CCS0001 COMPUTING (LEC) - Last Updated_ Sep 17,2024 (1).pdf

M1 - LESSON: Introduction to the enterprise can implement and improve using information technology. The IS professionals Profession require a very sound practice when it...

M1 - LESSON: Introduction to the enterprise can implement and improve using information technology. The IS professionals Profession require a very sound practice when it comes to. Introduction to the Computing Industry business to maximize their earnings. They tailor in Computing is a family of disciplines. ACM or data management and software development as the Association for Computing Machinery breaks well. They are a “bridger” because they bridge down these disciplines into 5 computing disciplines: between the managers–. They view technology for Computer Science, information systems/data generating, processing, and distributing information science, Software Engineering (focused on and data. large-scale systems), Computer Engineering (focused on hardware), and Information The must-haves of an Information System Technology. While these fall under the computing Professional: industry, they are different and they require different a. Understand both technical and organizational skill sets. Let’s begin with computer science. factors Computer science ranges from theory through b. Be able to help an organization determine how programming to cutting-edge development of information and technology-enabled business computing solutions. Offers a foundation that processes can provide a foundation for permits graduates to adapt to new technologies superior organizational performance. and new ideas. Most computer science programs require some mathematical background. In addition Information technology (IT) is a label that to that, this course emphasizes theories and has two meanings. In common usage, the term algorithms. They call themselves computer “information technology” is often used to refer to all scientists because they build a strong foundation in of computing. As a name of an undergraduate mathematics and build different algorithms. degree program, it refers to the preparation of Algorithms like finding the shortest path, first come students to meet the computer technology needs of first serve, or finding the best spot. They are trained business, government, healthcare, schools, and to discover the best solution to new problems. They other kinds of organizations. IT professionals design and create to apply it in the industry. They possess the right combination of knowledge and think of new ways to compute complex problems practical, hands-on expertise to take care of both and this is through programming and supervising. an organization’s information technology infrastructure and the people who use it. They The work of computer scientists falls into three assume responsibility for selecting hardware and categories: software products appropriate for an organization. a. designing and building software They integrate those products with organizational b. developing effective ways to solve computing needs and infrastructure and install, customize, and problems, such as storing information in maintain those applications, thereby providing a databases, sending data over networks, or secure and effective environment that supports the providing new approaches to security activities of the organization’s computer users. problems c. c. devising new and better ways of using IT discipline requires special skills such as: computers and addressing particular a. Understanding how networked systems are challenges in areas such as robotics, computer composed and structured, and what their vision, or digital forensics strengths and weaknesses are. b. Important software systems concerns such as Information System is concerned with the reliability, security, usability, and effectiveness information that computer systems can provide to and efficiency for their intended purpose. aid a company, non-profit, or governmental organization in defining and achieving its goals. Also concerned with the processes that an The Computer Industry and Preparation for a Career in the Computer Industry: What is the expected demand for computer Professionals? Currently, 10.5 million computer workers increase by 2 to 3% annually. The number of students majoring in computer-related fields is declining. However, as of now, this is false because information technology is one of the most demanded fields not only in our country but around the world. There are 2 categories of software: system software and application software. These fall under the computer software field. What is the computer service and repair field? The computer service and repair field provides preventative maintenance, component installation, and repair services Computer technician—install, maintains, and repairs hardware. The information technology (IT) department is a department in a business or government What are career opportunities in computer agency that employs people in computer-related sales? Computer salespeople need a general jobs. Responsible for keeping all computer understanding of computers and specific operations and networks operating smoothly. Some knowledge of the product they are selling. might call it ITSO and even though it’s different, it’s just the same. They ensure systems to operate What are career opportunities in education smoothly. and training? Schools, colleges, universities, and private companies need educators and trainers. Corporate trainers teach employees how to use software, and design and develop systems, and programs. What is the computer equipment field? The Computer Equipment field consists of manufacturers and distributors of computers and computer-related hardware. Careers involve the An IT consultant is an Individual who draws design, manufacture, and production of computer upon expertise in a specialized area of computers. equipment. To be a consultant, you need to be an expert in your field. What is computer engineering (CE)? Teaches students how to design and develop the electrical components found in computers and peripheral devices. Required courses include application and systems programming, data and file structures, networks, and operating systems. How do companies advertise computer-related job openings? Some Web sites specialize in helping people find jobs. Some allow job seekers to submit resumes online. What are the three broad disciplines in higher education that produce the majority of entry-level employees in the computer industry? What are some organizations for computer professionals? Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)—science-oriented. Association of What is computer information systems Information Technology Professionals (CIS)? Programs that emphasize technical (AITP)—programmers, systems analysts, and knowledge and skills are sometimes called information processing managers. management information systems (MIS) or management information technology. They emphasize technical and practical skills. What is a user group? Collection of people with common computer equipment or software interests. What is computer science (CS)? Programs that stress the theoretical side of programming and ​What is professional growth and continuing operating systems. Also called software education? Events such as workshops, seminars, engineering. conferences, conventions, and trade shows. CES—a trade show that brings together hundreds of vendors and more than 130,000 attendees. Training in the form of books, video-based training, What are examinations like? Taken using computer-based training (CBT), Web-based computers. Some are multiple-choice, others are training (WBT), and instructor-led training. skill-based. With computerized adaptive testing, the tests analyze a person’s responses while taking the How can you stay informed about the computer test Industry? Computer industry publications News, blogs, and technical Web sites. Certifications and Technology Trends: A certification is the process of verifying technical knowledge in a particular area. Proficiency is acknowledged with a certificate. A certification enhances an employee’s career, provides better standing as an industry professional, and higher salaries and bonuses. Vendors provide access to technical information, advanced training, and discounts on publications and tools. Latest Trends and Technologies: Artificial Intelligence (AI) continues to be a trend to watch because its effects on how we live, work, and play are only in the early stages. AI refers to computer systems built to mimic human intelligence and perform tasks such as recognition of images, speech or patterns, and decision-making. AI can do these tasks faster and more accurately than humans. Machine Learning is a subset of AI. Computers are programmed to learn to do something they are not programmed to do. They learn by discovering patterns and insights from data. Neural networks, natural language processing (NLP), and deep learning are some subsets of Machine Learning. Robotic Process Automation or RPA. RPA is the use of software to automate business processes such as interpreting applications, processing transactions, dealing with data, and even replying to emails. RPA automates repetitive tasks that people used to do. These are not just the menial tasks of a low-paid worker: up to 45 percent of the activities we do can be automated, including the work of financial managers, doctors, and CEOs. Blockchain. Most people think of blockchain technology in relation to cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. Blockchain offers security that is useful in many other ways. In the simplest of terms, blockchain can be described as data you can only add to, not take away from or change. Blockchains are consensus-driven so no M2 - LESSON: Introduction to the one entity can take control of the data. Computer Edge Computing. Cloud computing has. Computer Basics become mainstream, with major players AWS Computers are everywhere, A computer is (Amazon Web Services), Microsoft Azure, and an electronic device, operating under the control of Google Cloud dominating the market. Cloud instructions stored in its own memory. computing is no longer an emerging technology. Edge is. Edge computing is designed to help solve some problems of cloud computing as a way to bypass the latency caused by cloud computing and get data to a data center for processing. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR). Virtual Reality (VR) immerses the user in an environment. Augment Reality (AR) enhances their environment. Although VR has primarily been used for gaming thus far, it has also been used for training. Both have enormous potential in training, entertainment, education, marketing, and even rehabilitation after an injury. Cyber Security. Cybersecurity might not seem like an emerging technology but it is evolving just as other technologies are. Hackers will continue to find ways to get through even the toughest security measures. New technology is being adapted to enhance security. As long as we have hackers, we will have cyber security as an emerging technology because it will constantly evolve to defend against those hackers. Internet of Things. Many “things” are now being built with WiFi connectivity, meaning they can be connected to the Internet—and to each other. IoT enables devices, home appliances, cars, and Categories of Computer: much more to be connected to and exchange data 1. Personal Computers over the Internet. The number of IoT devices - A personal computer can perform all of its reached 8.4 billion in 2017 and is expected to reach input, processing, output, and storage 30 billion devices after 3 years. activities by itself. Two popular architectures are the PC and the Apple - An example is a Desktop Computer. 2. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices - A Mobile Computer is a Personal computer that you can carry from place to place - Examples: include notebook computers, laptop computers, netbooks, ultra-thins, and Tablet PCs.  - A Mobile Device is a Computing device/s - The fastest supercomputers are capable of small enough to hold in your hand. processing more than one quadrillion - Examples: smartphones and PDAs, instructions in a single second. e-book readers, handheld computers, portable media players, 7. Embedded Computer and digital cameras. - An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product. 3. Game Console - A game console is a mobile computing. Evolution of Computers device designed for single-player or 1. Abacus multiplayer video games. - The Abacus, beads on rods to count and calculate still widely used in Asia! 4. Server - A server controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources on a network. - Provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information. 