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# Beck Depression Inventory The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to assess the severity of depression. It consists of 21 items, each with statements. The scale ranges from: * 10 or fewer: mild depression * 19-29: moderate depression * 30 or more: severe depressi...

# Beck Depression Inventory The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to assess the severity of depression. It consists of 21 items, each with statements. The scale ranges from: * 10 or fewer: mild depression * 19-29: moderate depression * 30 or more: severe depression # Biological Explanation (Oruc et al. 1997) 1. Parents and siblings share 50% of their DNA (first-degree relatives) 2. Participants aged 31 and 70 were drawn from psychiatric hospitals. The sample included 42 participants (25 females and 17 males) with a prior diagnosis of bipolar disorder. 3. A control group of 40 participants with no history of mental health disorders was also included in the study. 4. 16 of the bipolar participants had at least one first-degree relative with a history of mental health disorder. # Results * No significant association was found within the sample in relation to the study. * Serotonin, a neurotransmitter, shows sexual dimorphism. This means the risk of developing bipolar disorder can be increased by inheriting sex-specific genetic patterns. * Polymorphisms (variations in genes) are implicated. # Treatments * Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs): * Anti-depressants that inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that removes neurotransmitters. * Norepinephrine and serotonin are affected. * Side effects of MAOIs: headaches, insomnia, diarrhea and nausea/vomiting. **Note:** This summary is based on the provided text and may contain minor paraphrasing. The original documentation may contain more detail.