CCNA Introduction to Networks v7.0 (ITN) Module 1 PDF

CCNA Routing and Switching: Introduction to Networks v7.0 (ITN) Module 1: Networking Today This Slides is prepared by: Eng. Rawan Aljamal Cisco Certified CCNA Instructor Trainer Networks Connect Us with no Boundaries Communication is almost as important to us as our reliance on air, water, fo...

CCNA Routing and Switching: Introduction to Networks v7.0 (ITN) Module 1: Networking Today This Slides is prepared by: Eng. Rawan Aljamal Cisco Certified CCNA Instructor Trainer Networks Connect Us with no Boundaries Communication is almost as important to us as our reliance on air, water, food, and shelter. In today’s world, through the use of networks, we are connected like never before. The immediate nature of communications over the internet encourages the creation of global communities. Global communities allow for social interaction that is independent of location or time zone. 2 Network Components Host Roles Every computer on a network is called a host, end device, or endpoint. An IP address identifies the host and the Server Description network to which the host is attached. Type Servers are computers that provide Email Email server runs email server software. information to end devices: Clients use client software to access Email servers email. Web servers Web Web server runs web server software. File server Clients use browser software to access web pages. Clients are computers that send requests to the servers to retrieve information: File File server stores corporate and user files. web page from a web server The client devices access these files. email from an email server 3 Network Components Peer-to-Peer It is possible to have a device be a client and a server in a Peer-to-Peer Network. This type of network design is only recommended for very small networks. Many computers function as the servers and clients on the network Advantages Disadvantages Easy to set up No centralized administration Less complex Not as secure Lower cost Not scalable Used for simple tasks: transferring Slower performance files and sharing printers 4 Network Components End Devices ‫األجهزة الطرفية‬ An end device is where a message originates from or where it is received. Data originates with an end device, flows through the network, and arrives at an end device. 5 Network Components Intermediary Network Devices ‫األجهزة الوسيطة‬ An intermediary device interconnects multiple end devices to form an internetwork. Examples include switches, wireless access points, routers, and firewalls. Management of data flow through a network is also the role of an intermediary device, including: Regenerate and retransmit communication signals Maintain information about what pathways exist through the network and internetwork Notify other devices of errors and communication failures Direct data along alternate pathways when there is a link failure Classify and direct messages according to priorities Permit or deny the flow of data, based on security settings 6 Network Components Network Media (Transmission media) ‫الوسيط الناقل‬ Communication across a network is carried through a medium which allows a message to travel from source to destination. The media provides the channel over which the message travels from source to destination. The choice of the most suitable media depends on many factors. Media Types Description Metal wires within cables Uses electrical impulses Glass or plastic fibers within Uses pulses of light. cables (fiber-optic cable) Wireless transmission Uses modulation of specific frequencies of electromagnetic waves. 7 Network Representations Network diagrams, often called topology diagrams, use symbols to represent devices within the network. The ability to recognize the logical representations of the physical networking components is critical to being able to visualize the organization and operation of a network. Important terms to know include: Network Interface Card (NIC) Physical Port Interface 8 Topology Diagrams Physical topology diagrams illustrate the Logical topology diagrams illustrate devices, physical location of intermediary devices and ports, and the addressing scheme of the network. cable installation. 9 Networks of Many Sizes Small Home Networks – connect a few computers to each other and the Internet. Small Office/Home Office – enables computer within a home or remote office to connect to a corporate network. Small Home SOHO Medium to Large Networks – many locations with hundreds or thousands of interconnected computers. World Wide Networks – connects hundreds of millions of computers world-wide – such as the internet. Medium/Large World Wide 10 LANs and WANs Network infrastructures vary greatly in terms of: Size of the area covered Number of users connected Number and types of services available Area of responsibility Two most common types of networks: Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network (WAN). LAN WAN Interconnect end devices in a limited area. Interconnect LANs over wide geographical areas. Administered by a single organization or individual. Typically administered by one or more service providers. Provide high-speed bandwidth to internal devices. Typically provide slower speed links between LANs. 11 The Internet The internet is a worldwide collection of interconnected LANs and WANs. LANs are connected to each other using WANs. WANs may use copper wires, fiber optic cables, and wireless transmissions. The internet is not owned by any individual or group. 12 Intranets and Extranets An intranet is a private collection of LANs and WANs internal to an organization that is meant to be accessible only to the organizations members or others with authorization. An organization might use an extranet to provide secure access to their network for individuals who work for a different organization that need access to their data on their network. 13 Internet Connections Home and Small Office Internet Connections The choice of connection varies depending on geographical location and service provider availability. Connection Description Cable High bandwidth, always on, internet offered by cable television providers. DSL High bandwidth, always on, internet connection over a telephone line. Cellular uses a cell phone network to connect to the internet. Satellite major benefit to rural areas without Internet Service Providers. Dial-up an inexpensive, low bandwidth option telephone using a modem. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 14 Internet Connections Businesses Internet Connections Corporate connection options differ from home user options. Businesses may require higher bandwidth, dedicated bandwidth, and managed services. Type of Description Connection Dedicated These are reserved circuits that connect Leased Line distant offices with private voice and/or data networking. Ethernet This extends LAN access technology WAN into the WAN. DSL Business DSL is available in various formats including Symmetric Digital Subscriber Lines (SDSL). Satellite This can provide a connection when a wired solution is not available. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 15 15 The Converging Network Before converged networks, an organization would have been separately cabled for telephone, video, and data. Each of these networks would use different technologies to carry the signal. Converged data networks carry multiple services on one link including: data, voice and video. Converged networks can deliver data, voice, and video over the same network infrastructure. The network infrastructure uses the same set of rules and standards. 16 Network Architecture Network Architecture refers to the technologies that support the infrastructure that moves data across the network. There are four basic characteristics that the underlying architectures need to address to meet user expectations: Fault Tolerance Scalability Quality of Service (QoS) Security 17 Reliable Network Fault Tolerance A fault tolerant network limits the impact of a failure by limiting the number of affected devices. Multiple paths are required for fault tolerance. Reliable networks provide redundancy by implementing a packet switched network: Packet switching splits traffic into packets that are routed over a network. Each packet could theoretically take a different path to the destination. 18 Reliable Network Scalability A scalable network can expand quickly and easily to support new users and applications without impacting the performance of services to existing users. Network designers follow accepted standards and protocols in order to make the networks scalable. 19 Reliable Network Quality of Service Voice and live video transmissions require higher expectations for those services being delivered. Quality of Service (QoS) is the primary mechanism used to ensure reliable delivery of content for all users. Congestion occurs when the demand for bandwidth exceeds the amount available. With a QoS policy in place, the router can more easily manage the flow of data and voice traffic. 20 Reliable Network Network Security Network infrastructure security includes: Physical security of network devices Preventing unauthorized access to the devices Information Security includes: Protection of the information or data transmitted over the network Three goals of network security: Confidentiality, only intended recipients can read the data. Integrity, assurance that the data has not be altered with during transmission Availability, assurance of timely and reliable access to data for authorized users 21 Network Trends Bring Your Own Device Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) allows users to use their own devices giving them more opportunities and greater flexibility. BYOD allows end users to have the freedom to use personal tools to access information and communicate using their: Laptops Netbooks Tablets Smartphones E-readers BYOD means any device, with any ownership, used anywhere. 22 Network Trends Online Collaboration and Video Communication Collaboration tools including Cisco WebEx gives users a way to instantly connect and interact. Collaboration is a very high priority for businesses and in education. Cisco Webex Teams is a multifunctional collaboration tool. Send instant messages Post images Post videos and links Video calls are made to anyone, regardless of where they are located. Video conferencing is a powerful tool for communicating with others. Video is becoming a critical requirement for effective collaboration. Cisco Telepresence powers is one way of working where everyone, everywhere. 23 Network Trends Cloud Computing Cloud computing allows us to store personal files or backup our data on servers over the internet. Applications can also be accessed using the Cloud. Allows businesses to deliver to any device anywhere in the world. Four types of Clouds: Public Clouds Available to the general public through a pay-per-use model or for free. Private Clouds Intended for a specific organization or entity such as the government. Hybrid Clouds Made up of two or more Cloud types – for example, part custom and part public. Each part remains a distinctive object but both are connected using the same architecture. Custom Clouds Built to meet the needs of a specific industry, such as healthcare or media. Can be private or public. 24 Network Trends Technology Trends in the Home Smart home technology is a growing trend that allows technology to be integrated into every-day appliances which allows them to interconnect with other devices. 25 Network Trends Powerline Networking Powerline networking can allow devices to connect to a LAN where data network cables or wireless communications are not an option. Using a standard powerline adapter, devices can connect to the LAN wherever there is an electrical outlet by sending data on certain frequencies. Powerline networking uses the electrical wiring in your house to create a network. It requires no new wiring, and the network adds no cost to your electric bill, therefore, power- line networking is one of the cheapest methods of connecting computers in different rooms. 26 Network Trends Wireless Broadband Wireless is another option used to connect homes and small businesses to the internet. Wireless broadband is another solution for the home and small businesses. Uses the same cellular technology used by a smart phone. 27 Security Threats Network security is an integral part of networking regardless of the size of the network. The network security that is implemented must take into account the environment while securing the data, but still allowing for quality of service that is expected of the network. Threat vectors might be external or internal. External Threats: Viruses, worms, and Trojan horses Spyware and adware Zero-day attacks Threat Actor attacks Denial of service attacks Data interception and theft Identity theft Internal Threats: lost or stolen devices accidental misuse by employees malicious employees 28 Security Solutions No single solution can protect the network from the variety of threats that exist Security must be implemented in multiple layers using more than one security solution. Network security components for home or small office network: Antivirus and antispyware software should be installed on end devices. Firewall filtering used to block unauthorized access to the network. Larger networks have additional security requirements: Dedicated firewall system Access control lists (ACL) Intrusion prevention systems (IPS) Virtual private networks (VPN) 29