CADD Computer Aided Drafting Design Lesson PDF

**CADD: COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING DESIGN CODE:** **COURSE:** **COME 1051** **FLOWCHART** **HISTORY** - \"Flow Process Chart" -- Introduced By **Frank And Lillian Gilbreth** In The Presentation \"Process Charts: First Steps In Finding The One Best Way To Do Work" To Members Of The** ...

**CADD: COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING DESIGN CODE:** **COURSE:** **COME 1051** **FLOWCHART** **HISTORY** - \"Flow Process Chart" -- Introduced By **Frank And Lillian Gilbreth** In The Presentation \"Process Charts: First Steps In Finding The One Best Way To Do Work" To Members Of The** American Society Of Mechanical Engineers (Asme)** In **1921** -  Allan H. Mogensen Train Business People In The Use Of Some Of The Tools Of Industrial Engineering At His Work Simplification Conferences - Art Spinanger --Took The Tools Back To [Procter And Gamble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_and_Gamble) Where He Developed Their Deliberate Methods Change Program - Ben S. Graham --Director Of Formcraft Engineering At [Standard Register Industrial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Register_Industrial), Applied The Flow Process Chart To Information Processing With His Development Of The Multi-Flow Process Chart, To Present Multiple Documents And Their Relationships. - 1947 --In 1947, Asme Adopted A Symbol Set Derived From Gilbreth\'s Original Work As The \"Asme Standard: Operation And Flow Process Charts - 1949 --Douglas Hartree Explained That Herman Goldstine And John Von Neumann Had Developed A Flowchart. The Original Programming Flowcharts Of Goldstine And Von Neumann Can Be Found In Their Unpublished Report, \"Planning And Coding Of Problems For An Electronic Computing Instrument, Part Ii, Volume 1 - Popular Tool For Describing [Computer Algorithms] - Popularity Decreased In The 1970s **Flowchart Defined** - Flowcharts are visual representations of processes and systems, showing the various steps, decision points, and paths through a process. - it is used to help understand, analyze, and optimize processes. - A well-designed flowchart should be easy to read and follow a logical sequence of steps**.** - ** **In a wide range of fields, including software development, engineering, business, and education, it is used to help understand, analyze, and optimize processes. **Flowchart symbols** - Flowchart symbols are graphical representations of various components of a process or system. - Each symbol is used to denote a particular action, decision, or result in the process being represented. - The most common symbol used in a flowchart is the rectangle. A rectangle represents a process, operation, or a task. The next most common symbol is the diamond which is used to represent a decision. **Terminal / Terminator**  - Denotes the start or end of a flowchart. - The terminator shows where your process begins or ends. You can use words like 'Start', 'Begin', 'End' inside the terminator shape to make things more obvious. **Process / Rectangle** - Used to represent a process, action step, or operation - Flowchart process shape is used to represent a process, action step, or operation.  - While these are pictured with rectangles, the text in the rectangle mostly includes a verb. For example, 'Edit Video', 'Try Again', 'Choose Your Plan. **Data (I/O)** - Used to represent input and output - The Data object, often referred to as the I/O Shape shows the Inputs to and Outputs from a process. This takes the shape of a parallelogram. **Decision / Condition**  - This object is always used in a process flow to ask a question. - The decision shape is represented as a Diamond. - This object is always used in a process flow to ask a question. And, the answer to the question determines the arrows coming out of the Diamond. - This shape is quite unique with two arrows coming out of it. One from the bottom point corresponding to Yes or True and one from either the right/left point corresponding to No or False. - The arrows should always be labeled to avoid confusion in the process flow. **Document** - Used to represent a Document or Report in a process flow. - The terminator shows where your process begins or ends. You can use words like 'Start', 'Begin', 'End' inside the terminator shape to make things more obvious. **Stored Data**  - This is a general data storage object used in the process flow as opposed to data that could be also stored on a hard drive, magnetic tape, memory card, of any other storage device. **Direct Data** - Direct Data object in a process flow represents information stored which can be accessed directly. - This object represents a computer's hard drive. **Internal Storage**  - Illustrate the information stored in memory, as opposed to on a file. - This is a shape that is commonly found in programming [flowcharts](https://creately.com/blog/diagrams/flowchart-templates-examples-creately/) to illustrate the information stored in memory, as opposed to on a file. - This shape is often referred to as the magnetic core memory of early computers, or the random access memory (RAM) as we call it today. **Subroutine** - This allows you to write one subroutine and call it as often as you like from anywhere in the code. - This shape takes two names -- 'Subroutine' or 'Predefined Process'. Its called a subroutine if you use this object in flowcharting a software program. This allows you to write one subroutine and call it as often as you like from anywhere in the code. - The same object is also called a Predefined Process. This means the flowchart for the predefined process has to be already drawn, and you should reference the flowchart for more information. **FLOWCHARTING TOOL** - Smart Draw - Microsoft Visio - Gliffy - EdrawMax - Textografo - Pencil Project - Draw.io - Creately - Miro - Whimsical - FigJam - Stormboard - Lucid Chart - Cacoo - ConceptDraw DIAGRAM - Mind Diagram - FlowMapp **Steps To Draw A Flowchart** - **1: Determine the purpose and scope of the flowchart** - **2: Identify the steps and sequence of the process** - **3: Choose the appropriate symbols and shapes** - **4: Draw the flowchart** - **5: Test and improve the flowchart** **Tips to Design Flowchart** - **Use Consistent Design Elements-*Consistent composition simplifies perception. Viewers like lightweight and clear schemes.