cd125.docx

What is **Community Governance**? - The concept usually refers to community participation, engagement and decision- making in public matters. - It is related to terms such as local governance, social governance, network governance and participatory governance. - It is a community ma...

What is **Community Governance**? - The concept usually refers to community participation, engagement and decision- making in public matters. - It is related to terms such as local governance, social governance, network governance and participatory governance. - It is a community management and decision making that implicates a broader aims of addressing community needs and building community capacity and well being. - It is undertaken by, with, or on behalf of a community, by a group of community stakeholders. - The focus on \"community\" rather than on a corporation, organization, local government or the public sector is the distinguishing feature of community governance vis a vis these other forms of governance (**Totikidis, Armstrong & Francis, 2005**) - **Community Management and Decision Making** ----- ------- ------ BY? WITH? FOR? ----- ------- ------ - Figure 1. Community governance continuum tool for assessing community governance theories and interventions - Is the management and decision making of this particular community issue or intervention undertaken independently ***by*** community members at the \"grass root" level; ***with*** assistance from some community or government agency; or ***for*** or on behalf of the community by those who have the power and authority to do so. - The degree to which community members are involved in this decision-making process or what is commonly referred to as **citizen or community engagement**. - It is a basic definition and not a complete theory; it outlines what community governance is and who can be involved but not how it should be done or the overall purpose or goals. **[TYPES OF GOVERNANCE]** 1. **CORPORATE GOVERNANCE** - Is a key element in improving economic efficiency and growth as well as enhancing investor confidence. - It involves a set of relationships between a company\'s management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders; provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance (2004). - The principles of corporate governance which address ways of ensuring the basis for an effective corporate governance framework; the rights of shareholders and key ownership functions; the equitable treatment of shareholders; the role of stakeholders in corporate governance; the disclosure and transparency; and the responsibilities of the board. - The term \'corporate governance\' is also often applied to the public sector. 2. **PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCE** - Stated that corporate governance is understood to encompass \"how an organization is manage its corporate and other structures, its culture, its policies and strategies, and the ways in which it deals with its various stakeholders\" (Barrett, 2000, p.5) Six main elements that public sector entities must adhere in order to effectively apply the elements of corporate governance to achieve better practice governance: - **Leadership, integrity and commitment** (which relate to the personal qualities of those in the organization) - **Accountability, integration and transparency** (which relate to the strategies, systems, policies and processes in place) - Both apply to the organization or corporation - Activities and interventions in relation to the community. **3. COMMUNITY SECTOR** - Includes various not for profit and non- government community organizations commonly referred to as the \"**third sector**\". -------------------------- ------------------ **GOVERNANCE** **SECTOR** Community Governance Community Sector Public Sector Governance Public Sector Corporate Gorvernance Private Sector -------------------------- ------------------ ------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **PARTY** **AIM** NPO's, NGO's , community workers and community Social, Environmental and Economic Improvement ( Community level) Government Social, Environmental and Economic Improvement, Workforce management. (National and State levels) Business Economic Improvement ( Personal, Shareholders & Company levels) ------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Figure 2: The aim of public, private and community sector **PROJECT** The term \"***project***\" refers to a great variety of endeavors. This range from activities with single-purpose, well-defined structures such as small Infrastructures projects, to complex, multi component systems such as integrated schemes. Project may be simply defined as " any activity that involves the use of one or more scarce resources during a specific time period for the purpose of producing socioeconomic return of the form of goods and services. A project may be viewed as an investment, wherein investment taken in its broad context, encompasses not only the physical infrastructures facilities and equipment but also development services such as agricultural extension, research and training. To distinguish it from a program, a project is a smaller, separable operational element that lends itself to being planned, financed, and implemented. This chapter presents the various types of projects and their key elements. Project development is discussed within the framework of planned change and the national planning process. Finally, the inherent advantages and limitations of the project approach are resented to emphasize the need for continuous relating projects to their objectives and development. **Project Categories** Project may be categorized in various ways according to Their - **Objectives** (Social Development and Economic Growth) - **Sectors** (Nutrition, Transport, Agriculture) - **Number of purposes** (Single Vs. Multiple) Project may be classified as follows: 1. **INDEPENDENT PROJECTS** Those that can be implemented without precluding the implementation of other projects. 