CCC Cross-Cultural Communication Midterms PDF

CCC | CROSS-CULTURAL 5. Reduce stress and build confidence. COMMUNICATION - MIDTERMS 6. Helps with career progression. 7. Develops cultural sensitivity. WEEK 2: OVERVIEW AND ITS...

CCC | CROSS-CULTURAL 5. Reduce stress and build confidence. COMMUNICATION - MIDTERMS 6. Helps with career progression. 7. Develops cultural sensitivity. WEEK 2: OVERVIEW AND ITS WEEK 3: CROSS-CULTURAL IMPORTANCE COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES — WHAT IS CULTURE? — SOCIAL UNITS OF CULTURE Culture is a shared values, beliefs, and A. Church culture attributes of a group within the society. B. Friendship culture C. Romantic relationship culture — CHARACTERISTICS OF A CULTURE D. Organizational culture A. Learned E. Culture of society B. Shared C. Dynamic Edward Twitchell Hall D. Systematic - American anthropologist E. Symbolic - Forefather of intercultural communication — TYPES OF CULTURE A. Material culture (tangible) — TWO CATEGORIES OF CULTURE B. Non-material culture (intangible) A. High context culture - Refers to groups where people have — THE CULTURAL ICEBERG close connections over a long period A. Surface culture (observable) of time. B. Deep culture (not observable) - This tends to be attributed to connotation, meaning people within — CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION this culture tend to be more aware and Refers to the communication between people observant to any aspect of who have differences in culture, race, communication that is not directly nationality, and the like. spoken. B. Low context culture Can also refer to the attempts that are made to - Refers to groups where people tend to exchange, negotiate, and mediate cultural have many connections but of shorter differences by means of language, gestures, period of time. and body language. - Denotation tends to be attributed to low-context culture as they According to Caleb Crider, cross-cultural communicate in a more direct way, communication requires listening first and then with explicitly. speaking. We speak to understand before seeking to be understood. Not only is this — CULTURAL DIFFERENCES good contextualization, it’s good manners. A. High context culture - Relational — WHY DO WE STUDY THIS? - Collectivist 1. Cross-cultural communication as a - Intuitive skill. - Contemplative 2. Enhances self-awareness for - Very close-knit intercultural interactions. B. Low context culture 3. Demystifies own prejudice and - Less close-knit perspectives. - Task-centered 4. Provides vocabulary to discuss - Goal-oriented multicultural interactions. 1 | REGALADO, JUSTINE RAVID R. BACOMM-2B — COMMUNICATION DIFFERENCES E. High anxiety A. High context culture - Sometimes being confronted with a - Indirect and implicit messages different cultural perspective will - Polychronic create an anxious state in an - High use of non-verbal comm individual who does not know how to - Low reliance on written comm act or behave and what is considered - Subjective decision-making to be appropriate. - Long-term relationships - Relationships are important - Strong group distinction JAPAN: CULTURE, TRADITION, B. Low context culture AND COMMUNICATION STYLES - Direct and explicit messages - Monochronic I. BRIEF HISTORY - Low use of non-verbal comm Heian period (794-1185) - Marked a - High reliance on written comm flourishing of art, literature, and courtly - Objective decision-making culture in Japan. - Short-term relationships Kamakura period (1185-1333) - Saw - Schedules are important the rise of the samurai class and the - Flexible and open group establishment of the first shogunate. Edo period (1603-1868) - Brought — LARAY BARNA’S SOURCES OF about a long period of peace and MISCOMMUNICATION IN CROSS stability under the rule of the CULTURAL EXCHANGES Tokugawa shogunate. Meiji period (1868-1912) - Japan A. Non-verbal differences underwent rapid modernization and - The way we dress, the way we westernization in response to express ourselves through body increasing pressure from Western language, eye contact, and gestures powers. also communicates something. Post-World War II Era - Japan B. Assumptions of similarities experienced a period of economic - This refers to our tendency to think growth and cultural renaissance. how we behave and act is the universally accepted rule of behavior. II. RELIGION When someone differs, we have a - In Japan, some of the major religions negative view of them. include Shintoism and Buddhism. C. Preconceptions and stereotypes - Stereotypes involve putting people into 1. Shintoism - ("the way of the gods") Is pre-defined slots based on our image the indigenous faith of the Japanese of how we think they are or should be. people and as old as Japan itself. It may consist of a set of characteristics that we assume that all - "Shinto gods" are called kami. Shinto members of a group share. does not have absolutes. D. Tendency to evaluate - Shinto shrines are the places of - Humans tend to make sense of the worship and the homes of kami. behavior and communication of others by analyzing them from one’s own 2. Buddhism - came as a friendly gift cultural point of view without taking from the Korean kingdom of Kudara into consideration why the other (Paekche) in the 6th century. It person is behaving or communicating consists of the teachings of the in that certain way. Buddha, Gautama Siddhartha. 