Astronomy (Stars) Notes - PDF

# Astronomy (Stars) - Massive collection of gasses held together by their own gravity - Huge amounts of energy - Luminous - Colour of stars: - Blue hotter than red - White - Yellow - Orange - Red - Sirius has a luminosity of 22, sirius is 22 times brighter than the sun ## Char...

# Astronomy (Stars) - Massive collection of gasses held together by their own gravity - Huge amounts of energy - Luminous - Colour of stars: - Blue hotter than red - White - Yellow - Orange - Red - Sirius has a luminosity of 22, sirius is 22 times brighter than the sun ## Characteristics - Colour, temperature, size, brightness - Length of life depends on it's mass - How much gas and dust is available in the nebula ## Birth - Begins as Nebulas - 'ball of gas and dust' - Nuclear fusion - Hydrogen atoms fuse into helium - Protostar (forming star) ## Stage of Life - Most stars fall into main sequence - 90% - Nuclear fusion until old age approach - Death - Average sized stars: white dwarfs - Massive stars: explode (Neutron stars or black holes) - Dead (no nuclear fusion anymore) - Depend on mass - Less mass: neutron star - More mass: black hole ## Big Bang Theory - Theory that the universe began in an incredibly hot, dense expansion - Around 13.7 billion years ago - Stars and galaxy light can be analyzed by measuring the wavelengths ### Spectral Lines - When recording spectral lines, - Redshift refers to when galaxies are moving away from each other - Blueshift refers to when galaxies are coming together - The universe is also moving (expanding) evidence: - Static interference (detected radiation from all directions in the universe represented the remnants of energy released by initial expansion of space that followed the big bang) - Cosmic background radiation ## Celestial Objects In Space ### Moon/Satellites - Natural objects which revolve around a planet - No atmosphere - Responsible for tides - Meteoroid - Chump of rock released by a comet - Meteor showers are caused by metal which is pulled towards Earth by gravity - ### Asteroids - Irregular shaped rocky objects (solid rock core) - Many orbit around the Sun (asteroid belt) ### Meteor - Meteoroid that heats up in Earth's atmosphere and begins to fall and glow and becomes a meteor ### Meteorite - Object that is not vaporized before it contacts the Earth's surface ### Comets - Chunks of frozen gases, rocks & dust - Celestial object that orbits the sun - Tail always pointing away from the sun - Any object that exists in space - Comet Shoemaker-Levy a hit Jupiter in 1994 ### Cort Cloud - Contains billions of comets - Defines the gravitational boundary of our solar system ## The Sun - Provides heat & light to planets, galaxies, comets, asteroids, etc) - Synthesized by nuclear fusion - Provides photo (energy) to planets, galaxies, comets, asteroids, etc) - Helps determine seasons - Helps determine calendars, crop planting - Sunspots (caused by nuclear fusion) - Mostly hydrogen and some helium - Has sunspots - Stronger magnetic field ## Earth's Movement ### Rotation - Daily (1 day) - Spinning of Earth on it's axis - Axis (23.5° tilt) causes different parts of the Earth to get different amounts of sunlight ### Revolution - Yearly (365.25 days) - The movement of an object around another object - Earth orbits the sun in 365.25 days - Earth is kept in orbit by the gravitational pull of the sun ### Seasons - During winter months, Northern Hemisphere does not get the direct rays of the sun - Earth spins, side that faces the sun is day - During summer (tilts away from sun) - Northern Hemisphere gets the direct rays of the sun ## Tides - Are created by the gravitational pull of the sun - The Moon ## Microgravity - Condition in which the gravitational forces that act on a mass are greatly reduced - Feeling of weightlessness ### Effects 1. Heart does not have to pump as hard to circulate blood causing heart muscles to weaken 2. Muscles weaken due to lack of use in space 3. Red blood cell production decreases and body's immune system also weakens, opening them up for infections and diseases ### Solutions - Special diets - Exercise - Medication - Space boots ## Constellations - A group of stars that make an imaginary shape in the night sky - Named after mythological characters, people, animas, and objects - Same group of stars interpret differently parts of the world - Used for navigationing at night and keep track of seasons in the past ## Space - Albert - First monkey in rocket (1948) - 63 km on a 12 rocket - Albert II - First monkey in space (1949) - 134km - Yuri Gagarin - First human in space (1961) - 15 mins on Vostok 1 - Armstrong & Aldrin - First humans to land on the moon (1969) while Collins orbited above - Landed on the moon 5 times - Maiden flight of the Columbia space Shuttle officially called Space Transportation System (STS) - cheap reusable launch vehicle - Carried astronauts & payload (satellites or space station