Cell Biology: Golgi Apparatus Structure PDF

Cell Biology: Golgi Apparatus Structure Answers 1. What process occurs first after mRNA leaves the nucleus? A. Packaging of proteins into vesicles B. Translation of mRNA into proteins C. Posttranslational modification in the Golgi D. N-linked glycosylation in the RER Answer: Translat...

Cell Biology: Golgi Apparatus Structure Answers 1. What process occurs first after mRNA leaves the nucleus? A. Packaging of proteins into vesicles B. Translation of mRNA into proteins C. Posttranslational modification in the Golgi D. N-linked glycosylation in the RER Answer: Translation of mRNA into proteins (B) The mRNA binds to ribosomes in the RER, where translation into proteins occurs. 2. Which amino acids are involved in O-linked glycosylation? A. Methionine and Cysteine B. Tyrosine and Glycine C. Asparagine and Glutamine D. Threonine and Serine Answer: Threonine and Serine (D) O-linked glycosylation involves the addition of sugar residues to the hydroxy groups of Serine and Threonine. 3. What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus? A. To modify, sort, and transport proteins B. To produce ribosomal RNA C. To synthesize DNA from RNA D. To recycle cellular waste Answer: To modify, sort, and transport proteins (A) The Golgi apparatus functions to modify and sort proteins for their specific destinations. 4. What type of modification involves trimming sugar residues to activate proteins? A. Fatty acylation B. Phosphorylation C. N-linked glycosylation D. O-linked glycosylation Answer: N-linked glycosylation (C) N-linked glycosylation involves trimming sugar residues to make proteins active and specific. 5. Which of the following pathways does NOT involve recycling proteins? A. Posttranslational modification in the Golgi B. Fusion with lysosomes C. Formation of endosomes D. Packaging into vesicles for secretion Answer: Packaging into vesicles for secretion (D) Packaging into vesicles for secretion is a process for transporting proteins out of the cell, not recycling. 6. What role do clathrin proteins play in the Golgi apparatus? A. They tag proteins for specific destinations B. They assist in the fusion of vesicles C. They synthesize new proteins D. They modify DNA for protein synthesis Answer: They tag proteins for specific destinations (A) Clathrin proteins attach to vesicles and direct the destination for proteins tagged in the Golgi. 7. Which type of glycosylation is associated with the addition of sugar residues to hydroxyl groups? A. Phosphorylation B. O-linked glycosylation C. N-linked glycosylation D. Methylation Answer: O-linked glycosylation (B) O-linked glycosylation adds sugar residues to hydroxy groups in proteins, specifically Serine and Threonine. 8. What is the consequence of phosphorylating mannose residues on proteins? A. Stimulating protein synthesis B. Activation of nuclear enzymes C. Signaling for protein secretion D. Tagging for lysosomal degradation Answer: Tagging for lysosomal degradation (D) Phosphorylation of mannose tags proteins for degradation in lysosomes. 9. What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus primarily composed of? A. Phospholipid bilayer B. Cellulose membrane C. Cholesterol layer D. Single lipid layer Answer: Phospholipid bilayer (A) The Golgi apparatus has a folded/convoluted membrane made of a phospholipid bilayer. 10. Which face of the Golgi apparatus is concave and faces the cell membrane? A. Lysosome B. Trans Golgi C. Cis Golgi D. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Answer: Trans Golgi (B) The trans-Golgi is the concave side that faces the cell membrane. 11. What do COP-II proteins in vesicles primarily direct? A. Transport from Golgi to the lysosomes B. Recycling proteins back to the RER C. Fusion with cellular debris D. Transport from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the cis Golgi Answer: Transport from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the cis Golgi (D) COP-II proteins direct vesicles from the RER towards the cis Golgi (anterograde transport). 12. During posttranslational modifications, what occurs within the lumen of the Golgi apparatus? A. Attachment of genetic material B. Folding and modification of proteins C. Formation of ribosomes D. Recycling of cellular waste Answer: Folding and modification of proteins (B) The lumen of the Golgi apparatus is where folding of proteins and modifications occur. 13. What happens to proteins after they undergo modifications in the Golgi lumen? A. They are directly used for energy production B. They are transported via Golgi apparatus to the nucleus C. They are only stored for future use D. They are enclosed in vesicles and either brought to the cell membrane or fused with lysosomes Answer: They are enclosed in vesicles and either brought to the cell membrane or fused with lysosomes (D) After modifications, proteins are enclosed in vesicles and transported accordingly. 14. Which proteins are involved in the retrograde transport from the cis Golgi back to the RER? A. AP-1 proteins B. COP-II proteins C. Clathrin proteins D. COP-I proteins Answer: COP-I proteins (D) COP-I proteins direct the vesicles from the cis Golgi back to the RER. 15. What role do lysosomes play in the cell? A. They produce energy for the cell B. They synthesize proteins C. They transport materials within the cell D. They break down damaged or worn-out cellular debris Answer: They break down damaged or worn-out cellular debris (D) Lysosomes are the 'garbage collectors' that contain enzymes to break down debris. 16. What is cisternal progression in the context of the Golgi apparatus? A. Formation of new lysosomes from Golgi apparatus B. Sequential processing of proteins from cis-face to trans-face C. Movement of proteins from the RER to the nucleus D. Transport of waste out of the cell Answer: Sequential processing of proteins from cis-face to trans-face (B) Cisternal progression refers to the movement of proteins from the cis- face to the trans-face for processing. 