Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology ICM 2102 PDF

# Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology ## University Examination 2022/2023 ### Mid of Term Three Examination for Bachelor of Science in Clinical Medicine (Year 1.3) **ICM 2102: Human Anatomy for Abdomen Pelvis and Perineum** **Duration**: 3 Hours **Instructions:** - This exa...

# Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology ## University Examination 2022/2023 ### Mid of Term Three Examination for Bachelor of Science in Clinical Medicine (Year 1.3) **ICM 2102: Human Anatomy for Abdomen Pelvis and Perineum** **Duration**: 3 Hours **Instructions:** - This exam has two sections: Section A: Multiple choice questions type, Section B: Short answer questions. - You are supposed to answer all questions in the two sections in a period of three hours. - Write your registration number on the answer sheet provided and on top of every page of the booklet. - Do not write your name in each of the answer sheets. # Short Answer Questions; 5mks Each ## Answer All The Questions 1. While doing their dissections in the lab, some BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT noted that the following artery supply the stomach that originates from the celiac trunk: - Left gastric artery - Left epiploic artery - Right gastric artery - Short gastric artery - Right epiploic artery 2. While doing their dissections in the lab, some BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT noted that the following structures don't relate to the stomach posterior inferior surface: - Body of pancreas - Splenic artery - Right crus and dome of the diaphragm - Transverse mesocolon - Right kidney 3. While doing their dissections in the lab, some BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT, while discussing about the mucosal folding of the stomach, noted that the following statement was incorrect about the gastric canal: - It is located along the lesser curvature of the stomach. - It is also called Magenstrasse. - It is produced due to the absence of longitudinal fold of gastric mucosa. - It is prone to ulceration. - The fluid passes here before spreading to the entire part of the stomach. 4. While doing their dissections of the spleen in the lab, some BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT found out that the spleen presents with the following features, which one was false: - It is the largest lymphoid organ in the body. - It filters the microbial agents from the circulation. - It develops in the ventral mesogastrium. - It is located in the left hypochondrium between the fundus of the stomach and diaphragm. - Developed from dorsal mesogastrium. 5. The BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT were discussing concerning the anatomy of the liver, and one student argued that the liver has the following features, which statement is false: - It almost completely occupies right hypochondrium. - It forms about 1/18th of total body weight in a newborn. - It lies largely outside the thoracic cage. - It weighs about 1-2 kg. 6. While doing their dissections in the lab, some BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT noted that the following factors support the liver in position, except which one: - Hepatic veins - Intra-abdominal pressure - Ligaments of liver - Hepatic pedicle 7. When the BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT were dissecting the liver, they noted that the following statements about the bare area of the liver was false: - It is the largest non-peritoneal area of the liver. - It is located on the posterior surface of the right lobe. - It is related to the right spleen. - It is one of the sites of porta systemic anastomosis. 8. While doing their dissections in the lab, some BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT noted incorrect statements about porta hepatis: - It is a horizontal fissure on the inferior surface of the liver. - The neck of the gallbladder lies at its right end. - The junction of the fissures for ligamentum teres and ligamentum lies at its left end. - The right and left hepatic ducts enter the liver through it. 9. BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT were discussing about surgery of the gallbladder. They mentioned that ligation of the common hepatic artery will eliminate the gastric blood supply through which of the following arteries? - Left gastric and short gastric arteries - Short gastric and right gastro-omental arteries - Right gastro-omental and right gastric arteries # Short Answer Questions; 5MKS Each ## Answer All The Questions 1. While doing their dissections in the lab, some BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT noted that the following artery supply the stomach that originates from the celiac trunk: - Left gastric artery - Left epiploic artery - Right gastric artery - Short gastric artery - Right epiploic artery 2. While doing their dissections in the lab, some BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT noted that the following structures don't relate to the stomach posterior inferior surface: - Body of pancreas - Splenic artery - Right crus and dome of the diaphragm - Transverse mesocolon - Right kidney 3. While doing their dissections in the lab, some BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT, while discussing about the mucosal folding of the stomach, noted that the following statement was incorrect about the gastric canal: - It is located along the lesser curvature of the stomach. - It is also called Magenstrasse. - It is produced due to the absence of longitudinal fold of gastric mucosa. - It is prone to ulceration. - The fluid passes here before spreading to the entire part of the stomach. 