2. **MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE PROJECTS** Those which when implemented preclude the implementation of other projects (single unit vs., enement housing in the same of residential space. 3. **COMPLEMENTARY PROJECTS** those that require implementation of other projects to attain certain development objectives (component projects of an integrated area development package. Finally as a specific activity with a defined set of objectives and boundaries, A project usually possess key elements by which it can be further categorized, Namely: **a) Area of coverage or location** **b) Target beneficiaries or Clientele** **c) Specific period of time for implementation** **d) Specified and quantified costs and benefits** **e) Methodology and processes** **d) Organization/management structure** **Project development and the Overall development Process** \- a project is a direct instrument to bring about desired changes in a society or economy. With its peculiar approach, the project level immediately becomes the focal point for integrating various perspectives: national, regional and local; macro, sectoral and micro as well as the functional, spatial and institutional dimensions of analysis. It complements and supplements other policy instruments in bringing forth desired changes in society. Well designed projects are easily demonstrated when these form of an overall development strategy and reflects a broader planning process. Thus, it is important that project development be done systematically, with a clear understanding of the purpose of planning, the planning process, and the significance of project development in this process. **The Development Process** The purpose of all planning is to determine the best possible way of achieving specified development objectives within given time period a the least possible cost. Generally the planning problem has Six components which delineates sequentially the planning process, namely: a. **Objectives for the planning period** b. **Resources with which to achieve these objectives** c. **Alternative ways of achieving these objectives** d. **Selection of the best alternative** e. **Implementation of the plan** f. **Subsequent evaluation and modification** As exemplified by the Philippines, development planning experiences, the development process proceeds by settling the objectives. In this case, the national objectives are: - **the attainment of long run self-sustaining growth** - **The distributions of fruits of progress by the greatest number** - **The total human development** These targets however, are only preliminary. The next phase is o determine whether they are feasible in the light of resource available for the implementation of the plan. How much resources can be generated under existing condition and policies? If inadequate to meet the target set, what policies monetary, fiscal and commercial? What can be reasonably adopted to generate higher levels of resources? And with these new policies, how much resources can be reasonably Expected? In the basis of the answer to the last question, the targets set in the first phase usually have to be revised, upward or downward, depending on the level of resources that may be expected. The iterative process, however does not stop at this point although the preceding phases of planning may have arrived it targets that are feasible relative to available resources, there targets are to be realized. At this stage, the planning process moves down from the macro level to the hardcore problem of drawing up a program of action is at this point that project development activity comes into play. **Significance of project planning** The importance of project development in the planning process derives from the nature of planning itself, Since planning is undertaken precisely because we want to achieve higher growth rates and better social conditions than would prevail if events were allowed to run their own course, it follows that the achievements of the plan targets requires that steps be taken to change the normal course of events. Project development is the embodiment of these steps as it involves the formulation of alternative operation schemes for achieving the desired levels of production and distribution, and the selection of the best schemes on the basis of different levels of feasibility analysis. **Advantages and Limitations of the Project Approach** Some of the advantages of project approach are: a.) it provides information on existing and potential investments and their probable impact on national objectives. b.) it provides more meaningful indicators (than for example, market prices) c.) it provides information on the impact of proposed investments on different segment of society (Le. Beneficiaries, government, etc.) d.) it enables for better judgment of administrative and organizational problems that may be encountered, making the investment more manageable e.) It encourages conscious generation and examination of alternatives 1. It reduces the data problem by focusing on a smaller area of analysis **LIMITATIONS** The project approach has its inherent limitations: hence, it must be approached with caution. Some of these are: A. Being inherently a \"partial\" analysis it does not take into consideration its own and related projects impact on the economy. Hence, there is danger that factors assumed to be constant may in fact change as a result of the project and can therefore drastically affect the projects final outcome B. It cannot totally predict changing technological trends, thereby limiting capability for evaluating risk C. It poses difficulties in evaluating easily quantifiable projects with those that are more subjective. In this case, evaluation must be more quantitative and in line with overall development plan. D. It is more applicable to investments where there is a clear cost-benefits stream, and well-defined beneficiaries and areas of coverage: in which case, ongoing services such as police and fire protection, extension and programs E. It cannot adequately compare objectives that are not