17. What type of cellular structure is this outlined as 'garbage collectors'? A. Golgi apparatus B. Endoplasmic reticulum C. Ribosomes D. Lysosomes Answer: Lysosomes (D) Lysosomes act as the 'garbage collectors' of the cell. 18. Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Protein synthesis occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum B. The trans-Golgi is the concave side C. The process wherein worn-out proteins are invaginated into the cell is called exocytosis D. Ribosomes facilitate the translation of mRNA into proteins Answer: The process wherein worn-out proteins are invaginated into the cell is called exocytosis (C) Exocytosis refers to the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell. 19. Which protein directs the movement of vesicles from the RER towards the cis Golgi? A. COP-I B. COP-II C. Asparagine D. Clathrin Answer: COP-II (B) COP-II is responsible for transporting proteins from the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. 20. In O-linked glycosylation, to which amino acids is a sugar residue added? A. Asparagine and Serine B. Serine and Lysine C. Asparagine and Threonine D. Serine and Threonine Answer: Serine and Threonine (D) O-linked glycosylation specifically involves the addition of sugars to the hydroxyl group of serine and threonine residues. 21. Which molecule marks/tags proteins destined for lysosomal degradation? A. Ribonuclease B. Mannose-6-phosphate C. Alkaline phosphatase D. Hydrolase Answer: Mannose-6-phosphate (B) Mannose-6-phosphate is the key marker for directing proteins to lysosomes for degradation. 22. The Golgi apparatus is especially prominent in which of the following types of cells? A. Plasma cells B. Neurons C. Goblet cells of bronchial epithelium D. Paneth cells of the intestinal epithelium Answer: Plasma cells (A) Plasma cells are known for their high levels of protein secretion, which correlates with an extensive Golgi apparatus. 23. What protein coats the vesicles for retrograde transport to the RER? A. COP1 Protein B. Lysosomal Enzyme C. Clathrin Protein D. COP2 Protein Answer: COP1 Protein (A) The COP1 protein is specifically responsible for retrograde transport to the RER. 24. Which modification involves adding sugars to the hydroxyl group of specific amino acids? A. N-linked Glycosylation B. O-linked Glycosylation C. Trimming D. Phosphorylation Answer: O-linked Glycosylation (B) O-linked glycosylation adds sugars to the hydroxyl groups of amino acids such as serine and threonine. 25. What directs proteins to be packaged into lysosomes? A. Phosphorylated mannose B. Clathrin markings C. Unphosphorylated mannose D. O-linked sugars Answer: Phosphorylated mannose (A) Phosphorylation of mannose directs proteins for lysosomal packaging. 26. What process involves the release of proteins from the cell? A. Endocytosis B. Exocytosis C. Retrograde transport D. Lysosomal degradation Answer: Exocytosis (B) Exocytosis is the process by which proteins destined to be secreted are released from the cell. 27. What is formed by the endocytosis process to transport proteins for recycling? A. Clathrin vesicles B. Endosomes C. RER D. Lysosomes Answer: Endosomes (B) Endosomes are vesicles formed by endocytosis that transport proteins to the Golgi for recycling. 28. What is the primary role of the cis Golgi in the Golgi apparatus? A. Modifying proteins after transport B. Packaging proteins for secretion C. Transporting proteins to lysosomes D. Receiving proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum Answer: Receiving proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (D) The cis Golgi is the receiving end where proteins arrive from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. 29. Which protein coats vesicles that transport proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus? A. COP2 B. Spectrin C. Dynamin D. Clathrin Answer: COP2 (A) COP2 proteins are responsible for directing the transport of vesicles to the cis side of the Golgi. 30. What occurs to proteins when they are within the Golgi apparatus? A. They undergo modifications and sorting B. They are tagged with lipid molecules C. They are degraded and recycled D. They are immediately secreted outside the cell Answer: They undergo modifications and sorting (A) Within the Golgi apparatus, proteins are modified and sorted for their final destinations. 31. What is one of the locations proteins can be sent to after being modified in the Golgi apparatus? A. Nucleus B. Cell membrane C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum D. Mitochondria Answer: Cell membrane (B) Modified proteins can be transported to the cell membrane for secretion or incorporation. 32. Which side of the Golgi apparatus is known as the sending end? A. Cis Golgi B. Trans Golgi C. Peripheral Golgi D. Central Golgi Answer: Trans Golgi (B) The trans Golgi is responsible for sending modified proteins to their destinations. 33. What is the purpose of N-linked glycosylation that occurs in the Golgi apparatus? A. To remove amino acids from proteins B. To degrade misfolded proteins C. To facilitate vesicle transport D. To modify proteins by attaching sugar molecules Answer: To modify proteins by attaching sugar molecules (D) N-linked glycosylation involves the attachment of sugar molecules to proteins, modifying them. 34. What defines the trans Golgi compared to the cis Golgi? A. It is primarily involved in N-linked glycosylation B. It is located near the rough endoplasmic reticulum C. It is more curved in structure D. It faces the cell membrane or lysosomes Answer: It faces the cell membrane or lysosomes (D) The trans Golgi faces the cell membrane or lysosomes and acts as the sending end. 35. What is the general function of the Golgi apparatus? A. Photosynthesis in plant cells B. Storing nutrients and ions C. Synthesis of RNA D. Modifying and packaging proteins Answer: Modifying and packaging proteins (D) The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify and package proteins for transport.