4. While doing their dissections of the spleen in the lab, some BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT found out that the spleen presents with the following features, which one was false: - It is the largest lymphoid organ in the body. - It filters the microbial agents from the circulation. - It develops in the ventral mesogastrium. - It is located in the left hypochondrium between the fundus of the stomach and diaphragm. - Developed from dorsal mesogastrium. 5. The BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT were discussing concerning the anatomy of the liver, and one student argued that the liver has the following features, which statement is false: - It almost completely occupies right hypochondrium. - It forms about 1/18th of total body weight in a newborn. - It lies largely outside the thoracic cage. - It weighs about 1-2 kg. 6. While doing their dissections in the lab, some BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT noted that the following factors support the liver in position, except which one: - Hepatic veins - Intra-abdominal pressure - Ligaments of liver - Hepatic pedicle 7. When the BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT were dissecting the liver, they noted that the following statements about the bare area of the liver was false: - It is the largest non-peritoneal area of the liver. - It is located on the posterior surface of the right lobe. - It is related to the right spleen. - It is one of the sites of porta systemic anastomosis. 8. While doing their dissections in the lab, some BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT noted incorrect statements about porta hepatis: - It is a horizontal fissure on the inferior surface of the liver. - The neck of the gallbladder lies at its right end. - The junction of the fissures for ligamentum teres and ligamentum lies at its left end. - The right and left hepatic ducts enter the liver through it. 9. BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT were discussing about surgery of the gallbladder. They mentioned that ligation of the common hepatic artery will eliminate the gastric blood supply through which of the following arteries? - Left gastric and short gastric arteries - Short gastric and right gastro-omental arteries - Right gastro-omental and right gastric arteries 10. When presenting the embryology of the midgut, the BSC students listed all the following structures as derivatives. Which one was wrong? - Appendix - Proximal duodenum - Jejunum - Ascending colon - Ileum 11. When discussing the embryonic cavities, one of the students mentioned that the peritoneal cavity communicates with extraembryonic coelom during embryonic development but it stops later. Which period do this process stops? - 3rd week - 8th week - 10th week - 14th week - 16th week 12. Trauma with vascular accident on fetal structures during 26 weeks pregnancy involved compression of the inferior mesenteric artery. Which of the following structures is likely not to be affected? - Sigmoid colon - Descending colon - Proximal transverse colon - Rectum - Anus 13. Testosterone hormone promotes normal development of the male reproductive system. One of the students was asked the cells that secrete this hormone, choose the correct one. - Spermatogonia - Primordial germ cells - Sustentacular cells - Interstitial cells - Sertoli cells 14. One of the BSC students was told to present on the female reproductive system embryology. Which of the following structure did the student mentioned to play important role in development of female reproductive ductal system? - Wolffian ducts - Mullerian ducts - Tunica albuginea - Paramesonephric ducts - Metanephros 15. Which one of the following is not true concerning the development of the external genitalia? - Genital tubercle forms the glans penis in males. - The urethral folds fuse in females to form the labias. - The urethral folds fuse in males to form the penile urethra. - Genital tubercle forms the clitoris in females. - The scrotal septum separates the two halves of the scrotum. 