*** - **Make it Clear and Simple-*Data about business processes should be understandable, not distracting.*** - **Flow Data from Left to Right-** - **Start and Finish Points** - **Color Coding** - **Shapes to Use** - **Match the Style to the Subject** - **Add Easy to Follow Path** - **Add Credible Statistics** - **Ideas for Results** - *Find ready-made palettes made by authors online. Alternatively, set your own palette if you have nice art skills.* - *diversity is not good in all situations. An overabundance of forms and shapes can lead to misunderstanding. So, keep it simple!* - *Try different approaches, but don't get too fond of it. Plenty of creative elements in a flowchart for, let's say, investors might distract their attention from the topic.* - *Clean and not intertwined lines connecting subjects is your perfect choice. Let them be intuitive and tell your story.* - *Don't over-do with numbers in your flowchart design. Otherwise, it can turn out to be a statistical report.* - *Make sure your results are clear and show your flowchart design to a couple of colleagues before presenting it to everyone.* **Common Mistakes in flowchart** - **The use of appropriate symbols** - **Avoid flow direction that is inconsistent** - **Excessive color schemes** - **Symbol sizes should be consistent** - **The need for consistent branch direction** - **Flowchart symbols and spacing** - **Remember to scale** - **Extended flowcharts** - **Define alternate paths clearly** - **Beware of loops** - **Be descriptive** - **Use a flowchart key** - **Battling inaccuracy** - **Stick to one level of detail** - **Don't leave room for any uncertainty** **Effective application of flowchart** - **Banking Teller Flowchart** - **Recruitment Process Flowchart** - **Credit Card Transaction Flowchart** - **University Admission Process** - **Purchase Order Process ** - **Video Uploading Process** - **Process Maps** - **After Sales Service Process** **Banking Teller Flowchart**  **Recruitment Process Flowchart** **Credit Card Transaction Flowchart**  **University Admission Process** **Purchase Order Process**  **Video Uploading Process** **Process Maps**  **After Sales Service Process** **UNIT SYMBOLS** Multiple Prefix Symbol ------------- ------------ -------- **10\^24** **Yotta** **Y** **10\^21** **Zetta** **Z** **10\^18** **Exa** **E** **10\^15** **Peta** **P** **10\^12** **Tera** **T** **10\^9** **Giga** **G** **10\^6** **Mega** **M** **10\^3** **Kilo** **k** **10\^2** **Hector** **h** **10\^1** **Deka** **da** **10\^-1** **deci** **d** **10\^-2** **centi** **c** **10\^-3** **Milli** **m** **10\^-6** **micro** **µ** **10\^-9** **Nano** **n** **10\^-12** **Pico** **p** **10\^-15** **Femto** **f** **10\^-18** **atto** **a** **10\^-21** **zepto** **z** **10\^24** **yocto** **y** **ABBREVATIONS AND LETTER SYMBOLS FOR UNIT**   **Electrical Circuit and Electronic Components Symbols** **WIRES** ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ Wires Connected Wires Unconnected Wires   Input Bus Line Output Bus Line Terminal  Bus Line  **SWITCHES** ----------------------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------ Push Button (Normally Open) Push Button (Normally Closed) SPST Switch  SPDT Switch DPST Switch DPDT Switch   Relay Switch **SOURCES** --------------------------- --------------------------- ------------------------- AC Supply DC Supply Constant Current Source   Controlled current Source Controlled Voltage Source Single Cell Battery  Multi Cell Battery  **Wave Generators** ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ Sinusoidal Generator Pulse Generator Triangular Wave  **GROUND SYMBOLS** Ground Signal Ground Chassis Ground   **RESISTOR SYMBOLS** ---------------------- -- -- Fixed Resistor **VARIABLE RESISTOR** ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ Rheostat Preset Thermistor   Varistor Magneto Resistor LDR  Tapped resistor Attenuator Memristor   **CAPACITOR SYMBOLS** ------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------ Non Polarized Capacitor Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic Capacitor  Feed through Capacitor Variable Capacitor  **INDUCTORS** ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------- Iron Core Inductor Ferrite Core Inductors Center Tapped Inductors   Variable Inductors **DIODES** ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ Pn Junction Diode Zener Diode Photodiode   Led Varactor Diode Shockley Diode  Schottky Diode Tunnel Diode Thyristor   Constant Current Diode Laser Diode  **TRANSISTOR SYMBOLS** ------------------------ ------------------------ ----------------------- NPN PNP  JFET N- Channel JFET P-Channel JFET  MOSFET Enhancement MOSFET Depletion MOSFET  Phototransistor Photo Darlington Darlington Transistor  **LOGIC GATES** ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ And Gate Or Gate Nand Gate   Nor Gate Not Gate Exor  Exnor Buffer Tri-State Buffer   Flip Flop **AMPLIFIERS** ------------------------ ----------------------- -- Basic Amplifier Operational Amplifier  **ANTENNA** ------------------------- -------------- ------------------------- Antenna Loop Antenna Dipole Antenna   **TRANSFORMER** ------------------------- ------------------------- --------------- Transformer Iron Core Center Tapped  Step Up Transformer Step Down Transformer  **MISCELLANEOUS** ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- Buzzer Loud Speaker Light Bulb   Motor Fuse Thermocouple  Crystal Oscillator ADC DAC