CE11 Week 5 Write-Up PDF

Disaster means a sudden event, such as an accident or a natural catastrophe, that causes great damage or loss of life. Engineering means the branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building, and use of engines, machines, and structures. Engineering disasters often arise from sh...

Disaster means a sudden event, such as an accident or a natural catastrophe, that causes great damage or loss of life. Engineering means the branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building, and use of engines, machines, and structures. Engineering disasters often arise from shortcuts in the design process. The creation of newer technology and infrastructure must be met efficiently and cost-effectively. To accomplish this, managers and engineers need a mutual approach to the specified demand at hand. This can lead to shortcuts in engineering design to reduce costs of construction and fabrication. Occasionally, these shortcuts can lead to unexpected design failures. Failure occurs when a structure or device has been used past the limits of design that inhibits proper function. If a structure is designed to only support a certain amount of stress, strain, or loading and the user applies greater amounts, the structure will begin to deform and eventually fail. Several factors contribute to failure including a flawed design, improper use, financial costs, and miscommunication. Flaw means a fault, mistake, or weakness, especially one that happens while something is being planned or made, or that causes something not to be perfect. In order to determine the design flaw, engineers will have to do safety checks on the design before it will be constructed, created or applied. Safety tests such as tensile testing, finite element analysis (FEA), and failure theories help provide information to design engineers about what maximum forces and stresses can be applied to a certain region of a design. These precautionary measures help prevent failures due to overloading and deformation. Tensile testing is a fundamental type of mechanical testing performed by engineers and materials scientists in manufacturing and research facilities all over the world. A tensile test (or tension test) applies force to a material specimen in order to measure the material's response to tensile (or pulling) stress. The finite element Analysis / Method (FEM) is a popular method for numerically solving differential equations arising in engineering and mathematical modeling. Typical problem areas of interest include the traditional fields of structural analysis, heat transfer, fluid flow, mass transport, and electromagnetic potential. Computers are usually used to perform the calculations required. With high-speed supercomputers, better solutions can be achieved and are often required to solve the largest and most complex problems. Theories of failure are those theories which help us to determine the safe dimensions of a machine component / structure elements when it is subjected to combined stresses due to various loads acting on it during its functionality. Engineering materials refers to the group of materials that are used in the construction of manmade structures and components. The primary function of an engineering material is to withstand applied loading without breaking and without exhibiting excessive deflection. The major classifications of engineering materials include metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Improper use of engineering materials will lead to catastrophic failure and lost of life. Engineers must have the knowledge regarding the properties of the materials that will be going to use in the construction or the structure. What do you mean by properties of materials? What are those material properties? The most common material properties that a Civil Engineer must know will be the 1. Physical Property – 2. Chemical Property - The most common material properties that a Civil Engineer must know will be the Physical and Chemical Property of the materials. 1. Physical Property – Shape, brightness, density, absorption, melting point, viscosity, conductivity, size or dimensions, color, homogeneity, and load capacity. A fluid with low viscosity flows easily because its molecular makeup results in very little friction when it is in motion. Homogeneity the quality or state of being all the same or all of the same kind. 2. Chemical Property – Toxicity, Oxidation States, Heat of Combustion, Chemical Stability, Flammability, Coordination Number, Reactivity, Possible Chemical Bonds, and Enthalpy of Formation. 1. Toxicity means the quality of being toxic or poisonous. 2. Oxidation is a process in which a chemical substance changes because of the addition of oxygen. 3. Heat of combustion refers to the amount of heat released during the process of oxidation or combustion, which is a crucial factor in determining the severity of a combustion process. It is an important property in the field of fire protection and is used to quantify the energy released during combustion. 4. chemical stability is the thermodynamic stability of a chemical system, in particular a chemical compound or a polymer. 5. Flammability is a measure of how quickly a specific material is capable of catching fire and burning.  6. The Coordination number of an atom in a given molecule or a crystal refers to the total number of atoms, ions, or molecules bonded to the atom in question. 7. Reactivity is the impulse for which a chemical substance undergoes a chemical reaction, either by itself or with other materials, with an overall release of energy. 8. A chemical bond is the association of atoms or ions to form molecules, crystals, and other structures. The bond may result from the electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds, or some combination of these effects. 9. The standard enthalpy of formation is defined as the change in enthalpy when one mole of a substance in the standard state is formed from its pure elements under the same conditions. The Ashtabula River railroad disaster (also called the Ashtabula horror, the Ashtabula Bridge disaster, and the Ashtabula train disaster) was caused by the collapse of a bridge over the Ashtabula River near the town of Ashtabula, Ohio, in the United States on December 29, 1876. The bridge was design by Amasa Stone. The cause of failure is due to the flawed design. The designer admitted that his design is an experimental. He did not do some safety checks on his design. Some engineers already commented on the flaws, but he insisted to use his design and stubbornly applied to the structure. The Tay Bridge disaster occurred during a violent European windstorm on Sunday 28 December 1879, when the first Tay Rail Bridge collapsed as a North British Railway (NBR) passenger train on the Edinburgh to Aberdeen Line from Burntisland bound for its final destination of Dundee passed over it, killing all aboard. The bridge—designed by Sir Thomas