16. Which of the following hormone is produced by sustentacular cells? - Testosterone - Oestrogen - Mullerian inhibiting substance - Follicle stimulating hormone - Progeterone 17. During year one presentation on the female ductal system, the students are like to mention that the Uterovaginal primordium is formed by fusion of which of the following structures? - Mesonephric ducts - Paramesonephric ducts - Metanephric tubules - Mesonephric tubules - Pronephric ducts 18. An ultrasound scan at 14 weeks showed renal agenesis, and year one students were asked to discuss on the development of the kidney, one of them started with the 3 nephric structures mentioning one that is not functional in humans. Which one is correct? - Mesonephros - Mullerian ducts - Metanephros - Mesonephric ducts - Pronephros 19. Year one student was learning to take a neonatal history and listed the symptoms related to the urinary system and was told to elaborate more on the system, the student started with embryology of the urinary bladder as one of the organs in this system. Choose the statement that was not given correctly regarding the same: - Formed from the upper portion of the urogenital sinus - Median umbilical ligament is a remnant of allantois - Mesonephric ducts form the trigone of the urinary bladder - Epithelium of the urinary bladder is derived from the mesoderm - Urinary bladder has transitional epithelium 20. The embryology lecturer mentioned 2 important structures contributing to genitourinary system, urogenital sinus and the intermediate mesoderm. The students were asked to list the parts of the male urethra that are derived from the lower portion of urogenital sinus. Which one was wrong? - Distal part of the penile urethra - Bulbous urethra - Membranous urethra - Prostatic urethra - Membranous and bulbous 21. During anatomy discussion on the urinary system, BSC year one students decided to start with the embryology of the female urethra. Which of the following statements concerning this process was stated correctly? - Endoderm forms the epithelium - Mesoderm forms the epithelium - Mesoderm forms the glands - Formed from upper potion of the urogenital sinus - Epithelium is simple cuboidal 22. The year one student who was presenting the development of the kidney mentioned 2 important structures, the ureteric bud and the metanephric blastemal. Which of the following structures of the renal system did not develop from the ureteric bud? - Calyx - Convoluted tubules - Renal pelvis - Ureters - Collecting ducts 23. The ventral mesentery holds the primitive gut to the anterior abdominal wall during embryological development. However, it fate away remaining only a ligament, choose the ligament from this mesentery. - Round ligament - Falciform ligament - Median umbilical ligament - Medial umbilical ligaments - Ligamentum teres 24. The small intestine has three histologically distinct regions. Which of the following statements concerning the histological differences in the three regions is true? - Peyer patches are present only in the ileum. - Goblet cells are present only in the epithelium of the duodenum. - Brunner glands are located in the duodenum and jejunum but not the ileum. - Lacteals are present only in the lamina propria of the ileum. - The muscularis mucosae contains three layers of smooth muscle in the ileum and two layers in the duodenum and jejunum. 25. The histological organization of the conducting and respiratory portion of the airway differs which implies different pathologies are restricted to the different regions. Which features are found in the respiratory bronchioles? - No gas exchange occurs in them. - They do not have alveoli forming part of their wall. - They contain goblet cells in their lining epithelium. - They are included in the conducting portion of the respiratory system. - Ciliated cells comprise a portion of their lining epithelium. 26. Bronchial asthma affects the terminal bronchioles. Find the correct statement about asthma. - It is due to a loss of lung elasticity. - It eventually causes the lungs to expand and leads to a barrel chest. - It is associated with difficulty expiring air from the lungs. - It may be treated by gene therapy using recombinant alpha 1-antitrypsin. - It is usually not associated with inflammation. 27. Other than the pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages are a histological finding in the respiratory portion of the airway. Which of the following statements concerning alveolar macrophages is true? - They secrete alpha 1 antitrypsin. - They secrete elastase. - They originate from blood neutrophils. - They may play a role in causing hyaline membrane disease. - They secrete small amounts of surfactant. 28. Find the statement that links epithelium to its regional function of protection: - It is avascular thus not supplied with blood. - The ducts of eccrine sweat glands are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium. - In patients with chronic bronchitis, the ratio of goblet cells to ciliated columnar epithelial cells reduces. - The topmost cell layer in the epithelium of skin is characterized by anucleate cells. - Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system do not have regenerative properties. 29. Which of the following statements concerning the gallbladder is true? - It synthesizes bile. - It is lined by a simple columnar epithelium. - Bile leaves the gallbladder via the common bile duct. - It has no muscle cells in the walls. - It is affected by the hormone secretin. 