CAP132 Unit1 FULL.pdf

Introduction to Computers 1  What are computers? Computers are electronic devices that can follow instructions to accept input, process the input and then produce information. 2 Look inside the computer SO...

Introduction to Computers 1  What are computers? Computers are electronic devices that can follow instructions to accept input, process the input and then produce information. 2 Look inside the computer SOFTWARE HARDWARE 3  Computers are made of 1. HARDWARE 2. SOFTWARE 4 ‫‪Hardware‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻔﻬﻢ‬  Hardware The parts of computer itself (tangible objects ) including :  CPU (or Processor) and Primary memory (or Main Memory)  Input devices i.e the keyboard and mouse  Output devices  Storage devices 6 The Case (System Unit or System Cabinet) 7  Hardware 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) 2. Input units 3. Output units 4. Memory (Main or Primary Memory & Secondary or Auxiliary Memory) 8 Components of a Computer System Central Processing Unit (CPU) Data control unit (CU) Memory output Arithmetic logic RAM units Input Unit (ALU) units ROM Auxiliary Information/ Memory 9 Knowledge  Hardware Organization Input Devices... CPU memory motherboard hard drive 10 ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻔﻬﻢ‬  Input Devices Translate data from form that humans understand to one that the computer can work with Most common are keyboard and mouse Selector Buttons 11  Examples of Input Devices 1. Keyboard (QWERTY keyboard, ATMs keyboard) ATM: automatic teller machine 2. Mouse 3. Scanner 4. Pre-storage Devise (Disk, CD’s, … etc.) 5. Optical mark recognition (Light Pin , Bar code scanners) 6. Microphone 7. Joystick. 12  Examples of Input Devices(2) 8. Point and Draw devices 9. Trackball 10. Touchpad 11. Touch screen 12. Magnetic stripes and smart cars. 13. Digital Cameras 13 14 Hardware Organization CPU memory hard drive 15 Hardware Organization CPU memory motherboard hard drive 16  Central Processing Unit (CPU) A specific chip or the processor a CPU's performance is determined by the rest of the computers circuitry and chips. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) performs the actual processing of data The speed (clock speed) of CPU measured by Hertz (MHz) 17 The CPU consists of :  Control Unit (CU)  Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)  Some Registers 18 The Control Unit (CU) : coordinates all activities of the computer by: Determining which operations to perform and in what order to carry them out. The CU transmits coordinating control signals to other computer components. 19 The ALU : consists of electronic circuitry to perform: Arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) Logical operations (and, or, not, …) and to make some comparisons (less-than, equal, … etc.) 20 Hardware Organization CPU memory motherboard hard drive 21 Primary Memory Memory (fast, expensive, short-term memory): Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data, programs, and intermediate results. Two general parts: 1. RAM 2. ROM 22 RAM (Main Memory) its a primary storage or random access memory (RAM). it temporarily holds data and programs for use during processing (volatile) Any information stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off. RAM is the memory that the computer uses to temporarily store the information as it is being processed. The more information being processed the more RAM the computer needs. RAM consists of locations or cells. Each cell has a unique address which distinguishes it from other cells. 23  ROM: Read Only Memory ROM is part of memory Programmed at manufacturing time Its contents cannot be changed by users It is a permanent store 24  Secondary Storage  Stores data and programs permanently: its retained after the power is turned off  Examples Hard Drive (Hard Disk) Located outside the CPU, but most often contained in the system cabinet Floppy Disk Optical Laser Discs  CD-ROM, CD-RW, and DVD 25 Kinds of Disk Drives 26  Common Secondary Media Diskettes – Data represented as magnetic spots on removable flexible plastic disks – Most common size is 3 1/2 inches, in a rigid plastic case – Disk drive holds the diskette, reads or retrieves the data and writes or stores data 27  Common Secondary Media Hard drive – Data is represented magnetically as with diskettes – Normally more than one rigid platter in a sealed unit – These disks are not removable – Significantly more capacity and faster operating than diskettes 28 Hardware Organization CPU memory motherboard hard drive 29  Common Secondary Media  Optical Laser Discs CD ROM & DVD’s Data is represented as pits and lands Some kinds are read only (CD-ROM) and some Kinds are rewritable (CD-RW) Significantly more capacity and faster operating than diskettes 30 DVD: Digital Video Disk  Hardware Organization CPU memory hard drive 31 Output …  CPU Output Devices Pieces of equipment that translate the processed information from the CPU into a form that humans can understand. at e d ion or ss inf roce m P 32  Output Devices  Monitors  Printers  Dot matrix printers  Ink jet printers  Laser printers  Sound Blasters (Sound Card By Creative Lab)  Controlling other devices 33  Software The instructions that tell the computer what to do 1. Application Software - helps end-users perform general purpose tasks 2. System Software - enables application software to interact with the computer 34  System Software The most important System Software is the Operating System Examples of operating systems: Windows XP, DOS, Apple, UNIX 35  System Software The software that controls everything that happens in a computer. Background software, manages the computer’s internal resources 36 Resources examples : CPU, RAM , I/O devices, …  Application Software – Basic Tools Word processors– example: Microsoft word Spreadsheets-- example: Microsoft Excel Database managers-- example: Microsoft Access Graphics-- example: Photoshop 37 Spreadsheets: Computer software that allows the user to enter columns and rows of numbers in a accounting book like format.  Units of Measurements  Bit (Binary Digit)(takes two values: 1 or 0)  Byte = 8 bits  KB (Kilo-byte) = 1024 bytes  MB (mega-byte) = 1024 KB  GB (giga-byte) = 1024 MB  TB (Tera-byte) = 1024 GB Remark: 1024=210 38  Four Kinds of Computers 1. Microcomputers 2. Minicomputers 3. Mainframe computers 4. Supercomputers 39 Microcomputer =>Personal Computer => PC There are 3 types of the Microcomputers : 1. Laptop 2. Desktop 3. Workstation 40 Personal Computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. Workstation: A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has :  a more powerful microprocessor and,  in general, a higher-quality monitor. 41  Minicomputer, Mainframe, and Supercomputer Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of users simultaneously. simultaneously Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. simultaneously Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. 42  Minicomputers Desk-sized More processing speed and storage capacity than microcomputers General data processing needs at small companies Larger companies use them for specific purposes 43 Mainframe Computers Larger machines with special wiring and environmental controls Faster processing and greater storage than minicomputers Typical machine in large organizations 44  Supercomputers The most powerful of the four categories Used by very large organizations, particularly for very math-intensive types of tasks 45 Supercomputers 46 Characteristics of Computers 1- Store a large amount of data and information for a long period of time. 2- process data and information in high accuracy level. 3- Speed in processing data information. 4- Sharing of information / network. 47 Understanding the difference between Data, Information and Knowledge: Data Information Computer Knowledge 48  Data: Data is the name given to basic facts such as names and numbers.  Information: Information is data that has been converted into a more useful or intelligible form.  Knowledge: Knowledge arrangement of information and classifying information of the same type or the same topic. 49 e. g. -2 4 0 -3 10 (data) data | | sort \ / -3 -2 0 4 10 (information) information 50 Processing data produces information, and processing information produces knowledge. 51  Software It is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks. System software – OS, device drivers Application software – MS office, web browser, multimedia player etc.  Operating system Types – CUI DOS, UNIX – GUI Win (7,8,10), LINUX, macOS  Operating system Single user Multi user Multitasking / multiprogramming Multiprocessing Distributed Real time Mobile  Application software Perform operation/ task as per user requirement or called end user programs application software unable to run without system software e.g. operating system. – Internet browsers like Firefox, Safari, and Chrome – Skype, Zoom