Capstone Final SUMMARY.pptx

CH#5: CHO OSING A RESEARCH DESIGN MSC M 541 - SUPPLY CHAIN CAPSTONE PROJECT  C AUSAL AN D C ORRELATIO N AL RELATIO N SHIPS Difference between causal and correlational 1.Causal relations...

CH#5: CHO OSING A RESEARCH DESIGN MSC M 541 - SUPPLY CHAIN CAPSTONE PROJECT  C AUSAL AN D C ORRELATIO N AL RELATIO N SHIPS Difference between causal and correlational 1.Causal relationship. One variable directly or indirectly influences another. Can be unidirectional (changes in A cause changes in B, but not the other way around) or bidirectional (changes in A cause changes in B and vice versa). 2.Correlational relationship. C hanges in one variable accompany changes in another. Such covariation does not mean that changes in one variable cause changes in another.  C O RRELATIO N AL RESEARCH: FEATURES 1.In correlational research, the main interest is to determine whether two (or more) variables covary (vary in correlation with another related variant). 2.Establishes the directions, magnitudes, and forms of the observed relationships. 3.Correlational relationships can be used for predictive purposes. A predictor variable can be used to predict the value of a criterion variable.  C AUSATIO N AN D THE C ORRELATIO N AL APPRO AC H Difference between Obstacles in drawing clear causal third and directionality problem inferences from correlational data. Third-variable problem. There may be an unmeasured variable that causes changes in the observed variables. Directionality problem. It is not always possible to specify the direction in which a causal arrow points.  CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH The most basic experiment consists of an experimental and a control group. Difference between 1.Experimental group: Subjects receive experimental experimental and treatment. control group 2.Control group: Subjects do not receive experimental treatment. Performance of the participants serves as a baseline of behavior. Many do not include a no-treatment control group (for example, a clinical study comparing two therapies).  CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2. C ontrolling extraneous variables. An extraneous variable is one that may affect behavior but are not on interest. How to do control on extraneous variable Extraneous variables can be controlled by: 1.Holding them constant. 2.Randomizing their effects across treatments using random assignment. Crucial in establishing causal relationships between the variables.  INTERN AL internal validity ‫تعريف‬ VALIDITY Internal validity: The ability of one’s research design to adequately test his/her hypotheses. In an experiment, internal validity means showing that variation in the independent variable causes the observed variation in the dependent variable. In correlational research, internal validity means showing that changes in the value of the criterion variable relate solely to changes in the value of the predictor variable.  INTERN AL confounding and ‫تعريف‬ VALIDITY confounding variable Internal validity is threatened by confounding and extraneous variables. Confounding: Whenever two or more variables combine in such a way that their effects cannot be separated. A Confounding Variable: is the unwanted variable causing the confounding is called. Confounding may not affect internal validity if the confounding variable has little effect or can be taken into account in an analysis. It is not possible to eliminate all confounding variables.  EXTERN AL external and ‫الفرق بين‬ internal VALIDITY External validity: The degree to which results can be generalized ‫ منهم‬2 ‫اعرف‬ beyond the limited research setting. Using a limited subject sample (for example, college students) reduces external validity. It is incorrect to assume that laboratory research must predict real-world behavior. Mook (1983) suggested that laboratory research is conducted to determine: 1.Whether something can happen, rather than whether it typically does happen.  EXTERN AL VALIDITY Questions to keep in mind with respect to external validity: Will your results apply to individuals that differ from those used in your study? Would your results be the same using different researchers, observers, or raters? W ill your results be the same if your study were conducted in a different place, environment, or setting? Will your results be limited to the treatments you used? Would you obtain different results with different measures, procedures, or equipment? IN TERNAL VERSUS EX TERNAL VALIDITY ‫الفرق بينهم‬  RESEARCH Simulations SETTINGS attempt to re-create real- ‫ ومتى‬simulations ‫تعريف‬ ‫تستخدمها‬ world situations in a laboratory. Simulations are used when: 1.The behavior of interest cannot be studied ethically in the real world. 2.Studying a behavior under its naturally occurring conditions is expensive and time consuming. 