Intro to General Pathology PDF

INTRO TO GENERAL PATHOLOGY your cells look like and how they form and PATHOLOGY LABORATORY/ INSTITUTE function OF PATHOLOGY...

INTRO TO GENERAL PATHOLOGY your cells look like and how they form and PATHOLOGY LABORATORY/ INSTITUTE function OF PATHOLOGY Histotechnician vs Histotechnologist Where the laboratory sections in the ○ Histotechnician hospital are found and they are managed Term used for medical by a section head or laboratory manager. technologies in the histopathology section SURGICAL PATHOLOGY ○ Histotechnologist Where histopathology section belongs Term used in the US for those medical PATHOLOGIST technologist of An expert in the section who does the performing tissue gross examination processing ROLE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST FUNDAMENTALS OF HISTOLOGY Histopathology Laboratory NORMAL CELL STRUCTURE ○ Involves the examining of the Cells tissue and the disease detection ○ Dynamic structures ○ Routine Tissue Processing (ever-changing structures) Any sample that are existing in fluid environment being received in the ○ Basic unit of tissues laboratory ○ Structure and function ○ Immunohistochemistry stain ○ Cell membrane → Nucleus → Histology vs Histopathology Organelles ○ Histology From the word “histo” CELL MEMBRANE meaning tissue. “Logi” Phospholipid (hydrophilic), glycolipids, or “logos” means to cholesterol, proteins and carbohydrates study. (attached to proteins or lipids) Study of tissues and ○ responsible for cell to cell their structure communication ○ Histopathology Some with mucopolysaccharides “Histo” meaning “glycocalyx” tissues, “patho” Proteins & glycoproteins meaning abnormalities, ○ “antigens” or “receptors” “logos” meaning to Microfilaments study. ○ Contractile structures Study of the Microvilli - abnormalities of the ○ Absorptive cells (enterocytes) & tissues secretory cells (goblet cells) Surgical Pathology vs Cytological Pathology FUNCTIONS OF CELL MEMBRANE ○ Surgical Pathology 1. Selective permeability Study of tissue samples ○ Diffusion removed during surgery ○ Sodium pump ○ Cytological Pathology ○ Pinocytosis Evaluation and analysis ○ Controls the substance in and of cells from the body out of the cell to maintain the under the microscope. inner environment and the Done to determine what regulation of internal conditions 1 | FajardoJLT 2. Holds membrane Ag (Antigen) lipids that have been ○ Many cell surface antigens are synthesized in the ER composed of glycoproteins or Involved in the glycolipids which means they post-translational have carbohydrate chains modification of proteins attached to them and the creation of 3. Cell receptors vesicles for transport to other locations within or CYTOSOL & ORGANELLES outside the cell Cytosol ○ Lysosomes ○ Gel-like ground substance Contains digestive where organelles are suspended enzymes which are Organelles - “little organs” involved in the ○ Cytoskeleton intracellular digestion ○ Mitochondria and recycling of cellular Powerhouse of the cell materials Generates the ATP Increased when there is (main energy currency a need to degrade a of the cell) through specific bacteria oxidative ○ Peroxisomes phosphorylation process Organelles involved in ○ Ribosomes the breakdown of fatty Site of protein acids and detoxification synthesis. Can be found of harmful substances floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to NUCLEUS the rough endoplasmic Nuclear chromatin and nucleoli reticulum ○ Chromatin ○ Endoplasmic reticulum Inner portion or inner Network of membranes component of the involved in the protein nucleus, and nucleolus and lipid synthesis Consists of protein, Rough ER - involved ribonucleic acid and in the synthesis and deoxyribonucleic acid processing of proteins. Also composed of The stem for secretion chromosomes. A long or for use in the cell DNA molecule with the membrane genetic material of an Smooth ER - they lack organism ribosomes and are ○ Nucleoli involved only in the Responsible for lipid synthesis, synthesis of ribosomal metabolism of RNA and formation of carbohydrates and ribosomes that are detoxification of drugs found in the nuclear and toxins. Nuclear membrane - outer envelope ○ Golgi apparatus ○ Ribosomes & ER Packages. They are the Nuclear chromatin - “chromosomes” ones responsible in ○ 23 pairs (46 chromosomes) packaging proteins and ○ Autosomes = 22 pairs (44 chromosomes) 2 | FajardoJLT  ○ Sex chromosomes = 1 pair ( ○ Play a crucial role in biological XX - female or XY- male) processes ○ ECM - extracellular matrix INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION interactions Intercellular junctions ○ Important in: ○ “Cell-to-cell contact” Fertilization, Molecular interactions between cells embryogenesis, tissue ○ Chemical agents/ molecular repair, hemostasis, agents or factors apoptosis and Refers to the various ways and inflammation structures that biological cells use to ○ Examples: Integrins, communicate with each other directly or Cadherins, Selectins, through their environment Immunoglobulin, CD44 (leucocyte-endothelial INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS interactions) 1. Occluding junctions (Zonula Integrins occludens or tight junctions) Connect cells to ○ Below the luminal margin of ECM therefore adjacent cells mediating cell ○ They seal cells together to signaling prevent leakage of extracellular For cell fluid between