subject to valuing. These limitations point the fact that Project analysis is merely a tool for investment decision making. On the other hand, these bring to our awareness that to appreciate more deeply the interaction of various factors that shape reality requires that totality of the environment be considered. **STAGES OF PROJECT DEVELOPMENT** **Project Development** - is the systematic use of resources, knowledge and practices to design and implement a given project and meet its goals and objectives under specific requirements. **General Stages in Developing a Project** - Define the project - Select an appropriate strategy of project implementation - Estimate project cost - Mitigate risks and exploit opportunities - Allocate necessary resources - Establish success evaluation criteria - Plan for project sustainability - Implement the project by the plan - Manage change and variance - Test the project against success evaluation criteria - Accept/reject project results. **PLANNING TOOLS** - ***Problem Analysis*** - ***Stakeholder Analysis*** - ***Objectives Analysis*** - ***Alternatives Analysis*** - ***Strategies Analysis*** 1. **PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION** 1\. ***Problem Tree Analysis*** Problem tree analysis is central to many forms of project planning and is well developed among development agencies. It helps find solutions by mapping out the anatomy of cause and effect around an issue in a similar way to a Mind map, but with more structure. **STEPS IN PROBLEM TREE ANALYSIS** 1. **List all problems that come to mind** 2. **Identify a core problem** 3. **Determine which problems are \"Causes\" and which are \"Effects.\"** 4. **Arrange in hierarchy both Causes and Effects** 2. **STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS** Stakeholder analysis is a process of identifying people before the project begins; grouping them according to their levels of participation, interest, and influence in the project; and determining how best to involve and communicate each of these stakeholder groups throughout Stakeholder analysis is best accomplished before a project is initiated or at some beginning phase. The team members should have sufficient levels of trust amongst themselves to carefully reveal these issues and deal with potentially undiplomatic information. **PURPOSE** 1\. To enlist the help of key organizational players. 2\. To gain early alignment among all stakeholders on goals and plans. 3. To help address conflicts or issues early on. **Stakeholders Analysis Approach** 1. **Identify Project Stakeholders** 2. **Identify Stakeholders Interest, Impact Level, And Relative Priority** The stakeholders should be listed in a table or spreadsheet with their key interests, potential level of impact to the project, and priority in relation to other stakeholders. The key is to keep in mind that identifying interests is done with the stakeholder\'s perspective in mind, not our **With some stakeholders it may be crucial to extract interests by formally asking them questions such as:** - What are your expectations of this propect? - How does the successful completion of the project benefit you? - Are there any stakeholders that may conflict with your interest? - Which stakeholders do you believe are in conflict with your interest? 3. **Assess Stakeholders For Importance Amd Influence** 4. **Outline Assumptions And Risks** Project success also depends on the validity of key assumptions and risks. In relation to stakeholders, risks are manifest when there are conflicting needs and expectations. 5. **Define Stakeholder Participation** A well-designed project will not only clarify key stakeholder roles, but will define as much as possible who participates when 1. **Identify Project Stakeholders** - To be classified as a stakeholder, the person or group must have some Interest or level of influence that can impact the project. We would benefit not only from understanding their interests, but also from understanding the potential project impact if a need were not met 2. **Identify Stakeholders Interest, Impact Level, And Relative Priority** - The stakeholders should be listed in a table or spreadsheet with their key interests potential level of impact to the project, and priority in relation to other stakeholders - The key is to keep in mind that identifying interests is done with the stakeholder\'s perspective in mind, not ours. 3. **Assess Stakeholders For Importance And Influence** - Determining whether stakeholders in a position of strong influence hold negative interests may be critical to project success. This level of understanding can best be reached by conducting a formal assessment of each stakeholder\'s level of importance and influence to the project 4. **Outline Assumptions And Risks** - Project success also depends on the validity of key assumptions and risks. In relation to stakeholders, risks are manifest when there are conflicting needs and expectations. 5. **Define Stakeholder Participation** - A well-designed project will not only clarity key stakeholder roles, but will define as much as possible who participates when.   **3.Objectives Analysis** - The objectives analysis describes a future situation that would exist if all the problems were solved **Objective Tree Analysis** - An Objective Tree is a Problem Tree that is transformed into a set of future solutions to the problems. **Objective Tree Analysis** As the Objective Tree is transformed from the Problem Tree, the analysis of problems in the Problem Tree is the basis and starting point for the Objective Tree analysis. **Aims of the Objective Tree** 1\. Provide a clear overview of the desired future situation once problems have been identified and reformulate into objectives 2\. Verify the hierarchy of objectives 3\. Illustrate the means-ends relationships in a diagram **Steps in Formulating Objective Tree Analysis** 1. Reformulate all negative statements of the problem analysis into positive statements that are desirable and/or realistically achievable 2. Check the means-ends relationships to ensure validity and completeness of the hierarchy; 3. If necessary: - Revise objective statements - Add new objectives if these seem to be relevant and necessary to achieve the objective at the next higher level - Delete objectives which are not apparently suitable or necessary. 