parts into low Earth orbit) - Shuttles - Enterprise (never used) - Colombia (2003 - disintegrated during re-entry) - Challenger ( 1986 - disintegrated 13sers after Tounch) - Discovery - Atlantis - Endeavour - Each shuttle was designed for a projected lifespan of 100 launches or in years operational life ## Other issues - Lack of gravity: - Dark since no light gets passed (almost) - Weakened heart - Dehydration - Loss of bone density - Disorientation - Lack of food, water and oxygen - Cannot survive without - Psychdogical effects: - Depression & anxiety due to isolation - Insomnia - stressful situation - Bring own supplies - Grow plants for oxygen & food - Water recycling systems - Creating private spaces for rest & relaxation - Excersize - Socialization (positive group dynamics) ## Chemistry (Properties of Matter) - Chemistry: study of matter - Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space - Physical & chemical properties: ### Classifying Matter - Solid: - Fixed shape - Fixed volume - Liquid: - Easily compressed - Gas: - Easily compressed ### Physical Properties - Description of a substance - Size, shape, location, physical state - Colour, state of matter, texture, hardness, ability to scratch, malleability, ability to bend (ductility), ability to be stretched, density, matter per unit volume, clarity, taste, melting point/freezing point, boiling point * Physical Change: when identity of substance is unchanged ### Chemical Properties - Describes the behavior of a substance - Combustibility (ability to react to oxygen) - Reaction with acid, reaction with water * Chemical Change: when new substance is formed * Creation of gas, creation of/loss of heat, colour change, production of light, table 2, changes in odour, mostly irreversible **Density** - Relationship between mass of a substance and how much space it takes up - Use for all - U = Unknown - G = Given - E = Equation - S = Solution - S = Statement **Units** - Solids: g/cm³ - Liquids: g/mL - Density (d) = mass(m)/volume (v) ### Counting Subatomic particles | | Protons | Electrons |Neutrons | Atomic Mass | | - | - | - | - | - | | ₂₇Al¹³ | 13 | 2.8.3 | 14 | 27 | - Atomic Number = # of protons - # of protons = Atomic Number - Atomic Mass = # of protons + # of neutrons - # of neutrons = Atomic Mass - # of protons - X Y? X = Atomic Mass - Y = Protons - ? = Symbol ### Elemental Addresses: (Periodic Table) - (xy) P^?G^? - Group # Periods - Element, period, symbol, # - Rows/Groups * Ex. Where is gold located? - A = (Au) P¹G¹¹ - Metals 1. Alkali Metals - Group 1 - Shiny, soft - Low density - Most reactive metals - Not found in nature alone (too reactive) 2. Alkaline Earth Metals - group 2 - Shiny, silvery, not soft - Reactive out less than alkali metals 3. Transition Metals - Group 3-12 - Harder metals - 'Metals used "as metals"' - Least reactive metals 4. Metalloids - Possess both metallic and non-metal properties - Solid at room temp - Some shiny - Many are conductors 5. Non-metals - Halogens - Group 17 - Found in different states (solid, liquid, gas) - Most reactive nonmetals - Rarely found in elemental forms - Poisonous in large amounts 6. Noble Gases (inert) - Group 18 - Stable = Non-reactive - Least reactive non-metals - Colourless - Glow bright (electric charge) - Non toxic (exept radon) 7. Hydrogen - Belong to its own family - Very reactive ### Diagrams - Bohr-Ruthford Diagram - protons and neutrons go in nucleus - Electrons go around 12,8,8 - Lewis Dot Diagram - Outer most electron shell - Xy = Element - Ex: Sodium - Outer most shell has 2 electrons - N = Element - Symbol - Examples: - Sodium : - 11⁺ = 11 - e^- = 11 (2, 8, 1) - N=23 - n = 12 ## Physics (Electricity) - Build up pr movement of electrons - Energy created from transfer of electronse.p^- - Electrons easly move in and out of atoms. ### Electric Charges - When an object gains electron, it becomes negatively charged e.pn^- - When an object loses electrons, it becomes positively charged e.p⁺ ### Static Electricity - e^- build up on an object - Do not move ### Grounding - When an object is connected to the Earth through a conductor (eg. metal wire) ### Discharge - When all extra charges have been an object leaving it neutral, without a charge ### Conductors - Materials that allow e^- to move freely through them - (eg. metals) ### Insulators - Materials that do not allow e^- to move freely through them - (eg. rubber) ### Law of Electric Charges - Like charges repel - Unlike charges attract ### Friction - Charges move by rubbing ### Contact/Conduction - Charges move by touch ### Induction - Charges move without direct contact ### Electrostatic Series - Substances with a greater hold on electrons can 'steal' electrons from something with a weaker hold - Weak hold on electrons - Strong hold on electrons ### Current Electricity - Refers to flow of e^- - A continuous source of electrons flow from one place to another ### Examples: - Charging a phone