them migration, cell 2. Adhering junctions (Zonula adherens) proliferation ○ Below the occluding zones, and contact with actin differentiation. microfilaments linked to ○ Provides mechanical support cytoskeleton and maintaining the tissue and they are structure involved in 3. Desmosomes (Macula densa) mechanotransd ○ Tiny adhesion plates, numerous uction in epidermis For tissue ○ Anchor intermediate filaments repair, immune from one cell to another response and 4. Gap junctions (Nexus) development. ○ Lateral surfaces of epithelial They help cells cells respond to their ○ Allow direct communication mechanical between cells by forming environment channels that permit the passage and guide the of fluids migration during MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS development BETWEEN CELLS: and wound 1. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) healing ○ Chemicals mediating Cadherins interactions Mediate ○ They are proteins located on the calcium cell surface that facilitate the dependent cell binding of cells to each other to cell adhesion. and to the extracellular matrix 3 | FajardoJLT  Fermentation Responsible in the maintaining the production of T cells in tissue response to a particular architecture and stimuli integrity 2. Cytokines They are ○ Peptides or small proteins that forming are crucial in controlling the adherens growth and activity of other junction and immune system cells and blood desmosome cells crucial for cell ○ Activation of immune system to cell to signal the immune system to interaction do its job Involved in the ○ Examples: Interferons (IFN), process such as Interleukins (IL), Tumor embryonic necrosis factor group (TNF), embryogenesis, Transforming growth factor tissue (TGF), Colony stimulating development factor (CSF), Growth factors and the Interferons maintenance of Responsible for epithelial layers antiviral Selectins defense Responsible or Crucial for essential for the immune initial stage of response immune cell against viral trafficking and infection inflammation Inhibit viral They facilitate replication the rolling of within host cell leukocytes on and enhance the the endothelium immune system at an early step ability to fight in the immune infection cell Interleukin extravasation Responsible for into tissues cell activation Immunoglobulins and Involved in proliferation immune Interleukin II - responses for Stimulate the neuronal growth or development proliferation of immune cell T cells adhesion and Interleukin IV - signaling and for B cell tissue differentiation organization (produces CD44 (Cell plasma cells differentiated 44) and plasma 4 | FajardoJLT  cells produces G-protein receptors - antibody) phosphorylating Tumor necrosis factor enzymes for metabolic group (TNF) and synthetic functions Responsible for of cells. inducing inflammation TISSUES and apoptosis FOUR BASIC TYPES: Key for pro-inflammato TISSUE CELL FUNCTION ry cytokine Transforming growth Epithelial Polyhedral lining factor cells Play a role in the cell growth Connective Fixed and Support and and wandering protection differentiation cells Colony stimulating factor Muscle Elongated Contractile, Responsible in contractile movements hematopoiesis cells Critical for the production and Nervous Elongated Transmission maturation of with of nerve blood cells extremely impulses from the stem fine cells in the bone processes marrow Growth factor TYPES OF COVERING EPITHELIA Responsible for cell growth. They regulate cell growth and responsible in the proliferation and survival Essential for normal cellular function development and tissue repair 3. Cell membrane receptors ○ Proteins, glycoproteins or lipoproteins ○ Examples: Enzyme-linked receptors - control of cell growth Ion channels - for electrolytes exchange 5 | FajardoJLT  CELL LOCATI FUNCTI CELL LOCATI FUNCTI ON ON ON ON SIMPLE Squamou Blood -Moveme STRATI Squamou epidermis Preventio s vessels, nt of FIED s n of cardiac mesoder keratinize water lining m d loss and -Active protectio transport S. Mouth, n -Secretio nonkerati larynx, n in nized esophagu mesotheli s, vagina, um anal canal Cuboidal Ovary Covering and , Cuboidal Sweat Protectio thyroid secretion glands, n, gland Ovarian secretion follicles Columna Intestine Protectio r and n, Transitio Bladder, Protectio gallbladd lubricatio nal Ureters, n, er n, Renal distensibi absorptio calyces lity n, and secretion Columna Conjuncti Protectio r va n LOCATION FUNCTION PSEUDOST Nasal cavity, Protection, TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE RATIFIED Trachea, secretion, Bronchi ciliated transport -Cilia (hair-like projections responsible in propelling any foreign substances that might come across the respiratory) 6 | FajardoJLT  EXAMPLES EXAMPLES 1. General Type Loose Connective MUSCLE Cardiac- - Tissue Involuntary Dense Connective movement Tissue Smooth - Involuntary movement (no 2. Special Type Cartilage striations and spindle - Hyaline - shaped) present in Skeletal - Voluntary trachea movement - Fibrous - intervertebral NERVOUS Central Nervous disk System - Elastic - Peripheral Nervous blood vessels System Bone Sensory: Eyes, Ears, - Cancellous Nose, Touch, Tongue - Compact Blood Lymph Hematopoietic Tissues Neutrophil - Bacterial infection Eosinophil - Parasitic infection Basophil - Hypersensitivity reactions Lymphocyte - Viral infection Monocyte - Inflammation TYPES OF TISSUES 7 | FajardoJLT