4. **Alternatives Analysis** - A technique used to evaluate identified options in order to select the options or approaches to use to execute and perform the work of the project. - It is the evaluation of the different choices available to achieve a particular project management objective. - It is an analytical comparison of different factors like operational cost, risks, effectiveness as well as the shortfalls in an operational capability. **Project Alternative (Project Option)** A **Project Alternative** is another combination of the project\'s costs, schedules, resources, and risks that allow achieving the same results as compared to the project base-line. \"***Managing project alternatives means performing a complex activity dedicated mainly to identifying alternate methods of achieving the same results.\"*** **Steps in the Implementation of the Alternatives Development Process** ***1. Identification*** ***2. Comparison*** ***3. Selection*** 5. **STRATEGIES ANALYSIS** **STAGES OF PROJECT DEVELOPMENT** - **Project Development Phase** - **Project Identification and Prioritization** - **Pre- Project Feasibility Study** [**Project Development **](https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/stages-of-project-development-246056301/246056301#3)is the systematic use of resources, knowledge and practices to design and implement a given project and meet its goals and objectives under specific requirements. - [**Project Development Phase** During ](https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/stages-of-project-development-246056301/246056301#4)the project development phase, everything that will be needed to implement the project is arranged. Potential suppliers or subcontractors are brought in, a schedule is made, materials and tools are ordered, instructions are given to the personnel and so forth. - The project development phase is complete when implementation is ready to start. **PROJECT DEVELOPMENT STAGES** 1. **PROJECT IDEA** - Identification of available resources - Funding of project development - Development of outline of technical concept 2. **PRE- FEASIBILITY STUDY** - Assessment of different technical options - Approximate cost/benefits - Permitting needs - Market assessment for sale of produced energy 3. **FEASIBILITY STUDY** - First contract with project developer - Technical and financial evaluation of preferred option - Assessment of environmental and social effects › Assessment of financing options - Initiation of permitting process. 4. **FEASIBILITY STUDY** - Lenders due diligence - Financing concept in place - Permitting - Procurement strategy - PPA negotiated - Preliminary EIA - Financing of project **PROJECT DEVELOPMENTS STEPS** - **[Identify the Long ](https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/stages-of-project-development-246056301/246056301#7)Range Goals** - **Assessment** - **Refine Assessment of Assets** - **Determine the Project Goal** - **Select a Project Approach/Strategy** - **Develop Project Objectives & Activities** - **Identify Potential Challenges & Develop a Contingency Plan** - **Develop a Project Evaluation Plan** - **Develop an Objective Work Plan** - **Develop a Sustainability Strategy** - **Develop a Project Cost Estimate** - **Write the Project Summary** [**PROJECT IDENTIFICATION AND PRIORITIZATION**](https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/stages-of-project-development-246056301/246056301#8) - - [**Project Identification** A process to assess each project idea and select the project with the highest priority **Project Prioritization **](https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/stages-of-project-development-246056301/246056301#9)The process of prioritizing projects is an activity for defining what projects within a portfolio to perform and in what sequence **[Stages in Project ](https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/stages-of-project-development-246056301/246056301#10)Identification** **Initiation phase Feasibility Phase Analysis Phase Identification and Close-out Phase** **Project Prioritization** In simple terms, the process of prioritizing projects is an activity for defining what projects within a portfolio to perform in what sequence. [ align your ](https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/stages-of-project-development-246056301/246056301#11)projects with your strategy quantify which projects add value and which don't balance the volume of projects you take on with you capability to deliver those projects focus your whole project delivery team on business benefits **[Project Prioritization ProcessCollection  ](https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/stages-of-project-development-246056301/246056301#12) Verification Ranking** - - - - - [**Establish Ranking Criteria Efficiency Changeability Sustainability Coordination Manageability**](https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/stages-of-project-development-246056301/246056301#13) Screenshot (113) **[PRE -- FEASIBILITY ](https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/stages-of-project-development-246056301/246056301#15)STUDY** A pre-feasibility study is a preliminary systematic assessment of all critical elements of the project -- from technologies and costs to environmental and social impacts. It is a sanity check on the feasibility of the project. **[CONTENTS OF A ](https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/stages-of-project-development-246056301/246056301#16)PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY** **Executive Summary** **Introduction** **Analysis of Data** **Project Identification** **Development Impact Objectives** **Financial Analysis** **Implementation Arrangements** **Risks** **Conclusions and Recommendations**