C1_L2_history of Computers_ITC.pdf

M Mountain Province State University O D TO U L E Jinalyn P. Pating,LPT,CSPE 1 Instructor Information Technology Department School of Accountancy, Business Education and Te...

M Mountain Province State University O D TO U L E Jinalyn P. Pating,LPT,CSPE 1 Instructor Information Technology Department School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology OBJECTIVES: At the end of this Chapter, the students should be able to: 1. Gain familiarity of the different discoveries during the different periods. 2. Learn different inventions and discoveries during electro-mechanical age that lead to the inventions of today’s technology. 3. Identify different technologies and their improvements during the different generations. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology What is Computer? School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology What is Computers? Computer is a programmable machine. Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions (program). Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations.. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology Principal characteristics of computers It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions. It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers. These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression. The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics. The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS A) Tally sticks A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. Figure 1.1 Tally Sticks School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS B) Abacus An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C. It used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Figure 1.2 Abacus Earlier Abacus Modern Abacus School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Figure 1.3 Abacus School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Figure 1.4 Ancient Computer Expos School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS C) Napier’s Bones Invented by John Napier in 1614. Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards. John Napier Figure 1.5 Napier’s Bones School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS D) Slide Rule Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms. Not normally used for addition or subtraction. It remained and use for the next 350 years. Used primarily for William Oughtred – multiplication Figure 1.6 Slide Rule – division – roots – logarithms – Trigonometry School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS E) Pascaline mechanical calculator Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. It is too expensive. Blaise Pascal French Philosopher and Figure 1.7 Pascaline Mathematician. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS F) Stepped Reckoner Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically. Figure 1.8 Stepped Reckoner Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Famous Mathematician. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS G) Jacquard Loom The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom. Invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881. It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. Joseph-Marie Jacquard French Weaver Figure 1.9 Jacquard Loom and Punched Cards School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Dr. Herman Hollerith Figure 2.0 Punched Cards School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS H) Arithmometer A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820 The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine. The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions. Thomas de The first mass-produced calculating machine. Colmar Figure 2.1 Arithmometer School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS I) Difference Engine and Analytical Engine It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834 It is the first mechanical computer. Charles Babbage ✓ He was a polymath and became a mathematician, mechanical engineer, inventor, and philosopher. ✓ He contributed to many different scientific fields but his most famous work is designing a programmable computing device. ✓ He is considered the “father of the computer” and is given credit for devising the first ever mechanical computer. His design served as the blue print for other, Figure 2.2 Difference Engine & Analytical Engine more complex machines. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS J) First Computer Programmer In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system. She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.. ✓ English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. ✓ She was the first to recognise that the Augusta Ada Byron machine had applications beyond pure Figure 2.3 Augusta Ada Byron calculation. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS K) Scheutzian Calculation Engine Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine The first printing calculator. Per Georg Scheutz Figure 2.4 Scheutzian Calculation Engine School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS L) Boolean logic (1850s) George Boole developed Boolean logic which would later be used in the design of computer circuitry. George Boole Figure 2.4 Boolean logic School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS M) Tabulating Machine Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. To assist in summarizing information and accounting. Dr. Herman Hollerith Figure 2.5 Tabulating Machine School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS M) Tabulating Machine Hollerith tabulator become so successful that he started his own business to market it. His company would eventually become International Business Machines (IBM). Dr. Herman Hollerith Figure 2.6 Tabulating Machine School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Charles Babbage ❑ Father of computer Several people can be considered the father of the computer, including Alan Turing, John Atanasoff, and John von Neumann. However, we consider Konrad Zuse as the father of the computer with the advent of the Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4. Konrad Zuse School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS ❑ Father of Personal computer Henry Ed Roberts School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Zeus1 (Z1)  To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape.  From 1936 to 1938, Konrad Zuse created the Z1 in his parent's living room. The Z1 had over 30,000 metal parts and was the first electromechanical binary programmable computer. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Zeus2 Zeus 3  In 1939, the German military ❑ Later, he completed the Z3 in May 1941; the Z3 commissioned Zuse to build the was a revolutionary computer for its time and Z2, largely based on the Z1. is considered the first electromechanical and program-controlled computer. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Zeus4 ❑Finally, on July 12, 1950, Zuse completed and shipped the Z4 computer, the first commercial computer. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Harvard Mark 1 Howard Hathaway Aiken 1943 ❑ He was an American ❑The first electro-mechanical computer. physicist and a pioneer ❑Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence in computing, being Controlled Calculator (ASCC). the original conceptual designer behind IBM's ❑ Used to calculate weapon trajectories Harvard Mark I and help build atomic bombs. computer School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) ❑Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. ❑ a machine capable of solving differential equations using binary arithmetic and one of the first electronic digital computers. ❑ It was the first electronic digital computing device. Professor John Atanasoff American physicist who with his graduate student Clifford Berry developed the Atanasoff-Berry Computer. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS ENIAC ❑It stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. ❑It was the first electronic general-purpose computer. ❑Completed in 1946. ❑Developed by: 1946 John Presper Eckert & John Mauchly. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS UNIVAC 1 ❑The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer. John Presper Eckert ❑Designed by & John Mauchly. 1951 School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS EDVAC ❑EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer ❑It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data. ❑The First Stored Program Computer ❑Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. 