2 | REGALADO, JUSTINE RAVID R. BACOMM-2B III. LANGUAGE Age - Oldest one is the superior Standard Japanese (Hyōjungo / Kyōtsūgo) is Position - One in the highest position the standard Japanese language, also known is the superior as Kyōtsūgo. It is the common language used Experience - One with the most in education, media, and formal situations experience is superior throughout Japan. It is the standardized form Wisdom and Knowledge - One with of the Japanese language that is taught in deeper wisdom and knowledge is schools and used in official communications. superior. — COMMUNICATION STYLES IV. TRADITIONS & RITUALS Wa or Harmony with others - Japanese Ritual examples: people give the highest priority to Wa or 1. Obon - Japanese families will go keeping peaceful relations with others. together to their parish temple to clean and decorate their ancestral graves. Four categories of the interpersonal Larger households that have a relations of intimacy in Japan: Buddhist altar in their homes will invite a priest to come to their house to Muen no kankei (no relationship at perform a memorial service. all; strangers) - Japanese people - In mid-summer, and will often tend to act indifferent and impolite if incorporate a ‘Bon-Odori’ where the the relationship is still at Muen no whole town comes dressed in their kankei. This is why Japanese people yukata, a light cotton kimono, to are often criticized for being perform a rhythmic dance around a xenophobic by both Japanese and central stage accompanied by foreign intellectuals. traditional music. Najimi no kankei but Tajin no kankei (familiar relationship but not 2. Setsubun - The most famous that of fellows or allies) - Way of Setsubun tradition is called communicating is formalized. No one ‘mamemaki’, or ‘bean scattering’, in the relationship will put themselves where the male head of the household as the superior and no one opposes dresses up as a demon. Other each other. People in this relationship members of his family then throw dried use honorifics. soybeans at him while shouting Relationship of Nakama or Mikata ‘Demons Out, Good Luck In!’. (relationship of fellows or allies) - Trust is formed. People involved will 3. Ennichi - Mountain ascetic priests make great efforts to maintain the perform a fire ceremony in the central relationship. courtyard, which involves the practice Ki no okenai kankei (very intimate of ‘fire walking’ across burning relationship) - At this point, the embers. After the embers have died relationship is fully established to the down to an appropriate level, point that both people do not need any members of the public are invited to effort to maintain it. They can count on traverse the flames. each other's favor and this favor is 4. Daily Rituals - Lighting a candle and invulnerable. In this relationship, some incense, they spend a few people tend to be demanding and will minutes praying, with deceased family usually confide in their private affairs. members being the main focus of contemplation. Note: They cannot call their superior as Anata (you) and cannot call them solely by their last name. What they consider as their superior: 3 | REGALADO, JUSTINE RAVID R. BACOMM-2B V. FAMILY VALUES VIII. GOVERNMENT In order to maintain close ties among all family Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a members, family gatherings are very common. parliamentary government. It is customary to always bring an omiyage (お みやげ) or gift to family gatherings. This shows The National Diet mutual respect for one another and maintains The House of Representatives (Shugiin) the unity among family members that is so Composed of 480 members highly valued. Their term of office is 4 years The House of Councilors (Sangiin) VI. BELIEFS & PRACTICES Composed of 242 members Dining - Japanese culture has such a rich Their term of office is 6 years traditional history that there's proper etiquette for nearly every occasion. Either informal or Emperor - The Head of State of Japan. It is formal. also said that the Emperor is the “Symbol of 1. Seating Arrangements are important the state and of the unity of the People”. He and symbolic. Traditional Japanese also appoints the Prime Minister and the Chief meals are taken sitting on a dreadmat Justice of the Supreme Court as designated called tatami. by the Diet and the Cabinet respectively. 