30. Epithelial cells line the gastrointestinal tract are different in the gastrointestinal tract and the esophagus. Which of the following cellular properties best distinguishes lining/coating epithelial cells from the two regions? Apical and basal membrane domains. - Cell-cell anchoring junctions - Cell-extracellular matrix anchoring junctions - Communicating (gap) junctions - Pericellular lamina externa 31. The mucosa of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract has a lot of variation. Find the correct statement. - Muscularis mucosae is found in the mucosa of the oral cavity. - The lamina propria has abundant connective tissue cells that perform an immunological function. - The hard palate is lined with the lining mucosa. - The filiform papillae are lined with parakeratinized epithelium. - Barret's esophagus is characterized by protective keratinization of the original stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium of the distal esophagus. 32. The tongue histological organization has been adapted to function. Which statement best describes this. - The filiform papillae have taste buds. - The intrinsic muscles of the tongue are striated. - The intrinsic muscles of the tongue are smooth muscles. - The fungiform papillae may have keratinized epithelium. - The mucosa has muscularis mucosae. 33. Find the best answer. - Sensitivity to all tastes is distributed across the entire tongue. - Renewal of surface mucous cells of the stomach takes approximately 28 days. - Eosinophils are the principal cells of mucosal immunity of the gastrointestinal tract. - Mature cells of the intestinal epithelium have different stem cell origins. - A person with acute esophagitis has a reduced population density of cells within the lamina propria 34. During histological discussion, the students were asked to describe the features of gastrointestinal. Crypts of Lieberkuhn are found in: - Gall bladder. - Seminal vesicles. - Stomach. - Tonsil. - Small bowel. 35. During anatomy discussion, the students were asked to name part of the stomach and state the features which are found in each parts. Which part of the stomach has the highest concentration of gastrin cells? - Fundus. - Body. - Pylorus. - Cardiac part. - None of the body. 36. During one of human anatomy lessons, Bsc., clinical medicine students were asked to state the most striking feature that distinguishes the duodenum from the rest of the small intestine histologically. Which was the correct answer? - Presence of smaller villi. - Presence of Brunner's glands. - Presence of inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle. - Its posterior part lacks serosa. - Stratified columnar epithelium. 37. A BSc. Clinical medicine student year 1.3 student from JKUAT was asked to describe a mid-sagittal section in an image to display internal anatomical structurers. Which of the following describes the section? - A vertical section through the nose and umbilicus that divides the body into right and left halves. - A cross-section through the midriff at about the level of the liver. - A cross-section through the upper chest at about the level of the shoulders. - A vertical section through the midpoint of the clavicle and through either the right or left thigh. - A vertical section through the body that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves. 38. While defining the location of McBurney's point, Bsc clinical medicine students were correct to state that: - Is half way the line from the umbilicus to the anterior superior iliac spine. - Is half way the line from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic symphysis. - Is a third way on an imaginary line from the anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus. - Is found at the sternal angle of Louis. - Is not of any clinical importance. 39. During a practical session, BSc. Clinical medicine students from JKUAT identified a feature ileum different from jejunum. Which is the feature among the ones listed below: - Presence of Peyer's patches. - Fat far from gut. - Bigger diameter. - Numerous plica circularis. - Clear mesentery. 40. During cadaveric dissection practical session, BSC. Clinical medicine students from JKUAT realized that the commonest position of the appendix is: - Pelvic - Sub ceacal - Pre ileal - Retroceacel - Post ileal 41. Among the choices given below, BSc. Clinical medicine 1.3 students from JKUAT were asked to choose the incorrect statement concerning the first part of duodenum. Which among the sentencis did they choose? - Has the duodenal cup. - Crossed by prepyloric vein of Mayo. - Is retroperitoneal. - Common site for duodenal ulcers. - Gets. blood. from. gastro. duodenal artery. 