1953 1952 School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Osborne 1 ❑The First Portable Computer ❑Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation. 1981 School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Electronic Controls Company ❑The First Computer Company ❑The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. ❑Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert & John Mauchly. 1949 School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Basic Computing Periods-Ages a. Premechanical The premechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. It can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. We are talking about a long time ago. When humans first started communicating they would try to use language or simple picture drawings known as petroglyths which were usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet. Figure 2.1 Petroglyph School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Basic Computing Periods-Ages As alphabets became more popular and more people were writing information down, pens and paper began to be developed. It started off as just marks in wet clay, but later paper was created out of papyrus plant. The most popular kind of paper made was probably by the Chinese who made paper from rags. Now that people were writing a lot of information down, they needed ways to keep it all in permanent storage. This is where the first books and libraries are developed. You’ve probably heard of Egyptian scrolls which were popular ways of writing down information to save. Some groups of people were actually binding paper together into a book-like form. Also, during this period were the first numbering systems. Around 100A.D. was when the first 1-9 system was created by people from India. However, it wasn’t until 875A.D. (775 years later) that the number 0 was invented. And yes, now that numbers were created, people wanted stuff to do with them, so they created calculators. A calculator was the very first sign of an information processor. The popular model of that time was the abacus. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Basic Computing Periods-Ages A. Mechanical The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our current technology and its ancestors. The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 and 1840. A lot of new technologies are developed in this era as there is a large explosion in interest with this area. Technologies like the slide rule (an analog computer used for multiplying and dividing) were invented. Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a very popular mechanical computer. Charles Babbage developed the difference engine which tabulated polynomial equations using the method of finite differences. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Basic Computing Periods-Ages Figure 2.2 Difference Engine There were lots of different machines created during this era and while we have not yet gotten to a machine that can do more than one type of calculation in one, like our modern-day calculators, we are still learning about how all of our all-in-one machines started. Also, if you look at the size of the machines invented in this time compared to the power behind them it seems (to us) absolutely ridiculous to understand why anybody would want to use them, but to the people living in that time ALL of these inventions were HUGE. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Basic Computing Periods-Ages a. Electromechanical Now we are finally getting close to some technologies that resemble our modern-day technology. The electromechanical age can be defined as the time between 1840 and 1940. These are the beginnings of telecommunication. The telegraph was created in the early 1800s. Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835. The telephone (one of the most popular forms of communication ever) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The first radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All of these were extremely crucial emerging technologies that led to big advances in the information technology field. The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States was the Mark 1 created by Harvard University around 1940. This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons - HUGE. It was programmed using punch cards. How does your PC match up to this hunk of metal? It was from huge machines like this that people began to look at downsizing all the parts to first make them usable by businesses and eventually in your own home. School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Basic Computing Periods-Ages Electronic The Electronic Age, spanning from 1940 to the present, began with the development of the ENIAC, the first high- speed digital computer used by the U.S. Army, which relied on vacuum tubes and occupied a large space. Digital computing evolved through four main generations: First Generation: Used vacuum tubes, punch cards, and rotating magnetic drums for storage (e.g., ENIAC, Mark 1). Second Generation: Introduced transistors, magnetic tape, magnetic cores, and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. Third Generation: Replaced transistors with integrated circuits and introduced operating systems and the BASIC programming language. Fourth Generation: Developed CPUs, personal computers (e.g., Apple II), and graphical user interfaces (GUIs). School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Basic Computing Periods-Ages History of Computer: Generations of Computer There are five generations of computer: First generation – 1940 to 1956 Second generation – 1956 to 1963 Third generation – 1964 to 1970 Fourth generation – 1971 to present Fifth generation – present to future School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology Post-test 1) Which electronic components are used in Fourth Generation Computers? Transistors Integrated Circuits Vacuum Tubes Microprocessor 2) Which electronic components are used in Fifth Generation Computers? Transistors Integrated Circuits Vacuum Tubes Microprocessor School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology Post-test 3) ENIAC Computer belongs to___________ First Generation Computers Second Generation Computers Third Generation Computers Fourth Generation Computers 4) Which electronic components are used in Third Generation Computers? Transistors Integrated Circuits Vacuum Tubes Microprocessor School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology Post-test 5)Who invented the punch card? Charles Babbage Semen Korsakov Herman Hollerith Joseph Marie Jacquard 6)In the late , Herman Hollerith invented data storage on punched cards that could then be read by a machine. 1860 1900 1890 1880 School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology Post-test 6)ENIAC stands for. Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator Electronic Numerical Integrator Automatic Computer Electronic Numerical Integrator Automatic Calculator 7)John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert are the inventors of computer. UNIAC ENIAC EDSAC Mark 1 School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology Post-test 10)Which electronic components are used in First Generation Computers? Transistors Integrated Circuits Vacuum Tubes Microprocessor 11)Which electronic components are used in Second Generation Computers? Transistors Integrated Circuits Vacuum Tubes Microprocessor School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology Post-test 10)Which electronic components are used in First Generation Computers? Transistors Integrated Circuits Vacuum Tubes Microprocessor 11)Which electronic components are used in Second Generation Computers? Transistors Integrated Circuits Vacuum Tubes Microprocessor School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology Post-test 11) What was the name of first computer designed by Charles Babbage? __________________________________ 12) Which was the first electronics digital programmable computing device? __________________________________ School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology  Thank you! ❑ References ❑ https://ftms.edu.my/v2/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/csca0201_ch01.pdf ❑ https://www.sutori.com/story/history-of-ict-information-and-communications- technology-- N7J51bQqSU7vLWcVfdn5M9qa ❑ https://www.livescience.com/20718-computer-history.html ❑ https://www.explainthatstuff.com/historyofcomputers.html Jinalyn P. Pating School of Accountancy, Business Education and Technology