3.researcher wants to study a behavior under realistic conditions while maintaining control over extraneous variables. CH#6: CHO OSING RESEARCH SUBJECTS MSC M 541 - SUPPLY CHAIN CAPSTONE PROJECT RELATIO N SHIP BETWEEN POPULATIO N AN D SAMPLE Population Sample sample and ‫الفرق بين‬ population All the items or individuals A portion of the about which you want to draw population of items or conclusion(s). individuals. A Population of A Sample of Size 40 Size 4  COLLECTING DATA VIA SAMPLING IS USED WHEN DOING SO IS 1. Less time consuming than selecting every item in the population. ‫ منهم‬2 ‫اعرف‬ 2. Less costly than selecting every item in the population. 3. Easier and more practical than analyzing the entire population. SOURCES O F DATA ARISE FRO M THE FOLLO W IN G AC TIVITIES 1. Capturing data generated by ongoing business ‫ منهم ومثال‬2 ‫اعرف‬ ‫عليه‬ activities. 2. Distributing data compiled by an organization or individual. 3. C ompiling the responses from a survey. 4. Conducting a designed experiment and recording the outcomes. 5. Conducting an observational study and recording the results.  SOURCES OF primary and ‫الفرق بين‬ DATA secondary source  Primary Sources:The data collector is the one using the data for analysis:  D ata from a political survey.  D ata collected from an experiment.  Observed data.  Secondary Sources:The person performing data analysis is not the data collector:  Analyzing census data.  Examining data from print journals or data published on the internet  N O N RA N D O M SAMPLING A N D INTERNET RESEARCH Why? ‫لسببين‬ff‫عرفا‬f‫ا‬ Studies conducted on the Internet use a nonrandom sample.Why? because Participants are volunteers. Participants know how to use computers and have access to them.  N O N RA N D O M SAMPLING A N D INTERNET RESEARCH How to insure validity of research Two ways to demonstrate the validity of web-based research: 1.C ompare the results from studies conducted on the Internet with the resultsof parallel studies conducted using traditional methods. 2.Evaluate the results from Internet-based research to check if they conform to theoretical predictions.  REMEDIES FOR VOLUN TEERISM Make the appeal as interesting as possible. 2 ‫ اعرف‬remedies ‫كيف تعالج‬ ‫منها‬ Make the appeal as nonthreatening as possible. Explicitly state the theoretical and practical importance of the research for which volunteering is requested. Explicitly state why the target population is relevant to your research. Offer a small reward to participation. Avoid research tasks that may be physically or psychologically stressful. Have someone known to participants make the appeal for participants.  DECEPTION IN RESEARCH deception ‫تعريف‬ Full disclosure may not be possible or direct and indirect ‫تعريف‬ desirable. or withholding information Deception: Actively misleading from participants participants. Two forms of deception: 1.Indirect deception: Not disclosing the full purposes or goals of a study. 2.Direct deception: Deliberately providing misinformation to participants about critical aspects of a study.  DECEPTION IN RESEARCH Reason of deception Two main reasons for using deception: 1.To create interesting situations that are not likely to occur naturally. 2.When behavior can only be studied if a person is caught off guard. Proponents (supporters) of using deception argue that fully informing people produces behavior different from when they are caught unaware.  PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN USING problem of ‫ من‬2 ‫اعرف‬ DECEPTION deception Deceived participants react differently from nondeceived participants. Deceived participants are less likely to volunteer for future research. Deceived participants may feel duped and experience a loss of self-esteem or develop a negative attitude toward research. Participants may find out something negative about themselves. D eception may violate requirements of informed consent.  SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM OF DECEPTION solution ‫ من‬2 ‫اعرف‬ O btaining prior consent to be deceived. Participants told that some experiments may involve deception. Only those who agree to be deceived are chosen. Prior authorization to be deceived is obtained from the participant in informed consent form.  CH#7: SURVEY RESEARCH MSCM 541 - SUPPLY CHAIN CAPSTONE PROJECT  SURVEY ‫آخر سطرين مهمه‬ ‫مهم‬correlation ‫تعريف‬ RESEARCH In a field survey, you directly question your participants about their behavior, attitudes, beliefs, and intentions. You can use survey data to predict attitudes and behavior. Maintaining anonymity of participants and confidentiality of their responses is crucial. Survey research is purely correlational. No causal inferences can be drawn. D r. Hasan  TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE ‫اعرف تعريف كل‬ ITEMS There are several types of questionnaire items: ‫نوع‬ 1.Open-ended items. Allow participants to respond in their own words. Drawbacks to open-ended items. 2.Respondent may not understand what the researcher is looking for. 3.Difficult to summarize and analyze. 