2. Never raise your food above your mouth. Naruhito - He is the 126th Emperor of 3. Never rest your chopsticks on your Japan. He became the Emperor on bowl. May 1, 2019. He was - Born on 4. Never use your hand to catch falling February 23, 1960 food. 5. Slurping is a sign of appreciation. Prime Minister - appoints the Ministers of 6. Eat your soup with chopsticks States and may dismiss them as he chooses. 7. Return all your dishes to how they The Prime Minister, representing the Cabinet, were at the start of the meal once submits bills to the Diet, reports to the Diet on you’re done. general national affairs and foreign relations, 8. Be conscious of how much soy sauce and exercises control and supervision over you pour yourself. various administrative branches. 9. Don’t stab food with your chopsticks. 10. Usually the one who does the inviting Fumio Kishida - He was appointed pays the bill. and confirmed as Japan’s 100th Prime Minister. He became the Prime Work or Business - Japanese Business Minister on October 4, 2021. He was Culture Values born on July 29, 1957. 1. Wa-harmony 2. Respect and Hierarchy IX. CLOTHING 3. Group Orientation (Shūdan Shugi) A. Kimono - are generally made of silk, 4. Commitment & loyalty have large sleeves and reach from the 5. Kaizen: Continuous improvement shoulders all the way down to the 6. Reigi and formality heels. They are tied with a wide belt 7. Be humble called an obi. Kimonos are now usually worn only on special Business Etiquette and Communication: occasions, such as the Shichi-Go-San Business Card Exchange (Meishi festival, weddings, and graduation ceremonies. Kōkan) Making Decisions Hierarchically B. Yukata (浴衣) - is a casual version of Negotiation tactics the kimono It is a robe usually made of Long-term viewpoint cotton or synthetic fabric, wrapped Dispute Resolution 4 | REGALADO, JUSTINE RAVID R. BACOMM-2B  around the body and fastened with a G. Takezaiku - The ages-old craft of sash (obi). Yukata literally means weaving bamboo, an innately flexible "bathing cloth", and it was originally and robust material, into every day, intended to be just that. Traditionally, functional objects for the home and at the garment is worn after bathing in a work. communal bath, functioning as a quick way to cover the body and to absorb H. Temari - Are colorful fabric and remaining moisture. embroidered balls originally given to children as toys at New Year. Traditional Japanese Footwear: Geta - Usually made from wood with I. Bonsai - A tree or shrub that has been wooden stilts. dwarfed, as by pruning the roots and Zori - Have a tilted platform pinching, and is grown in a pot or Setta - Have a flat sole made of straw other container and trained to produce or rubber. a desired shape or effect. Hair Styles / Hair Accessories: J. Geisha and Maiko - Are professional Kanzashi - Hair ornaments used in entertainers who attend guests during traditional Japanese hairstyles. meals, banquets and other occasions. Kasa - Traditional Japanese woven Maiko is usually younger than 20, straw headwear. wears a more colorful kimono with a red collar. Maiko means “Dancing X. ARTS & CRAFTS Child”. A. Anime - A style of Japanese animated entertainment. It encompasses both K. Sensu - a foldable fan made of paper hand-drawn and computer generated affixed to thin bamboo sticks. The animation. sticks are set one on the other and the paper is folded accordingly. B. Daruma - A traditional japanese large red doll that is used and cherished as L. Chado - Means “Way of Tea”. It is a a symbol of goodluck and future ceremonial way of preparing and fortune. drinking green tea typically in a traditional tea room with tatami floor. C. Maneki-Neko - Also known as the “lucky cat”. The cat raising its right hand is regarded as a cat causing VIETNAM: CULTURE, TRADITION, fortune. AND COMMUNICATION STYLES D. Manga - A style of Japanese comic books and graphic novels, typically I. CULTURAL HISTORY aimed at adults as well as children. Vietnamese Culture is one of the oldest E. Origami - The traditional Japanese art cultures in the world which has undergone or technique of folding paper into a changes almost four thousands of years. variety of decorative or Vietnam has been influenced by various representational forms, as of animals cultures over the centuries, including Chinese, or flowers. French, and indigenous traditions. F. Shodo - Type of Japanese calligraphy. II. RELIGION It is the art of writing characters on 1. Buddhism paper using brush and ink. Buddhism in Vietnam is a major religion with