Bouch—used lattice girders supported by iron piers, with cast iron columns and wrought iron cross-bracing. The Johnstown Flood, sometimes referred to locally as Great Flood of 1889, occurred on Friday, May 31, 1889, after the catastrophic failure of the South Fork Dam, located on the south fork of the Little Conemaugh River, 14 miles (23 km) upstream of the town of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, United States. The dam ruptured after several days of extremely heavy rainfall, releasing 14.55 million cubic meters of water. With a volumetric flow rate that temporarily equaled the average flow rate of the Mississippi River, the flood killed 2,208 people and accounted for US$17,000,000 (equivalent to about $580,000,000 in 2023) in damage. August 29, 1907 the Quebec Bridge collapse during construction. By 1904, the southern half of the structure was taking shape. However, preliminary calculations made early in the planning stages were never properly checked when the design was completed. The bridge’s own weight was far in excess of its carrying capacity. The dead load was too heavy. All went well until the bridge was nearing completion in the summer of 1907, when the QBRC site engineering team under Norman McLure began noticing increasing distortions of key structural members already in place. The consulting Engr. Theodore Cooper has noticed something is not right. But his message did not reach in time. It was too late. Near the end of the work shift on the afternoon of August 29, after four years of construction, the south arm and part of the central section of the bridge collapsed into the St. Lawrence River in 15 seconds. Of the 86 workers on the bridge that day, 75 were killed and the rest were injured, making it the world's worst bridge construction disaster. Of these victims, 33 (some sources say 35) were Mohawk steelworkers from the Kahnawake reserve near Montreal; they were buried at Kahnawake under crosses made of steel beams. The St. Francis Dam, or the San Francisquito Dam, was a concrete gravity dam located in San Francisquito Canyon in northern Los Angeles County, California, United States, that was built between 1924 and 1926. The dam failed catastrophically in 1928, killing at least 431 people in the subsequent flood, in what is considered to have been one of the worst American civil engineering disasters of the 20th century and the third-greatest loss of life in California history. A defective soil foundation and design flaws led to the dam's collapse just two years after its completion. Its failure ended the career of William Mulholland, the general manager and chief engineer of the Bureau of Water Works and Supply (now the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power). The 1940 Tacoma Narrows Bridge, the first bridge at this location, was a suspension bridge in the U.S. state of Washington that spanned the Tacoma Narrows strait of Puget Sound between Tacoma and the Kitsap Peninsula. It opened to traffic on July 1, 1940, and dramatically collapsed into Puget Sound on November 7 of the same year. The bridge's collapse has been described as "spectacular" and in subsequent decades "has attracted the attention of engineers, physicists, and mathematicians". Throughout its short existence, it was the world's third-longest suspension bridge by main span, behind the Golden Gate Bridge and the George Washington Bridge. Two overhead walkways in the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri, collapsed on July 17, 1981, killing 114 people and injuring 216. Loaded with partygoers, the concrete and glass platforms crashed onto a tea dance in the lobby. Kansas City society was affected for years, with the collapse resulting in billions of dollars of insurance claims, legal investigations, and city government reforms. A levee breach or levee failure (also known as dyke breach or dyke failure) is a situation where a levee (or dyke) fails or is intentionally breached, causing the previously contained water to flood the land behind the levee. On Monday, August 29, 2005, there were over 50 failures of the levees and flood walls protecting New Orleans, Louisiana, and its suburbs following passage of Hurricane Katrina. The failures caused flooding in 80% of New Orleans and all of St. Bernard Parish. In New Orleans alone, 134,000 housing units—70% of all occupied units—suffered damage from Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent flooding. Ponte Morandi (English: Morandi Bridge), officially Viadotto Polcevera (English: Polcevera Viaduct), was a road viaduct in Genoa, Liguria, Italy, constructed between 1963 and 1967 along the A10 motorway over the Polcevera River, from which it derived its official name. It connected Genoa's Sampierdarena and Cornigliano districts across the Polcevera Valley. The bridge was widely called "Ponte Morandi" after its structural designer, engineer Riccardo Morandi. On 14 August 2018, a 210-metre (690 ft) section of the viaduct collapsed during a rainstorm, killing forty-three people. The collapse led to a year-long state of emergency in the Liguria region, extensive analysis of the structural failure, and widely varying assignment of responsibility. On June 24, 2021, at approximately 1:22 a.m. EDT,[a] Champlain Towers South, a 12-story beachfront condominium in the Miami suburb of Surfside, Florida, United States, partially collapsed, causing the deaths of 98 people. Four people were rescued from the rubble, but one died of injuries shortly after arriving at the hospital. Eleven others were injured. Approximately 35 were rescued the same day from the un-collapsed portion of the building, which was demolished ten days later. National Structural Code of the Philippines The National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) provides minimum design requirements for building components to safeguard life against disasters. It was first published in 1970 and revised in 2015. The NSCP consists of 2 volumes, with Volume 1 covering buildings and Volume 2 covering bridges. The Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines publishes and revises the NSCP and works to advance structural engineering practices. Structural analysis and design determines the effects of loads like dead, live, earthquake, and wind loads on structures. National Building Code of the Philippines SECTION 101. Title This Decree shall be known as the “National Building Code of the Philippines” and shall hereinafter be referred to as the “Code”. SECTION 102. Declaration of Policy It is hereby declared to be the policy of the State to safeguard life, health, property, and public welfare, consistent with the principles of sound environmental management and control; and to this end, make it the purpose of this Code to provide for all buildings and structures, a framework of minimum standards and requirements to regulate and control their location, site, design, quality of materials, construction, use, occupancy, and maintenance.