5. Mainframe - A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful 2. Slide Rule (1630) computer that can handle hundreds or - Based on Napier’s rules for logarithms and thousands of connected users used until the 1970s. simultaneously. 6. Supercomputer - A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer. 3. Jacquard Loom (1804) 5. Vacuum Tubes - Joseph Marie Jacquard The Jacquard - The First Generation (1940-1956) of machine is a device fitted to a power loom Electronic Computers used Vacuum Tubes that simplifies the process of manufacturing - Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with circuits textiles with such complex patterns as inside. brocade, damask, and matelassé. - Vacuum tubes have no air inside of them, which protects the circuitry. 4. Analytical Engine - The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer 6. UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) designed by English mathematician and - The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic computer pioneer Charles Babbage. It was Computer) is an electrical computer first described in 1837 as the successor to containing thousands of vacuum tubes that Babbage's Difference Engine, a design for a utilize punch cards and switches for simpler mechanical computer. inputting data and punch cards for outputting and storing data. Released in 1951 and 1952 when first developed by J. PresperEckert and John Mauchly. What were the biggest advancements that led to - Grace Hopper Programmed UNIVAC modern computers? Recipient of Computer Science’s first “Man - Electricity of the Year Award”. - Transistor - The first computer “bug” Relay switches part - Microchip of computers Grace Hopper found a moth - Data storage stuck in a relay responsible for a malfunction Called it “debugging” a computer 7. Transistors 9. Microprocessor - The second Generation (1956-1963) of - The third generation (1964-1971) of The computers used transistors instead of fourth generation (1972-2010) of computers vacuum tubes. took advantage of the invention of the - Transistors were widely used in computers microprocessor, more commonly known as from 1956 to 1963. Transistors were smaller a CPU. Microprocessors, along with than vacuum tubes and allowed computers integrated circuits, helped make it possible to be smaller in size, faster in speed, and for computers to fit easily on a desk and for cheaper to build. the introduction of the laptop. - Developed by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at the Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947. made up of semi-conductors. Used to control the amount of current or voltage or used for amplification/modulation or switching of an electronic signal. 8. Integrated Circuit - The third generation (1964-1971) of The Intel 4004 is a 4-bit central processing computers introduced the use of IC unit (CPU) released by Intel Corporation in 1971. (integrated circuits) in computers. Using ICs Sold for US$60 (equivalent to $450 in 2023), it was in computers helped reduce the size of the first commercially produced microprocessor, computers even more compared to and the first in a long line of Intel CPUs. second-generation computers, as well as make them faster. 10. Artificial Intelligence - The fifth generation (2010-present) of computers is beginning to use AI (artificial intelligence), an exciting technology that has many potential applications around the world. Leaps have been made in AI technology and computers, but there is still much room for improvement. Advantages of using Computers: 2. Software Elements 1. Speed - Software also called a program, tells the 2. Reliability computer what tasks to perform and how to 3. Consistency perform them 4. Storage 5. Communications Disadvantages of using Computers: 1. Health Risks 2. Violation of Privacy 3. Public Safety 4. Impact on Labor Force 5. Impact on Environment Digital Divide - - Installing is the process of setting up software to work with the computer, printer, Green computing involves reducing the electricity and other hardware consumed and environmental waste generated - A programmer develops software or writes when using a computer. Strategies include: the instructions that direct the computer to 1. Recycling process data into information. 2. Regulating manufacturing processes 3. Extending the life of computers 3. Data 4. Immediately donating or properly disposing of - Computers transform data into information. replaced computers Data is the raw material. Information is processed data. Data is the input to be GIGO = garbage in garbage out. So inputs that are processed; information is the output. wrong will provide a wrong output too. 4. People. Uses and Applications of Computer - You may be surprised to learn that people 1. Hardware Elements are part of the computing process. Some - A computer contains many electric, computers, such as the computer chip that electronic, and mechanical components controls an automobile engine, function known as hardware. without human intervention. But even these computers were designed by people and occasionally require maintenance by people. Most computers require people, who are called users (or sometimes end users.) 5. Procedures - Procedures are the steps that you must follow to accomplish a specific computer-related task. Part of a user’s computer literacy is knowing common procedures. Data vs Information? Computer Applications In general, data is any set of characters that 1. Education is gathered and translated for some purpose. It can 2. Finance be any character, including text and numbers, 3. Government pictures, sound, or video. Within a computer's 4. Health Care storage, data is a collection of numbers 5. Science represented as bytes that are in turn composed of 6. Publishing bits (binary digits) that can have the value one or 7. Travel zero. Data is processed by the CPU. 8. Manufacturing Information is a term used to describe text that is informative to the individual reading it or the computer processing it. Only call it a system unit if it has components inside and if it doesn’t, it’s just a system case. CPU is a In short: component inside the system unit/case. Data = Raw, unprocessed, Meaningless Information = Processed data, and meaningful & M3 - LESSON: Hardware can be used in many significant ways. Components of Personal Examples of Computer Usage Computer 1. Home User. System Unit - Personal