deep historical and cultural significance. The 5 | REGALADO, JUSTINE RAVID R. BACOMM-2B most practiced form in Vietnam is Mahayana the more exhaustive locution "generative Buddhism. powers". Mahayana Buddhism - Emphasizes the bodhisattva path or III. LANGUAGE helping others to achieve 1. Vietnamese enlightenment. Vietnamese is both the national and the official Theravada Buddhism - Focuses language of Vietnam. on individual enlightenment and closely follows the early teachings Was written using a modified set of Chinese of the Buddha. characters but later the natives of Vietnam developed their own script which was known 2. Catholicism as Chữ nôm. Catholicism in Vietnam is one of the largest Chinese influence on the Vietnamese organized religions in the country, with a language dates back to the early periods of significant historical and cultural presence. Vietnamese history 3. Caodaism Minority Languages of Vietnam Caodaism was established in 1926 in Tây 2. Tày - is Vietnam’s major Tai language Ninh Province by a Vietnamese spiritual that is spoken in the northeast of leader named Ngô Văn Chiêu and his Vietnam near the Vietnam-China followers. border 3. Mường - People of the The term Cao Đài literally means "highest mountainous regions of Vietnam’s tower, or figuratively, the highest place northern provinces speak this where God reigns. language 4. Cham - This language was formerly Caodaism worships a supreme deity known the language of the Kingdom of as Cao Đài, which is considered the highest Champa located in central Vietnam. divine power. This deity is often represented 5. Khmer -This language is the second symbolically with an eye, known as the most popularly spoken Austronesian "All-Seeing Eye’’. language after the Vietnamese. The Khmer language is also the earliest 4. Hoa Hao written and recorded language of the Hoa Hao was established in 1939 by Huỳnh Mon–Khmer family. Phú Sổ, a Vietnamese spiritual leader who 6. Chinese, Nùng, H'Mông - Minority sought to reform traditional Buddhism and groups in Vietnam speak this create a more accessible and socially language and dialect in various oriented faith. locations and provinces. The founders of these traditions are regarded by Hòa Hảo followers as living IV. COMMUNICATION STYLES Buddhas—destined to save mankind from suffering and to protect the Vietnamese Politeness - Maintaining respect and nation. politeness is crucial, often using formal titles and avoiding direct confrontation. 5. Folk Religion Vietnamese folk religion is not an organized Non-Verbal Cues - Non-verbal signals, religious system, but a set of local worship including gestures and facial expressions. traditions devoted to the "thần " , a term which Hierarchy Awareness - Communication can be translated as "spirits" , "gods" or with often reflects social hierarchies and age 6 | REGALADO, JUSTINE RAVID R. BACOMM-2B differences, with deference shown to elders birthday is celebrated on the 15th day of the and authority figures. 4th lunar month. Typically this falls in April or May. Indirectness People - May use vague or indirect language to avoid causing 5. Burning votive paper embarrassment or conflict. These papers are known as “votive Harmonious Interaction - Emphasis is papers”, which can be houses, clothes, placed on maintaining harmony and fake money, cars, motorbikes... made of avoiding direct criticism, with an approach paper. They represent gifts for the that values consensus and mutual respect. ancestors. V. RITUALS AND TRADITIONS VI. FAMILY VALUES 1. Ancestors Worship Filial Piety - Filial piety is a central value in Vietnamese families, Vietnamese people pay great respect to emphasizing the importance of their ancestors, believing they continue to honoring and caring for one ' s parents influence the lives of the living. and ancestors. Children are expected They offer Incense offerings, food offerings to prioritize their parents’ well-being, during holidays, and maintaining altars in often providing financial and emotional homes. And also burning joss paper is also support as they age. Ancestor worship part of their worship to their ancestors. is a common practice, where families set up altars at home to pay respects 2. The Lunar Year /Tết Nguyên Đán and offer prayers or food to their deceased relatives, keeping the family The Lunar New Year, known as Tết Nguyên lineage connected spiritually Đán in Vietnamese, is the biggest festival in Vietnam. Celebrated based on the lunar calendar, it marks the arrival of spring. VII. DINING During this time, families come together, The “Family Meal” - Vietnamese people will visit temples, and enjoy traditional dishes have a dinner on the ground floor while such as banh chung (sticky rice cake) and sharing the food for every family