42. Bsc,. Clinical medicine 1.3 students were asked to select the incorrect statement about the abdominal cavity proper. Which statement did they choose? - It is under cover of the thoracic cage superiorly - It is continuous inferiorly with the pelvic cavity - It is partially protected inferiorly by the false pelvis - It is located between the diaphragm and pelvic outlet - Lined. on its inner surface by the parietal peritoneum 43. During dissection session by Bsc. Clinical medicine 1.3 students, they identified the median umbilical ligament. This ligament is a remnant of: - Urachus - Umbilical arteries - Umbilical vein - Inferior epigastric vessels - Superior epigastric vessels 44. During a laparoscopic procedure to remove inflamed appendix, Bsc.linical medicine 1.3 students from JKUAT were asked by the surgeon to define name the dermatome of the region of umbilicus. Which was the correct answer? - T9 - T8 - T10 - T11 - T12 45. Bsc. Clinical medicine 1.3 class from JKUAT were asked to pick the correct answer regarding the rectus sheath. Which answer was correct? - It is contributed by the aponeurosis of external oblique muscle only - It is contributed by the aponeurosis of external oblique muscle and internal oblique only - It is contributed by the aponeurosis of external oblique muscle, internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscle. - Is aponeurosis of transversus abdominis - It's. the. muscle. fiber. of external oblique muscle 46. A 21-year-old male student from JKUAT and a football player is admitted to the emergency department at Thika level 5 hospital with intense back pain. Physical examination shows that his left lower back is bruised and swollen. He complains of sharp pain during respiration. A radiograph reveals a fracture of the eleventh rib on the left side. Which of the following organs would be the most likely to sustain injury at this site? - Spleen - Lung - Kidney - Liver - Pancreas 47. A 35-year-old man from Juja is admitted to the hospital with a small-caliber bullet wound to the left upper quadrant of the abdomen in Mama Lucy Hospital. Radiographic examination reveals profuse intraperitoneal bleeding. An emergency laparotomy is performed, and the source of bleeding appears to be a vessel within the lesser sac. Which of the following ligaments would most likely be transected to gain adequate entry to the lesser sac? - Coronary - Gastrosplenic - Splenorenal - Gastrocolic - Hepatoduodenal 48. A 48-year-old man is admitted in Mama Lucy hospital with severe abdominal pain. Radiologic examination reveals a tumor in the tail of the pancreas. A diagnostic arteriogram shows that the tumor has compromised the blood supply to another organ. Which of the following organs is most likely to have its blood supply compromised by this tumor? - Duodenum - Gallbladder - Kidney - Liver - Spleen 49. A 42-year-old man is admitted in Murang'a hospital with severe hematemesis. Radiographic studies reveal hepatomegaly and esophageal varices. During physical examination it is observed that the patient is icteric (jaundiced) and dilated veins ("caput medusae") are seen on his anterior abdominal wall. Which of the following venous structures is most likely obstructed for the development of caput medusae? - Portal vein - Inferior vena cava - Superior vena cava - Lateral thoracic vein - Superficial epigastric vein 50. After a mastectomy, a musculocutaneous flap is used to restore the thoracic contour in a 34-year-old female patient admitted in Thika level 5 hospital. The ipsilateral (same side) rectus abdominis muscle was detached carefully from the surrounding structures and transposed to the thoracic wall. Which of the following landmarks is most often used to locate the inferior end of the posterior, tendinous layer of the rectus sheath? - Intercristal line - Linea alba - Arcuate line - Pectineal line - Semilunar line 51. A 35-year-old man is admitted in Gatundu level 4 hospital with an indirect inguinal hernia. During an open hernioplasty (in contrast to a laparoscopic procedure), the spermatic cord and the internal abdominal oblique muscles are identified by BSc. Clinical medicine 1.3 students from JKUAT. Which component of the spermatic cord is derived from the internal abdominal oblique muscle? - External spermatic fascia - Cremaster muscle - Tunica vaginalis - Internal spermatic fascia - Dartos fascia 52. A 24-year-old Bsc. Clinical medicine student from JKUAT has a dull aching pain in the umbilical region, and flexion of the hip against resistance (psoas test) causes a sharp pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant. Which of the following structures is most likely inflamed to cause the pain? - Appendix - Bladder - Gallbladder - Pancreas - Uterus 53. During the surgical repair of a perforated duodenal ulcer in a 47-year-old male patient where Bsc clinical medicine 1.3 class from JKUAT were in attendance, the gastroduodenal artery is ligated. A branch of which of the following arteries will continue to supply blood to the pancreas in this patient? - Inferior mesenteric - Left gastric - Right gastric - Proper hepatic - Superior mesenteric 54. After a "tummy-tuck" (abdominoplasty) procedure is performed on a 45-year-old man admitted in Mama Lucy referral hospital, which of the following layers of the abdominal wall will hold the sutures? - Scarpa's fascia - Camper's fascia - Transversalis fascia - Extraperitoneal tissue - External abdominal oblique aponeurosis 55. Simple squamous type of epithelium is found in the following areas except - Lungs alveoli - Blood capillaries - Lymphatic vessels - Lining of the heart - Kidney tubules 56. The membranous layer of superficial fascia of anterior abdominal wall is continuous with all except: - Buck's fascia of penis - Dartos muscle of scrotum - Fascia of Gallaudet - Colles' fascia of perineum 57. BSc. Clinical medicine students from