4.Restricted (closed-ended) items. Alternatives can be ordered or unordered. Researcher has control over participant’s range of responses. D r. Hasan  TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS 3.Partially open-ended items. An “other” alternative is added to a restricted item, allowing the respondent to write in an alternative. 4.Rating scale. Provides a graded response to a question. Two factors need to be considered. 5.N umber of points on the scale. 6.How to label the scale (for example, endpoints only or each point). Labeling may affect the nature of responses obtained. D r. Hasan  ADM IN ISTERIN G THE Q UESTIO N N AIRE How to administer 1.Mail survey. survey A questionnaire is mailed directly to participants. Nonresponse bias: When a large proportion of participants fail to complete and return your questionnaire. May result in an unrepresentative sample. Nonresponse can be reduced by: 1. Making multiple contacts with respondents. 2. Including a small token of your appreciation (e.g., a pencil or key tag) along with the questionnaire. D r. Hasan  ADM IN ISTERIN G THE Q UESTIO N N AIRE response ‫كيف ازيد‬ Response rates to Internet surveys can be ‫ فقط‬2 ‫اعرف‬ increased by: Presenting all the questions on a single web page that allows respondents to scroll at will through the survey. Providing a progress bar showing how much of the survey has been completed and how much remains. Keeping the survey as short as possible because long surveys result in fewer completed surveys. Having respondents use radio buttons rather than drop- down menus to indicate their responses. D r. Hasan  ADM IN ISTERIN G THE Q UESTIO 5.Face-to-face N N AIRE interview. structured ‫الفرق بين‬ Participants are asked questions in a face-to-face interview. and unstructured Structured interview: Ask questions in a predetermined order. Eliminates fluctuations in data due to when, how, and what questions are asked. Unstructured interview: You have a general idea about the issues to discuss but do not have a predetermined sequence of questions. Better at eliciting complete information. You can use both strategies in a single interview. Characteristics or behavior of the interviewer may affect the responses of participants. D r. Hasan  ADM IN ISTERIN G THE Q UESTIO N N AIRE Mixed mode … why? Advantage and 6.Mixed-mode surveys. disadvantage Involves using more than one survey method (for example, traditional mail and Internet). Mixed mode involving mail and Internet increases response rates. Advantages: 1.Increase coverage area. 2.Reduce nonresponse bias and costs. A disadvantage is peoplemay respond differently to the same question delivered in different modes. D r. Hasan  ASSESSIN G VALIDITY O F A Q UESTION N AIRE content and ‫الفرق بين‬ Methods: construct Content validity: Do questions cover the range of behaviors normally considered to be part of the dimension being assessed? Construct validity: Showing that the questionnaire’s results agree with predictions based on theory. D r. Hasan  ACQUIRING A SURVEY probability ‫الفرق بين‬ SAMPLE Questionnaires are administered to a small sample of and representative participants. sample Probability sampling: Each member of a population has a known probability of being included in the sample. A representative sample: A sample that closely matches the characteristics of the population. Necessary if results are to be generalized to larger population. D r. Hasan  PROBABILITY SAMPLE In a probability sample, items in the sample are chosen on the basis of known probabilities. Probability Samples Simple Systematic Stratified Cluster Random D r. Hasan  COMPARING SAMPLING METHODS Simple random sample and Systematic sample: ‫ ممكن يعطيك‬samples ‫كل األربعة‬ Random sampling is the ideal in survey research. ‫التعريف‬ ‫المقارنة بينهم خذ فكرة‬ Simple to use. May not be a good representation of the population’s underlying characteristics. Stratified sample: Ensures representation of individuals across the entire population. Cluster sample: Less costly. Less efficient (need larger sample to acquire the same level of precision). D r. Hasan CH#8: REPORTING YOUR RESEARCH RESULTS MSCM 541 - SUPPLY CHAIN CAPSTONE PROJECT  ABSTRAC Abstract include ‫همه‬f‫م‬ T The abstract is a concise summary (150–250 words) of your paper. An abstract for an empirical study should include: 1.The problem under investigation. 2.Participants (respondents) or data sources, specifying relevant characteristics. 3.Essential features of the study method, including research design, analytic strategy, sample size, materials or measures used, and a statement about whether the study is a primary or secondary analysis. D r. Hasan  ABSTRAC T 4.Main findings. 5.Conclusions and implications or applications of the research findings. An abstract must be accurate, coherent and readable. D r. Hasan  INTRODUCTI ON Your introduction should address the following questions: ‫األسئلة اللي تجاوب عنها‬ ‫ اعرف‬introduction ‫في‬ 1. W hy is the issue studied important? ‫ منها‬2 2. How does your study relate to previous research in the area and how does it differ from other studies on the same issue? 3. What are the hypotheses and objectives of your study and how do they relate to relevant theory (if they do)? 4. How do your hypotheses relate to your research design? 5. A brief description of the research strategy. 6. What are the theoretical and practical implications of your study? D r. Hasan  GENERAL-TO-SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION OF A N A P A-STYLE INTRODUCTION D r. Hasan  METHOD method ‫تعريف‬ SECTION The method section describes the characteristics of your subjects, materials and/or equipment, research design, and procedures. Level of detail should allow reader to replicate your study. Subsections include: 1.Participants (or Subjects) subsection. Describes the participant or subject sample in detail. Details regarding human participants are described in a participants subsection, and animal subjects are described in a subjects subsection. D r. Hasan  RESULTS OR FINDINGS SECTION In the results or findings section describe all relevant data summaries and analyses. ‫اللي باللون األحمر‬ Results section used for findings of a quantitative study. ‫واألزق تجي‬ ‫اختيارات‬ Findings section used for findings of a qualitative study. Data should be summarized; do not present raw data. Results of descriptive and inferential statistics should support the verbal descriptions. Descriptive statistics (e.g., means and standard deviations). Inferential statistics (e.g., confidence intervals, t tests, analyses of variance). D r. Hasan  AVOIDING BIASED biased ‫تعريف‬ language Biased LANGUAGE language: When one inadvertently uses language that presupposes that one group is preferred over another or that might be offensive to a group of people. The A P A has three guidelines for avoiding biased language: 1.Provide descriptions at the appropriate level of specificity. For example, use the word “Chinese” or “Puerto Rican” rather than “Asian” or “Hispanic”. “African American” should be avoided as an umbrella term because “it obscures other ethnicities or national origins”. D r. Hasan  PLAGIARISM A N D LAZY Wgiven Credit must be RITING plagiarism ‫الفرق بين‬ to others for their words and ideas. and lazy writing Credit is provided with appropriate citations and references. Plagiarism occurs when another person’s words, thoughts, or ideas are used without providing proper citation. You can also plagiarize yourself if you present previous work as new. Penalties can be severe for plagiarism. Lazy writing is lifting material verbatim from a source or sources and providing proper citations. Not as bad as plagiarism, but still unacceptable. D r. Hasan  AVOIDING PLAGIARISM A N D LAZY WRITING 2‫عرف‬f‫ ا‬How to avoid Always cite the source of words and ideas that are not your own. ‫ا‬f‫نه‬f‫م‬ Always paraphrase information in your own words. Enclose directly quoted material in quotation marks and provide the proper citation (including page numbers). Use quoted material carefully and only to support a point you make in your own words. Make sure your paper is written in your own words. N ever writea paper that consists of large amounts of material taken from other sources. D r. Hasan CH#9: Basic Lean Tools MSCM 541 - SUPPLY CHAIN CAPSTONE PROJECT 1  A. Introduction ‫تعريف‬ mapping Value stream mapping is a lean tool that help to view the process of creating a product until it reaches the customer. A VSM is similar to a flowchart or process flow map, but one of the key differences is the “current state” map identifies value-added and non- value- added activities. The “future state” map, which can be thought of as a road map, attempts to reduce or eliminate the identified non-value-added activities. 4 Dr. Hasan Balfaqih  B. Standardized standard ‫ايش‬ Work work Standardized work refers to the standardization of best work practices - as the work is actually done in real life. The idea is to make work safe and repeatable with as little variation as possible along with high productivity. 49 Dr. Hasan Balfaqih  C. Visual Workplace visual factory ‫تعريف‬ The visual workplace is one of the fundamental concepts of Lean. Visual factory are simple visual signals give operators the information to make the right decision. They are efficient, self-regulating, and worker-managed. 18 Dr. Hasan Balfaqih  D. Layout result of ‫ من‬2 ‫اعرف‬ layout Good layout results in: Higher utilization of space, equipment, and people Improved flow of information, materials, or people Improved employee morale and safety Improved customer/client interface Flexibility 24 Dr. Hasan Balfaqih  1. Sort out E. Five S: Workplace Organization and 2. Set in order 3. Shine Standardization 4. Standardize 5. Sustain 5S, which stands for sort out, set in order, shine, standardize, and sustain, is a tool that results in a well-organized workplace complete with visual ‫ل‬ff‫عرفك‬f‫دا وا‬f‫همه ج‬f‫ م‬5S controls, improved layout, and order. ‫يهم‬ff‫حده ف‬f‫و‬ 5S produces a workplace that is clean, uncluttered, safe, and organized. People become empowered, engaged, and excited. 26 Dr. Hasan Balfaqih CH#10: Advanced Lean Tools MSCM 541 - SUPPLY CHAIN CAPSTONE PROJECT 1  A. Batch Size Reduction and Quick Changeover benefits ‫ من‬2 ‫اعرف‬ Benefits to this JIT approach when compares the two approaches, you can see that: 1. Smaller batches reduce the overall cycle time for any one item. 2. In the push approach, you must wait for the large batches of other products scheduled before you even get to the one you are waiting for. 3. You can also see that WIP is significantly reduced by the small lot approach. 5 Dr. Hasan  A. Batch Size Reduction and Quick Changeover If there is a quality problem that might affect the entire batch, it becomes less of a problem because of the batch size reduction. The benefits of batch size reduction can include: reduced lead times, lower inventory levels, more flexibility to meet fluctuating demand, better quality with reduced scrap and rework, less floor space used in production and storage, and thus lower overall costs. 6 Dr. Hasan  A. Batch Size Reduction and Quick Changeover changeover ‫ايش‬ Changeover in manufacturing is: The time from to convert a machine from producing one product to another product. The goal is to minimize changeover time and cost, so that smaller batches are run more frequently, resulting in better flow. To go from one activity to another, requires some kind of changeover, which includes some kind of setup. As a result, batching seems like the most efficient, where large batches equal fewer changeovers. 8 Dr. Hasan  B. kanbans ‫تعريف‬ Kanbans The tool to execute this process is called a kanban , which is essentially a way to control the flow of materials and other resources by linking functions with visual controls. This determines the production and replenishment schedule. 14 Dr. Hasan  C. Quality at the Source TQM is similar to Lean Enterprise in that it is a team-based program spanning the entire organization, from supplier to customer, and requires a commitment by management to have a long-term, companywide initiative toward quality in all aspects of products and services. 21 Dr. Hasan  D. Work Cells work cell ‫ايش‬ Work cells is a powerful tool that can significantly impact the efficiency of the workplace. The idea of this tool is to rearrange people and equipment that would typically be located in various departments into one group so that they can focus on making a single product or providing a single service or a group of related items or services. 23 Dr. Hasan  D. Work Cells ‫اللي باألزرق مهمه‬ benefit(( Work cells allows for a more efficient use of work space and equipment and is conducive to one-piece flow and, as a result, less WIP. There is also the benefit of needing less workers. 24 Dr. Hasan  F. Lean Analytical ‫اللي باللون‬ ‫األحمر واألزرق‬ Tools ‫مهم‬ These are useful tools for teams to brainstorm improvement ideas by first trying to come up with possible reasons for waste. Check sheets are simple “chicken scratches” to organize data; 30 Dr. Hasan  F. Lean Analytical Tools Scatter charts are basically a graphical view of the relationship between two variables Fishbone diagrams (calledthat because they are shaped like a fishbone) show process elements or causes of an outcome or effect. 31 Dr. Hasan  F. Lean Analytical Tools Pareto charts use the 80/20 rule, which states that a relatively few number of items typically generate a large percentage of sales or profits. So a Pareto chart or graph identifies problems or defects in a descending order of frequency. Flowchart visually shows the steps in a process. 32 Dr. Hasan  F. Lean Analytical Tools Tools for identifying problems may include the five whys, histograms , and statistical process control (SPC). The five whys is a method where you ask a series of questions to get to the root cause of a problem or defect. The idea is that the answer to each question leads you to ask another “why” until you get to the source of the problem. Histograms are a graphical way to show the distribution of the frequency of occurrences of variables, such as problems or defects. 33 Dr. Hasan  F. Lean Analytical DMAIC ‫اعرفها‬ Tools A formal Six Sigma model used for process improvement is known as DMAIC, which stands for: Define: Identify the customer requirements, clarify the problem, and set goals. Measure: Select what needs to be measured, identify information sources, and gather data. Analyze: Develop hypotheses and identify the key variables and root causes. 35 Dr. Hasan  F. Lean Analytical Tools Improve: Generate solutions and put them into action, either by modifying existing processes or by developing new ones. Control: Develop monitoring processes for continued high-quality. 66