member. dua hanh (pickled onion). Must Know Vietnamese Dining Manner 3. Mid-Autumn Festival or Tet Trung - Pass everything using BOTH hands. Thu - It is customary to hold rice bowls The Mid-Autumn Festival known as “Tet close to their faces while dining. Trung Thu” in Vietnam is one of the biggest - Never eat in the serving dish, holidays in our country and it is traditionally put your food on the bowl before held on the 15th day of the 8th Lunar your mouth. month. Mid-Autumn Festival is an enchanting - Do not flip the fish on the dish. It occasion with several fascinating cultural is an unlucky sign especially for activities. Families will prepare a tray of fishermen (flipping fish on a dish offerings, including a mooncake, fruits, food, looks like a flipping ship). and joss paper. Family members will gather - Do not chopstick in the middle of the for a heartful reunion. rice bowl (not unless you're mourning). 4. Vesak Day / Phật Đản This festival commemorates Buddha’s birth, enlightenment and death. The holiday is also known as Phật Đản in Vietnamese. Buddha’s 7 | REGALADO, JUSTINE RAVID R. BACOMM-2B VIII. WORK AND BUSINESS is, in the words of the constitution, "the Respect for Hierarchy - Vietnamese culture highest representative organ of the people; is heavily influenced by Confucianism, which the highest organ of state power". emphasizes respect for hierarchy and authority IX. CLOTHING 1. Áo Dài Harmony and Consensus - Vietnamese The Áo Dài, a long tunic worn over culture is collectivist, meaning group trousers, is the most recognizable harmony and the collective good are traditional Vietnamese garment. prioritized over individual gain For women, it consists of a long, flowing Negotiation and Flexibility - Negotiations in tunic that reaches the ankles, with a fitted Vietnam may take time, as relationships must bodice, high collar, and side slits that extend be built before serious business discussions. from the waist down. It is worn over loose-fitting silk trousers, VIII. GOVERNMENT The male Ao Dai is shorter, fuller and Communism - is a political and economic worn with regular-fitting trousers. system that seeks to create a classless society in which the major means of production, such 2. Áo Bà Ba as mines and factories, are owned and controlled by the public. There is no The Áo Bà Ba is a casual garment, typically government or private property or currency, worn by people in the southern countryside. It and the wealth is divided among citizens consists of a simple shirt and trousers, often equally or according to individual need. The paired with a conical hat and Khan Ran politics of Vietnam is dominated by a single (checkered neck scarf). party under an authoritarian system, the Communist Party of Vietnam. It consist of a A traditional set of ao ba ba includes a pair President, General Secretary of the of silk pants and a collarless, long-sleeved Communist Party, Prime Minister, and a shirt. A line of buttons in the middle of the Chairman of the National Assembly front of the shirt is made from 2 equal parts, and a cut on both sides going to the waist — Vietnam Leaders creates two flaps split equally. At the bottom of the front, two square pieces of square Phạm Minh Chính - Prime Minister, the head cloth are usually attached to form pockets on of government is responsible to the National two sides. Assembly and serves as the deputy chairman of the Council for Defence and Security. X. ARTS AND CRAFTS 1. Clay Pottery - The production CPV Secretary - is the current title for the process of these products involved holder of the highest office within the covering woven objects with clay and Communist Party of Vietnam, being in practice storing them in a kiln. Objects would the highest position in the politics of Vietnam. be exposed to high temperatures, The general secretary also holds the title of which would heat the woven secretary of the Central Military Commission, covering until it was burnt. the leading party organ on military affairs. 2. Silk Painting - The traditions of silk painting involve the act of painting on Chairman of the National Assembly Trần a silk canvas and often portray Thanh Mẫn scenes related to landscapes, the countryside, historical subjects, and He is the legislative speaker of the Socialist pagodas. Republic of Vietnam, presiding over the 3. Hoi An Lanterns - Lanterns are the National Assembly. The National Assembly signature of Hoi An Old Town. 8 | REGALADO, JUSTINE RAVID R. BACOMM-2B  Especially at night, these traditional THAILAND: CULTURE, TRADITION, handicraft objects are lit up and AND COMMUNICATION STYLES make the town so atmospheric. In the full moon, locals drop plenty of I. CULTURAL HISTORY paper lanterns with a twinkling Thailand, often referred to as the "Land of candle to the river, and make wishes. Smile". 4. Hand Embroidery - Is a form in which embroiderers use needles to Dvaravati (6th-11th century) - refers decorate threads of different colors to a historical period and a cultural on the fabric to create beautiful region in Thailand, it is characterized patterns, such as flowers, birds, by its unique artistic style, architecture, landscapes, etc. Hand embroidery and the spread of Buddhist art and can be done on clothes, scarves, iconography. tablecloths, pillows, decorative items, or create valuable embroidery Khmer Empire (802-1431) - it is a pictures. Cambodian empire. This period is known for its impressive architecture, XI. CUISINE including significant sites like Phimai 1. PHO - Pho is a Vietnamese soup Historical Park, Prasat Hin Phanom that’s made with all the good stuff: Rung, and Khao Phra Viharn, which broth, noodles, beef (or other protein) reflect exquisite Khmer design. This and lots of mix-and-match toppings. played a vital role in introducing 2. BANH MI - A delicious sandwich that Hinduism and Buddhism to the region is made with a crusty baguette and Kingdom of Sukhothai. filled with a variety of ingredients, including meat, pickled vegetables, Kingdom of Sukhothai (1238-1438) - fresh herbs, and flavorful sauces. Sukhothai was the first capital of 3. GOI CUON - Gỏi cuốn , also known Thailand, established in the 13th as fresh spring rolls. These healthy century, and is renowned as a rolls are made with tender rice significant historical and cultural noodles, shrimp or pork, vegetables, center. It marked the beginning of Thai herbs, and wrapped in rice paper to civilization, characterized by ensure a balance of flavors and advancements in art, architecture, and textures. governance, notably through the 4. BANH CHUNG - Banh Chung is a creation of the Sukhothai Script. The traditional Vietnamese rice cake. The kingdom flourished under King cake’s square form represents the Ramkhamhaeng, who is credited with Earth, reflecting Vietnam’s expanding its territory and promoting agricultural heritage, and its core Buddhism. ingredients of glutinous rice, mung beans, and pork symbolize the sky, Ayutthaya Kingdom - As the power plants, and animals, respectively. of the Sukhothai Kingdom in the north of the country waned, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya emerged as the new capital of Thailand in the 14th century. The city was strategically founded on an island where three rivers converged, offering defensive advantages and making it the centre of the region's economy. At the heart of the capital, enormous temple complexes were constructed near the Royal Palace, 9 | REGALADO, JUSTINE RAVID R. BACOMM-2B  while international trade boomed and are likely to speak Standard Thai, also Ayutthaya grew to be a truly global known as Bangkok Thai. city. 4. Southern Thai - The Southern region has a diverse culture influenced by its Taksin the Great - born in 1734, was proximity to Malaysia and a significant a pivotal figure in Thai history, known Islamic population. Southern Thais for his role as a military leader and often speak various dialects, including founder of the Thonburi Kingdom after Yawi and other local languages. the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767. He successfully united Siam and expelled Central to Thai identity is the concept of foreign invaders, particularly the "sanuk," which expresses the importance of Burmese, while also promoting trade joy and fun in everydaylife. and rebuilding the devastated country III.A. RELIGION Chakri Dynasty - established in 1782 Nearly 94% of Thais are Theravada by King Rama I, is the current ruling Buddhist. Buddhism in Thailand has also dynasty of Thailand, known for its become integrated with folk religion or significant role in modernizing the practices and superstitions that Thais have country and shaping its contemporary added to the original doctrine. Food and drinks identity. Over the years, the Chakri are left in the spirit houses on a regular basis kings, including notable monarchs like to keep them content. It is believed if they are KingRamaV, who modernized not kept happy, then the household will Thailand in the late 19th century, experience chaos. andKingRama IX, who reigned for over 70 years, have — WATS OR TEMPLE IN THAILAND contributedtoThailand's development, 1. Wat Arun (Temple of Dawn) - national unity, and international Located on the west bank of the Chao standing. Today, the Chakri Dynasty Phraya River in Bangkok. It is a continues to play a vital role in colorful and intricate decoration which Thailand's royal heritage and national includes Chinese porcelains and identity. colorful glass and Chinese coins. It is said that the temple was named after II. THAI PEOPLE the Indian god Arun, associated with 1. Northern Thai (Lanna) - The the rising sun. Northern region, particularly around 2. Wat Phra Kaew (Temple of the Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai, is known Emerald Buddha) - A royal temple for its unique culture, which includes located in the grand palace complex in distinct art, music, and cuisine. Bangkok. It is considered the most Northern Thais often have a sacred temple in Thailand and the slower-paced lifestyle, and their home of the emerald Buddha, a statue language has its own dialect(often made from jade. referred to as "Kham Mueang"). 