JKUAT were asked to identify a structure that lie in between the superficial and deep layers of superficial fascia of the anterior abdominal wall. Which structure did they identify? - Superior epigastric artery - Inferior epigastric artery - Superficial epigastric artery - Lower five intercostal nerves - The intercostal nerves 58. During a discussion group session, Bsc. Clinical medicine 1.3 students identified an incorrect statement concerning cremaster muscle. Which among the ones stated below did they choose? - It consists of loops of skeletal muscle fibre, derived from internal oblique muscle - Its function is to pull the testis up toward the superficial inguinal ring - It is supplied by ilioinguinal nerve - Its action is not under voluntary control - Its supplied by genital nerve 59. Bsc. Clinical medicine 1.3 students choose an incorrect statement concerning Hesselbach's triangle. Which answer did they choose? - It lies superficial to the inguinal canal - It is bounded laterally by inferior epigastric artery - It is bounded medially by lateral border of rectus abdominis - It is bounded inferiorly by the inguinal ligament - Its bound laterally by inferior epigastric vessel 60. While performing dissections of the spleen, BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT noted the hilum of spleen is located on its visceral surface in the region of: - Renal impression - Gastric impression - Colic impression - Pancreatic impression - Colic impression 61. The BSC clinical medicine JKUAT students while doing the dissection of the liver they noted the physiological lobes of the liver are form by segments which are functional anatomical lobes how many segments do liver have: - 6 - 7 - 8. - 9. - 10. 62. While doing their dissections of liver the BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT noted the notable features on the visceral surface of the liver include the following except which one: - Gallbladder - Bare area of liver - Porta hepatis - Fissure of ligamentum teres hepatis - Fossa of gall bladder 63. The BSC clinical medicine students were discussing about pancreatic surfaces during their major dissection period and they mention about ration of the pancreas, the posterior surface of the head of pancreas is relate to all the following structures except: - Inferior vena cava - Aorta - Terminal parts of renal veins - Bile duct - Hepatic artery 64. While doing their dissections in the lab some BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT noted that following was not a constant muscle in the fore arm-Select the incorrect statement about the tail of pancreas: - It lies within the lienorenal ligament - It comes in contact with the surface of the spleen - It has maximum concentration of islets of Langerhans - It is the most fixed part of the pancreas - Relate with visceral surfaces of spleen 65. While doing their dissections in the lab some BSC clinical medicine students from JKUAT noted all the statements about the neck of pancreas were correct except: - Its anterior surface is related to the pylorus - The portal vein is formed behind it - It lies behind the lesser sac - It presents an upward projection called tuber omentale - Relate with the common bile duct 66. The BSC clinical medicine students were dissecting the large intestine and small intestine where they noted the hanging features that begins from the caecum to sigmoid colon, which one was correct: - Appendices epiploicae - Sacculations - Villi - Taenia coli - Aggregation of lymphoid # Section B ## Short Answer Questions 1. Describe the blood supply and innervation to the anterior abdominal wall: 2. Outline the differences between visceral and parietal peritoneum: 3. List the differences between large and small intestines: 4. Differentiate between femoral and inguinal hernia: 5. Describe the blood and nerve supply to the stomach: 6. Describe the gross anatomy of the pancreas: 7. Describe the anatomy of the kidney, blood, and nerve supply: 8. Outline the course and relation of ureter and one clinical correlation: 9. While rotating in the histopathology laboratory, you come across a specimen of the esophagus from a patient who has been having chronic gastroesophageal reflux. The resident pathologist requests you to describe the general histological organization of the esophagus and one possible histological change finding in this patient: 10. Patients with chronic gastritis tend to get the stomach epithelium being replaced by intestinal epithelium (intestinal metaplasia). In this regard the histological organization of the gastric gland is lost. Briefly describe the histological organization of the gastric gland under the following headings: - Type of cells - Location of the different cells - Function of the different cells 11. Describe the general histological organization of the lip: 12. Describe the functions of the kidney and one clinical correlate: 13. Explain any 5 congenital anomalies associated with the development of the genital system: 14. Briefly describe the development of the stomach: 15. Describe the development of the midgut: 16. Explain any 5 congenital anomalies associated with the development of the renal system: