. **1. Cell Membrane (BOTH)** - structure: a thin, double layer of protein and fat - separates the inner contents of the cell with its environment - regulates the passage of materials in and out of the cell **2. Cell Wall (Plant cell)** - structure: a rigid membrane surrounding plant cells made up mostly of cellulose - function: gives the cell protection, support, and structure **3. Nucleus (BOTH)** - a membrane-bound spherical body discovered by **Robert Brown in 1831** - function: stores the cell's DNA - controls and regulates cell activities - controls the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins **4. Nucleolus (BOTH)** - structure: a spherical body found inside the nucleus - function: produces and assembles ribosomes **5. Ribosome (BOTH)** - structure: a large complex of protein and RNA - function: site of protein synthesis **6. Mitochondrion (BOTH)** - structure: a double-membraned, rod-shaped organelle - has its own DNA - function: produces chemical energy needed to power the cell in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) **7. Endoplasmic Reticulum (BOTH)** - structure: a series of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules **7.1 Rough ER** - structure: with ribosomes attached to its surface - function: modifies proteins synthesized by ribosomes - makes phospholipids for cellular membranes **7.2 Smooth ER** - structure: no attached ribosomes - function: production of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroids - ![](media/image2.png)detoxification of drugs and toxins - storage of calcium ions **8. Golgi Body (BOTH)** - structure: a series of flattened, sac-like membranes that resembles a stack of pancakes - function: sort, tag, package and distribute lipids and proteins **9. Lysosome (ANIMALS)** - Structure: spherical bodies containing digestive enzymes - Function: digests cellular nutrients - Breaks down worn-out or damaged organelles - Aids in apoptosis (programmed cell death) **10. Chloroplast (PLANTS)** - Structure: a long, disc-shaped organelle containing the pigment chlorophyll - Function: site of photosynthesis **11. Vacuole (PLANTS)** - Structure: a large space within the cell that is enclosed in a membrane and filled with fluid - Function: maintains water balance - Maintains cell shape - Stores nutrients and waste products **12. Cytoskeleton (BOTH)** - Structure: a network of protein filaments or fibers - Types: microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments - Function: provide shape and structure - Movement - Involved spindle formation during cell division

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