3. Wat Pho (Temple of the Reclining 2. Northeastern Thai (Isan) - Isan is Buddha) - Famous for its known for its vibrant culture and strong 46-metre-long and 15-metre-high sense of community. The people often statue of the reclining buddha which is speak the Isaan dialect, which is covered in gold leaf. The Temple Is closely related to the Lao language also known for its traditional Thai 3. Central Thai - This region includes massage, offeredbythetemple’s Bangkok, the capital city, which visa resident massage therapists. for business, education, and culture in 4. Wat Rong Khun (The White Temple) Thailand. Central Thai Might be more - Located in Chiang Rai, famous for its influenced by modern lifestyles and unique and modern designs, all white 10 | REGALADO, JUSTINE RAVID R. BACOMM-2B  with intricate glass and mirror for males and "คะ่ " (ka) for females at the end decorations.The temple was designed of sentences. by artist and architect, Ajarn Chelermchai Kositpitat. It is said to — WAI GREETING represent Purity of the mind and the This gesture of placing the hands together and eradication of desires. The temple bowing central to Thai culture is practiced not features a large pond and bridge that only in schools but in everyday interactions. It symbolizes the journey to teaches students the importance of respect enlightenment. and humility. 5. Wat Mahathat (Temple of the Great Relic) - A temple located in Ayutthaya, The Wai Level: famous for its large central stupa, a. Wai Level 1 - The first and highest which is said to contain relics of the level is used for “wai” monks, royal Buddha. Known for its large statues of family. buddha and its intricate decorations. b. Wai Level 2 - Is used to greet your parents, teacher, or people that are III.B. BELIEFS AND FESTIVALS older than you. c. Wai Level 3 - Is used to greet people BUDDHISM BELIEFS younger than you such as students in The belief in samsara (the cycle of birth and school. rebirth) influences moral conduct. Good deeds lead to a better rebirth. Thai etiquette emphasizes politeness and indirect communication to avoid confrontation. ANIMISM AND SPIRITUAL BELIEFS Conversations are usually reserved and it is Many Thais also incorporate animistic beliefs important to speak softly and respectfully, as into their daily lives, seeking protection and loud or brash tones can be interpreted as rude blessings from spirits through offerings, rituals, or aggressive. talismans, Sak Yant or yantras (tattoos), and amulets. Indirect communication – Thai people tend to have an indirect communication style and FESTIVALS avoid giving out flat-out refusals, in keeping Loy Krathong - Celebrating the water relationships amenable Thai will often smile or goddess, this festival takes place on nod. the full moon night of the 12th month in the Thai lunar calendar (November). Honorifics – typically address someone with Songkran - Songkran is Thailand's the first name then preceded by Khun. · If most famous festival. An important people conversing are friends or familiar with event on the Buddhist calendar, this each other they drop the Khun. Familial water festival marks the beginning of honorifics Phi for older siblings, and Nong for the traditional Thai New Year. The the younger siblings, generally appropriate for name Songkran comes from a those who are close with one another. Sanskrit word meaning 'passing' or 'approaching'. The Wai Greetings - placing two palms together, with fingertips touching the nose. A IV. COMMUNICATION STYLES wai indicates the level of respect of one another. A person should bow their head and Official language: Thai or Central Thai their palms pressed together to indicate respect. To show respect, especially when addressing someone older or in a position of authority, it's common to add the polite particle "ครบั " (krap) 11 | REGALADO, JUSTINE RAVID R. BACOMM-2B V. GOVERNMENT 6. Phra Ratcha Wang- This is - A constitutional monarchy with a ceremonial attire often worn by Thai monarch as the head of state. royalty and during important state - The country has had 17 constitutions, functions. It involves elaborate silk the most recent drafted in 2007. garments, including a long tunic (choe) - The 2007 constitution provides for the and ornate accessories that signify direct election of members of the lower status and occasion. house of the assembly, the house representatives, to four-year terms, VII. ARTS AND CRAFTS five-sixth form single member-districts 1. Traditional Thai silk weaving and remainder based on proportional 2. Weaving techniques representation from political parties. 