Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Lecture PDF

Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Dr. Travis Seale-Carlisle School of Psychology Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline An eyewitness sees someone commit a crime Time  Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline Eyewitness describes perpetrat...

Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Dr. Travis Seale-Carlisle School of Psychology Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline An eyewitness sees someone commit a crime Time  Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline Eyewitness describes perpetrator to police Time  Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline Police apprehend suspect Time  Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline Police place suspect in lineup Time  Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline A lineup could look like this Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline Imagine I am the Perpetrator Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline And the eyewitness identifies me! Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline That is a CORRECT ID! Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline A lineup could also look like this Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline Police place an Innocent Suspect in the lineup Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline And imagine the eyewitness identifies him Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline That is a FALSE ID! Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline The eyewitness identifies the suspect Time  Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline Police charge the suspect and bring the case to court Time  Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Timeline Police charge the suspect and bring the case to court Time  Judges and jurors must now attempt to determine whether the eyewitness identified a guilty suspect or identified an innocent suspect. Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time Are there any good indicators of eyewitness accuracy? Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time Are there any good indicators of eyewitness accuracy? Confidence: The confidence expressed by an eyewitness when making an identification Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time Are there any good indicators of eyewitness accuracy? Confidence: The confidence expressed by an eyewitness when making an identification Response Time: The time it takes an eyewitness to make an identification Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time Confidence: The confidence expressed by an eyewitness when making an identification Response Time: The time it takes an eyewitness to make an identification Are these good indicators of eyewitness accuracy? Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time Hypothetical data  Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time Hypothetical data High confidence indicates high accuracy Low confidence indicates low accuracy Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time Hypothetical data slow medium fast Response time  Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time Hypothetical data Fast responses indicate high accuracy Slow responses indicate low accuracy slow medium fast Response time Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time Before we see actual data… Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence expressed during the lineup and in court ID #1 ID #2 "I am not sure." "I am 100% sure." ? An eyewitness makes a confidence This memory test is analogous to statement when shown the lineup. investigating a crime scene long after it was contaminated. The act of testing memory contaminates. Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence expressed during the lineup and in court ID #1 ID #2 "I am not sure." "I am 100% sure." ? An eyewitness makes a confidence Months later, the same eyewitness may provide statement when shown the lineup. another confidence statement in court. Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence expressed during the lineup and in court ID #1 ID #2 "I am not sure." "I am 100% sure." ? An eyewitness makes a confidence We know confidence expressed here is statement when shown the lineup. not reliable! Because the eyewitness has already tested their memory, their memory may be contaminated. This memory test is analogous to investigating a crime scene long after it was contaminated. Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence expressed during the lineup and in court ID #1 ID #2 "I am not sure." "I am 100% sure." ? An eyewitness makes a confidence We should not rely on the confidence statement when shown the lineup. expressed in court. Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence expressed during the lineup and in court ID #1 ID #2 "I am not sure." "I am 100% sure." ? An eyewitness makes a confidence We should not rely on the confidence statement when shown the lineup. expressed in court. Is this confidence statement an indicator of accuracy? Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time We ran an online, laboratory experiment N = 1,046 Watched a video of a mock crime Six-person lineup Measured confidence and response time Seale-Carlisle et al., (2019) JARMAC Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time: Lab Experiment Seale-Carlisle et al., (2019) JARMAC Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time: Lab Experiment Seale-Carlisle et al., (2019) JARMAC Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time We ran a field experiment N = 187 Witnessed a real crime Six-person, simultaneous lineup Police measured confidence and response time Seale-Carlisle et al., (2019) JARMAC Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time: Field Experiment Seale-Carlisle et al., (2019) JARMAC Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time: Field Experiment Seale-Carlisle et al., (2019) JARMAC Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time Are confidence and response time completely redundant indicators of accuracy? Seale-Carlisle et al., (2019) JARMAC Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time Are confidence and response time completely redundant indicators of accuracy? A. High confidence Suspect ID Latency Suspect ID Filler ID p(SID|ID) accuracy 0-5s 26 2 0.93 0.991 15 s + 10 6 0.63 0.936 B. Medium + Low Confidence Suspect ID Latency Suspect ID Filler ID p(SID|ID) accuracy 0-5s 3 3 0.50 0.898 15 s + 8 28 0.22 0.644 Seale-Carlisle et al., (2019) JARMAC Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Confidence and Response Time Are confidence and response time completely redundant indicators of accuracy? These data show that within a level of confidence slower identifications are less accurate than faster identifications. Seale-Carlisle et al., (2019) JARMAC Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Conclusion Confidence and response time are both strong indicators of accuracy. Considered together, they provided more information than when considered individually. Police should record eyewitness confidence and response time. Judges and jurors could rely on these indicators when determining the strength of eyewitness identification evidence. Seale-Carlisle et al., (2019) JARMAC Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy More data More confidence data Wixted & Wells (2017) Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy More data More confidence data Wixted & Wells (2017) Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy More data More confidence data Wixted & Wells (2017) Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy More data More confidence data Wixted & Wells (2017) Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy More data More confidence data Wixted & Wells (2017) Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory  Decades of data show strong CA relationship even when encoding or retrieval conditions are difficult (e.g., Seale-Carlisle et al., 2019; Wixted & Wells, 2017). – True in the lab – True in the field Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory  Decades of data show strong CA relationship even when encoding or retrieval conditions are difficult (e.g., Seale-Carlisle et al., 2019; Wixted & Wells, 2017). – True in the lab – True in the field  How is this possible?  