CC102 Midterm Review PDF

60 Multiple Choice - Week 1 to 5 Week 1 CSI effect Exaggerated portrayal of criminal justice and forensic science ​ Most people gather their knowledge of criminal justice through popular culture Crime rate The measure of the overall number of police-reported crimes as a percentage of the popula...

60 Multiple Choice - Week 1 to 5 Week 1 CSI effect Exaggerated portrayal of criminal justice and forensic science ​ Most people gather their knowledge of criminal justice through popular culture Crime rate The measure of the overall number of police-reported crimes as a percentage of the population in any give region Dark figure of crime Unknown crime that stays out of view ​ Crimes that have been committed but go unreported/undetected to the police but show up in self-report measures Attrition The filtering process that reduces the number of criminal cases as they move through the various stages of the CJS (Funnelling process The Crime Funnel) Victim Impact statement (1988) Written statement prepared by a victim of crime that details physical, emotional, social, psychological, and financial impact of offence Primary Victims Those directly affected or physically injured in an event Secondary Victims A person not directly impacted but may have witnessed the vent or deal with aftermath of an event (family, friends, witnesses) Canadian Bill of Rights: Four rights ​ Information ​ Protection ​ Participation ​ Restitution Five Models of Criminal Justice Crime control ​ Concerned with punishment ​ Deterrence ​ Tough on crime Welfare Model ​ Focused on treatment and needs of offender ​ Rehabilitation Justice Model ​ Focused on deterrence but that punishments are fair and equal among everyone ​ Focus on the crime, not the individual Community Change ​ Focuses on root causes of crime and lack of access to resources Restorative Justice ​ Emphasis healing relationships ​ Encourages the engagement of community and repairing harm done Week 2 Police officers have second highest workplace homicides Nova Scotia mass shooting: Major issues ○​ What is NOT a major issue ○​ Man disguised as an RCMP officer killed 22 people, injured 3 ○​ 13-hour shooting spree ○​ 51 year old Gabriel Wortman ○​ Shot and killed by police First organized police force in English history ​ Developed by Sir Robert Peel First Federal Police Force ​ Dominion police 3 Tiers of policing ​ Municipal ○​ Municipal has the most police officers ​ Provincial ​ Federal How many provinces have provincial police? ​ Only three provinces have provincial police ​ Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland First Nation Policing Policy Allows first nation communities to have their own indigenous police force ​ Self-administered Police Service Agreements, where a First Nation or Inuit community manages its own police service under provincial policing legislation and regulations ​ Community Tripartite Agreements, where a dedicated group of officers from the ROyal Canadian Mounted Police provides policing services to a First Nation or INuit community Transit police ​ Police officers who work for a transit system or mass transit provider ​ Responsible for the enforcement of the Canada Transportation Act SARA Model Stands for Scanning - Analysis - Response - Assessment ​ Developed by Eck and Spelman in 1987 to operationalize problem-oriented policing Recruitment and standards of policing ​ Minimum of high school diploma ​ Clean criminal background ​ 19+ ​ Physically and mentally fit ​ Canadian citizen ​ Good characters & references ​ Drivers license ​ Some require 1-2 year police foundation course or university degree ​ Selection process includes physical and aptitude test, written exams, psychological tests, polygraph *Choose the one that is not a standard* Week 3 Crime prevention pillar Considered the fourth pillar of ​ Crime reduction ​ Alongside police ​ Courts ​ Corrections Crime Prevention vs Criminal Justice System ​ Crime control is proactive not reactive Six main categories of crime prevention strategies ​ Crime prevention through social development ○​ Risk-focused interventions implemented during childhood ​ Situational crime prevention ○​ Placed-based Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) involves management, design, or manipulation of physical and human environment to remove or reduce opportunities for crime ​ Crime prevention through environmental design ○​ Proper design and use of a physical space (landscapes, buildings, parks, etc) to reduce opportunities for crime ○​ Use both direct (modifying built environment) and indirect (modifying the environment to stimulate residents into being responsible for neighbourhood) strategies ​ Community crime prevention ○​ Community involvement towards crime prevention ​ Community defense ​ Organizing residents to keep a watchful eye for suspicious activities ​ Community development ​ Physical, social and socio-economic development ​ Community and problem-oriented policing ○​ A strategy that focuses on building ties and working closely with community members to prevent crime and address local concerns ○​ A proactive approach that identifies specific crime-related issues, analyzed their causes, and develops tailored solutions to reduce crime and disorder ​ Recidivism prevention ○​ Strategies and programs aimed at reducing the likelihood of reoffending by addressing the underlying causes of criminal behavior. This includes rehabilitation, education, job training, mental health support, and reintegration services. Protective Factors Positive conditions, influences, or interventions that can increase well-being of children and families Predictive Policing ​ New crime prevention strategy in ‘predicting’ crime ○​ Uses risk factors to determine likelihood of offending ​ Can lead to discrimination Digitalism Politically motivated practices outside of the state that are designed to punish or bring others to account ​ 3 main risks ○​ Danger ○​ Evidence is not held up in court ○​ Impede with law officer *Not encouraged by police* Week 4 Gun violence is increasing in Canada Red flag laws Allows anyone to petition the courts to order the temporary removal of firearms from a person who may pose a threat to themselves or others ​ Authorizes police officers to search a person’s home and seize without warrant any firearms or weapons Ban of assault weapons Difficult to enforce and not likely to curb violence Information A written complaint ​ Sworn under oath by a citizen or more typically a police officer, alleging that the accused has committed a specific criminal offence Arrests can be made without a warrant on reasonable ground if: ​ A person has committed an indictable offense, or they believe the person is about to ​ Find the person committing a criminal offence ​ Believe that a warrant of arrest is in force Section 8 of the charter ​ Common law protects the right for individuals to maintain privacy in one’s home ​ Prohibits unreasonable searches Section 9 of charter ​ Implementation of the Charter had impact on legal powers of police ​ Prohibits state agents from arbitrarily detained or imprisoned individuals Custodial interview Formal questioning by police after the suspect has been taken into custody Non-custodial interview A person is not in police custody and are free to leave at any time during interview Exigent circumstances Allows police to enter a dwelling without warrant ​ Situations where there is risk of imminent bodily harm or death to a person, or prevent loss or destruction of evidence ​ Mr. Big Techniques ​ Most used with unsolved homicide cases ​ Legal cases in Canada ​ Targets meet with “Mr. Big” and come clean about criminal history to remain the organization - confession is made, and target is arrested Electronic surveillance ​ Needs a warrant ​ Interception of communications is also protected by unreasonable search and seizure ​ Must obtain judicial authorization Plain View Doctrine Can seize weapons in plain view Week 5 Code of Hammurabi ​ Ordered the death sentence for anyone who falsely accused another ​ Considered to be first written criminal law - contained 282 laws ​ Trial by water R v. Accused R stands for Queen Actus Reus Refers to physical act that occurred during an offence ​ Criminal offence can occur if someone fails to act Mens Rea “Guilty mind” ​ Mental state of accuses during the commission of an act  ​ Needs to have intention behind the act (criminal liability) Regulatory offences Not regulated by federal government Wilful Blindness A form of subjective mens rea where the accused deliberately chose not to see the risks created by their conduct Aid To do something or fail to do something with the purpose of helping another person commit a criminal offence Abetting To offer encouragement or advice to a person during commission of a criminal offence Counseling To recommend, incite, or repeatedly request that a person commit a criminal offence Accessory after the fact A person who aids another person while knowing that they have committed an offence, includes helping the offender evade capture Conspiracy An agreement between two or more persons to commit a criminal offence ​ Conspiracy to commit murder = life in prison