3. Benjarong ceramics - Power is exercised by the bicameral 4. Sukhothai ceramics National Assembly, the council of 5. Thai wood carving ministers, and the courts in 6. Flower garlands (Phuang Malai) accordance with the provisions of 7. Hill tribe weaving constitution and laws passed by the National Assembly. VIII. DINING PRACTICES - The execution of laws is carried out by Communal Eating - Meals are typically the civil service, called Kharatchakan shared among all diners. It’s common to have or “Servants of the King”. The a variety of dishes, including meats, ministry of interior has a significant vegetables, and soups, placed in the center of degree of autonomy in administering the table for everyone to enjoy. the country. Seating Arrangements - The most senior or Head of the government: Prime honored person usually sits in the middle of Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra the table. If you’re unsure where to sit, wait to Head of state: King Vajiralongkorn be shown to your seat. Utensils - Thai primarily use a spoon and fork. VI. CLOTHING STYLE The spoon is held in the right hand and is the 1. Chong Kben - Is a lower body, wrap main utensil, while the fork is used to push around clothing adopted from food onto the spoon. Chopsticks are typically Cambodia. reserved for noodle dishes. 2. Sabai - Shawl- like garment, or breast cloth. It is worn by both women and Serving and eating stars with small portions men. and refilling your plate as needed. It’s polite to 3. Sinh - A tubular skirt, it is worn ensure everyone has had a chance to try each wrapped around the waist by women. dish before taking more. 4. Pakama - Large rectangular piece of fabric, wrapped around the waist. It Respectful Gestures - Avoid pointing your can be used as a cloth, a towel, or a feet at anyone while seated, as this is headdress considered rude. If dining on the floor, be 5. Chut thai - For women, a "chut thai" mindful of your feet’s position. typically includes a fitted blouse, a long skirt (sinh) that wraps around the Tipping is not mandatory but appreciated. waist and often features intricate When paying the bill, it’s common for one patterns. For men, it might consist of a person to pay and others to contribute their short-sleeved jacket worn over a shirt share later. and pants, often made from silk or cotton. 12 | REGALADO, JUSTINE RAVID R. BACOMM-2B IX. CUISINE (Bangkok) 1. Nam Prik Ong - A spicy chili dip made 13. Bangkok Noodles - A flavorful noodle with minced pork and tomatoes, soup originally served from boats typically served with fresh vegetables along Bangkok’s canals, made with a and sticky rice. rich broth and a choice of meat. 2. Larb - A spicy minced meat salad 14. Moo Ping - Grilled pork skewers made with pork, chicken,or beef, marinated in sweet and savory sauce, mixed with lime juice, fish sauce, and often enjoyed as street food. fresh herbs. 15. Khao Man Gai - Thai-style chicken 3. Pad Thai - Stir-fried rice noodles with rice served with flavorful dipping sauce eggs, tofu, shrimp, bean sprouts, and and a side of chicken broth. peanuts, garnished with lime. (Northern Thailand or Lanna) 4. Khoi Soi - A rich and creamy curry noodle soup made with coconut milk, often served with chicken or beef and topped with crispy fried noodles. 5. Soi Qua - A flavorful Northern Thai sausage made with minced pork, herbs, and spices. (Northeastern Thailand or Isaan) 6. Som Tum - A spicy green papaya salad with tomatoes, green beans, peanuts, and dried shrimp, dressed with lime juice and fish sauce. 7. Sticky Rice - A staple in Isaan cuisine, often served with grilled meats and spicy dips. (Central Thailand) 8. Tom Yum Goong - A hot and sour shrimp soup made with lemongrass, kaffir lime leaves, galangal, and chilies. 9. Green Curry - A creamy and spicy curry made with green curry paste, coconut milk, and a choice of meat or vegetables. (Southern Thailand) 10. Masarman Curry - A rich and mildly spicy curry made with coconut milk, potatoes, peanuts, and meat, often beef or chicken. 11. Gaeng Som - A sour and spicy fish curry made with tamarind paste and turmeric. 12. Khanom Jeen - Fermented rice noodles served with a variety of curries and fresh vegetables. 13 | REGALADO, JUSTINE RAVID R. BACOMM-2B 14 | REGALADO, JUSTINE RAVID R. BACOMM-2B