How does the CA relationship remain strong when d’ reduces? Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory  Decades of data show strong CA relationship even when encoding or retrieval conditions are difficult (e.g., Seale-Carlisle et al., 2019; Wixted & Wells, 2017). – True in the lab – True in the field  How is this possible?  How does the CA relationship remain strong when d’ reduces?  What does Signal Detection Theory predict? Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory Identify Identify No One Someone SIGNALS FROM d’ SIGNALS FROM FRIENDS “FOES” Weak Signal Strength Strong Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory Identify Identify No One Someone SIGNALS FROM d’ SIGNALS FROM Weak memory-match FRIENDS “FOES” signals Weak Signal Strength Strong Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory Identify Identify No One Someone SIGNALS FROM d’ SIGNALS FROM Weak memory-match FRIENDS Strong “FOES” memory-match signals signals Weak Signal Strength Strong Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory Identify Identify No One Someone SIGNALS FROM d’ SIGNALS FROM Weak memory-match FRIENDS Strong “FOES” memory-match signals signals Weak Signal Strength Strong Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory Identify Identify Identify Identify NoNo One One Someone Someone SIGNALS FROM NEW, SIGNALS FROM UNSEEN FACES PREVIOUSLY SEEN FACES Weak Signal Strength Strong Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory Identify Identify Identify Identify NoNo One One Someone Someone SIGNALS FROM NEW, d’ SIGNALS FROM UNSEEN FACES PREVIOUSLY SEEN FACES Weak Signal Strength Strong Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory Weak Signal Strength Strong Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory medium low high Weak Signal Strength Strong Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory medium low high Weak Signal Strength Strong Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory medium low high Weak Signal Strength Strong Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory medium low high Weak Signal Strength Strong Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory Note: 1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high Assume 100 lineups; 50% target-present and 50% target-absent. Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory Note: 1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high Assume 100 lineups; What is suspect ID accuracy for 50% target-present and suspect IDs made with low confidence? 50% target-absent. Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory Note: 1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high Assume 100 lineups; What is suspect ID accuracy for 50% target-present and suspect IDs made with low confidence? 50% target-absent. When eyewitnesses identify suspect with low confidence: Acc = 13 / (13 + 9) = 59% Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory Note: 1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high Assume 100 lineups; What is suspect ID accuracy for 50% target-present and suspect IDs made with medium confidence? 50% target-absent. Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory Note: 1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high Assume 100 lineups; What is suspect ID accuracy for 50% target-present and suspect IDs made with medium confidence? 50% target-absent. When eyewitnesses identify suspect with medium confidence: Acc = 13 / (13 + 4) = 76% Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory Note: 1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high Assume 100 lineups; What is suspect ID accuracy for 50% target-present and suspect IDs made with high confidence? 50% target-absent. Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory Note: 1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high Assume 100 lineups; What is suspect ID accuracy for 50% target-present and suspect IDs made with high confidence? 50% target-absent. When eyewitnesses identify suspect with high confidence: Acc = 37 / (37 + 2) = 95% Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory SDT Prediction Low = 59% Suspect ID Accuracy Medium = 76% High = 95% Confidence Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory SDT Prediction Low = 59% Suspect ID Accuracy Medium = 76% High = 95% Confidence Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory Data collapsed across 15 laboratory studies with similar scaling Wixted & Wells (2017)  Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Signal Detection Theory Data collapsed across 15 laboratory studies with similar scaling SDT Prediction Suspect ID Suspect ID Accuracy Accuracy Confidence Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy How does the CA relationship remain strong when d’ reduces? Wixted & Wells (2017) Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy How does the CA relationship remain strong when d’ reduces? Wixted & Wells (2017) Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy How does the CA relationship remain strong when d’ reduces? Wixted & Wells (2017) Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy How does the CA relationship remain strong when d’ reduces? Wixted & Wells (2017) Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy How does the CA relationship remain strong when d’ reduces? Each study manipulated d’ Even when d’ was low, the CA relationship remained strong! Can SDT predict that pattern? Wixted & Wells (2017) Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy How does the CA relationship remain strong when d’ reduces? Each study manipulated d’ Even when d’ was low, the CA relationship remained strong! Can SDT predict that pattern? Answer is yes! Wixted & Wells (2017) Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy How does the CA relationship remain strong when d’ reduces? Response criteria can move! Figure on the right shows two SDT models with high d’ (top figure) and low d’ (bottom figure). The parameter here (c1) represents where witnesses place their low confidence criterion. Witnesses in lower d’ conditions, move their low confidence criterion to the left along the strength axis. What do you think happens to the high confidence criterion? Semmler, Dunn, Mickes, & Wixted (2018) Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy How does the CA relationship remain strong when d’ reduces? What do you think happens to the high confidence criterion? Semmler, Dunn, Mickes, & Wixted (2018) Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy How does the CA relationship remain strong when d’ reduces? What do you think happens to the high confidence criterion? Witnesses in low d’ conditions move their low confidence criterion leftward and high confidence criterion rightward! Semmler, Dunn, Mickes, & Wixted (2018) Indicators of Eyewitness Accuracy Further reading If interested, read: Colloff et al. (2017) Psych and Aging Grabman et al. (2019) JARMAC Seale-Carlisle et al. (2019) JARMAC Semmler et al. (2018) JEPA Winsor et al. (2019) JEPG Wixted and Wells (2017) PSPI Importantly, the CA relationship does not always remain strong! It can break down and become weaker. We will discuss important individual differences that can impact the strength of the CA relationship, and we will interpret these data through the lens of SDT.