financial management The system unit (NOT CPU ☺) is a case - Web access that contains electronic components of the - Communications computer used to process data. - Entertainment 2. Small Office/Home / Office User - Look up information - Send and receive e-mail messages - Make telephone calls 3. Mobile User - Connect to other computers on a network or the Internet - Transfer information - Play video games The inside of the system unit on a desktop - Listen to music personal computer includes: - Watch movies a. Drive bay(s) b. Power supply 4. Power User c. Sound card - Work with multimedia d. Video card - Use industry-specific software e. Processor f. Memory 5. Enterprise User - Communicate among employees 1. Motherboard - Process high volumes of transactions - The motherboard is the main circuit board of - Blog the system unit. - A computer chip contains integrated circuits 2. Processor - The pace of the system clock is called the - The processor, also called the central clock speed, and is measured in gigahertz processing unit (CPU), interprets and (GHz) carries out the basic instructions that - The system clock controls the timing of all operate a computer. computer operations. - Contains a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU). 3. Memory - Multi-core processor, Dual-core processor, - Memory consists of electronic components Quad-core processor. that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data - Stores three basic categories of items: a. The operating system and other system software; b. Application programs; And c. Data being processed and the resulting information. - Each location in memory has an address - Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB) - The control unit and the arithmetic logic unit: a. The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer. b. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) The system unit contains two types of memory: performs arithmetic, comparison, a. Volatile memory and other operations. - Loses its contents when power is - For every instruction, the aprocessor turned off; And repeats a set of four basic operations, which - Example includes RAM. comprise a machine cycle. b. Nonvolatile memory - Does not lose contents when power is removed; And  - Examples include ROM, flash 4. Storage Devices memory, and CMOS. 1. A hard disk drive (often shortened as "hard disk“, "hard drive", or "HDD"), is a Three basic types of RAM chips exist: non-volatile storage device which stores a. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating - is a type of random-access memory platters with magnetic surfaces. Strictly that stores each bit of data in a speaking, "drive" refers to a device distinct separate capacitor within an from its medium. integrated circuit. The capacitor can 2. DVD, also known as "Digital Versatile Disc" be either charged or discharged. or "Digital Video Disc," is an optical disc - SDRAM (Singe Data rate RAM) storage media format. Its main uses are - DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate video and data storage. DVDs are of the Synchronous Dynamic RAM) - same dimensions as compact discs (CDs) memory transfer data on both the but store more than six times as much data. rising and falling edges of the clock 3. Blu-ray Disc (also known as Blu-ray or BD) signal – 400 MT/s is an optical disc storage medium to - DDR2 SDRAM - 8.5 GT/s; “dual supersede the standard DVD format. Its channel mode”; memory installed in main uses are for storing PlayStation 3 pairs games, high-definition video and data - DDR3 SDRAM - Operates at lower storage with up to 50GB per disc. The disc voltages; consuming less power – has the same physical dimensions as 12.8 GT/s; dual and triple channel standard DVDs and CDs. modes 4. A USB flash drive consists of a NAND-type flash memory data storage device b. Static RAM (SRAM) integrated with a USB (Universal Serial Bus) - has three different states. It can be interface. USB flash drives are typically in standby (the circuit is idle), removable and rewritable, and most USB reading (the data has been flash drives weigh less than an ounce (30 requested), and writing (updating the g). contents). 5. A memory card or flash memory card is a c. Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) solid-state electronic flash memory data - data in MRAM is not stored as storage device capable of storing digital electric charge or current flows, but contents. These are mainly used with digital by magnetic storage elements. cameras, handheld and Mobile computers, mobile phones, music players, digital - RAM chips usually reside on a memory cinematography cameras, video game module and are inserted into memory slots. consoles, and other electronics. They offer - The amount of RAM necessary in a high re-record-ability, power-free storage, computer often depends on the types of small form factor, and rugged environmental software you plan to use specifications. There are also - Memory cache speeds the processes of the non-solid-state memory cards that do not computer because it stores frequently used use flash memory, and there are different instructions and data. types of flash memory. - Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions. Firmware. - Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten. CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes little power.. Input and Output Input Devices: 1. Keyboard - The keyboard is used to type data into the computer. 2. Pointing devices - Pointing devices move some object on the screen and can do some action. 3. Joysticks or Game Controllers - Other pointing devices such as Joysticks or game controllers. 4. Scanner - The scanner allows you to scan documents, pictures or graphics and view them on the computer. It converts image into dots that the computer can understand. 5. Digital Cameras - Digital cameras are used to take electronic pictures of an object. 6. Microphones - Microphones are used to put sound into a computer. Today, commands can also be given to computer using your voice. Output Devices: 1. Monitors - Monitors shows the processed information on screen. It displays soft copy of the information. When the device is turned off the information goes away. 2. Printers - Printers produces a hard copy of the information. The information is printed on paper and can be used when the device is off. 3. Speakers - Speakers are used to output sound.