Medical Terminology - University of Hilla

University of Hilla College of Science Department of Medical Physics ‫مصطلحـــــات طبـيـــــــة‬ Medical Terminology  Medical Terminology Definition: ‫التعريف‬ Is a science that deals with the proper use of medical terms. ‫هو علم يتعامل مع االستخدام المناسب‬ ‫لأللفاظ الطبية‬...

University of Hilla College of Science Department of Medical Physics ‫مصطلحـــــات طبـيـــــــة‬ Medical Terminology  Medical Terminology Definition: ‫التعريف‬ Is a science that deals with the proper use of medical terms. ‫هو علم يتعامل مع االستخدام المناسب‬ ‫لأللفاظ الطبية‬ 2  Medical term formation and Construction ‫بناء وتركيب المصطلحات الطبية‬ A. Formation : medical terms and words are usually composed of two or more components:  The root : ‫الجذر‬  The prefix : ‫البادئة‬  The suffix: ‫الالحق‬ 3  A. The root ‫الجذر‬ The main part of the word The word root is a term derived from a source language such as Greek or Latin and usually describes a body part. ‫هو الجزء الرئيسي للكلمة غالبا مشتق من اللغة‬ ‫االم وعادة‬ ‫يصف عضو من الجسم‬ Example: Cysto )Bladder)‫المثانة‬ 4  B. The prefix The prefix can be added in front of the term to modify the word root by giving additional information about the location of an organ, the number of parts, or the time involved. ‫البادئة تضاف أمام الكلمة لتعدل جذر الكلمة‬ ‫وتعطي معلومات اضافية عن موقع العضو او عدد‬ ‫أجزاؤه و يتضمن الوقت‬ Example: A symptomatic ‫بدون اعراض‬ 5  The suffix Suffixes are attached to the end of a word root to add meaning such as condition, disease process, or procedure. ‫ الالحقة توصل بنهاية الكلمة لتعطي معنى‬. Example: Appendicitis ‫التهاب الزائدة الدودية‬ 6  B. Construction‫التركيب‬ The way in which medical terms are constructed can be explained by the following examples: 1. Prefix, Root and suffix (Pericarditis) ‫التهاب غشاء‬ ‫القلب‬ 2. Two roots and a suffix (Osteo-myelitis)‫التهاب نخاع‬ ‫العظم‬ 3. Prefix and root (Dyspnea) ‫صعوبة في التنفس‬ 4. Root and suffix (Cystitis) ‫التهاب المثانة‬ 5. Prefix and suffix (Endoscopy)‫تنظير داخلي‬ 7  ‫ ‪.‬كيف يتكون المصطلح الطبي ‪:‬‬ ‫ يتكون المصطلح الطبي بواحدة من الطرق‬ ‫التالية ‪:‬‬ ‫ ‪ -1‬بوصل البادئة والجذر والالحقة‬ ‫‪Prefix, Root and suffix‬‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫البادئة‬ ‫الجذر‬ ‫الالحقة‬ ‫‪Thrombocytopenia‬‬ ‫‪Thrombo‬‬ ‫‪Cyto‬‬ ‫‪Penia‬‬ ‫قلة خاليا التجلط‬ ‫جلطة‬ ‫خلوي‬ ‫قلة‬ ‫‪Hypercalcemia‬‬ ‫‪Hyper‬‬ ‫‪Calc‬‬ ‫‪Emia‬‬ ‫فرط كالسيوم الدم‬ ‫فرط‬ ‫كالسيوم‬ ‫دم‬  ‫ ‪ -2‬بوصل البادئة مع الجذر ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Prefix and root‬‬ ‫البادئة مع الجذر‬ ‫البادئة‬ ‫الجذر‬ ‫‪Anemia‬‬ ‫فقر الدم‬ ‫‪An‬‬ ‫‪Emia‬‬ ‫انعدام أو فقر‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫‪Bradycardia‬‬ ‫‪Brady‬‬ ‫‪Cardia‬‬ ‫تباطؤ القلب‬ ‫تباطؤ‬ ‫القلب‬  ‫ ‪ -3‬بوصل الجذر مع الالحقة ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Root and suffix‬‬ ‫الجذر مع الالحقة‬ ‫الجذر‬ ‫الالحقة‬ ‫‪Appendectomy‬‬ ‫‪Appendic‬‬ ‫‪Ectomy‬‬ ‫استئصال الزائدة‬ ‫الزائدة الدودية‬ ‫استئصال‬ ‫دودية‬ ‫‪Hepatoma‬‬ ‫‪Hepat‬‬ ‫‪Oma‬‬ ‫ورم كبدي‬ ‫كبد‬ ‫ورم‬  ‫ ‪ -4‬بوصل البادئة مع الالحقة ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Prefix and suffix‬‬ ‫البادئة مع الالحقة‬ ‫البادئة‬ ‫الالحقة‬ ‫‪Acromegaly‬‬ ‫‪Acro‬‬ ‫‪Megaly‬‬ ‫ضخامة األطراف‬ ‫طرف أو نهاية‬ ‫ضخامة‬ ‫‪Acrocyanosis‬‬ ‫‪Acro‬‬ ‫‪Cyanosis‬‬ ‫زراق النهايات‬ ‫طرف أو نهاية‬ ‫زرقة‬  ‫ ‪ – 5‬بوصل جذرين مع بعضهما البعض ‪:‬‬ ‫ ‪Two roots together‬‬ ‫جذرين مع بعضهما‬ ‫جذر‬ ‫جذر‬ ‫‪Bronchopneumonia‬‬ ‫‪Broncho‬‬ ‫‪Pneumonia‬‬ ‫الشعب الهوائية‬ ‫التهاب رئوي‬  ‫ استعمال حرف الوصل‬ ‫ ويكون حرف الوصل عادة هو حرف ( ‪ )O‬الذي‬ ‫يوصل بين األقسام المختلفة من المصطلح‬ ‫الطبي وكما يأتي ‪:‬‬ ‫ أ – قد يوصل بين جذر والحقه‬ ‫الجذر والحقه‬ ‫جذر‬ ‫حرف الوصل‬ ‫الالحقة‬ ‫‪Encephalogram‬‬ ‫‪Encephal‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪Gram‬‬ ‫مخطط الدماغ‬ ‫الدماغ‬ ‫مخطط‬  ‫ ب‪ -‬قد يوصل بين عدة جذور مع بعضها البعض‬ ‫ثم مع الحقه ‪:‬‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫الجذر‬ ‫الجذر‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫الالحقة‬ ‫الوصل‬ ‫‪Electrocardiogram‬‬ ‫‪Electr‬‬ ‫‪cardi‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪gram‬‬ University of Hilla College of Science Department of Medical Physics ‫مصطلحـــــات طبـيـــــــة‬ Medical Terminology  The Prefixes Term: A- : Adeficiency Meaning: lack of –Absence ‫بدون او غياب‬ Examples:  Atrophy: lack of growth ‫ضمور في النمو‬  Asymptomatic: Absence of symptoms ‫بدون اعراض‬  Acyanotic (Absence of cyanosis)‫بدون ازرقاق‬  Anencephaly:‫ بدون رأس‬Without head  Anuria: ‫ال يوجد ادرار‬absence of urine  Anemia ‫ فقر الدم‬: deficiency of blood  Analgesia: lack of Pain )‫بدون الم (مخدر‬ 16  The Prefixes-Cont. (A) Term: Aden-(o) Meaning: gland ‫غدة‬ Example:  Adenoma:‫ ورم الغدد‬Enlargement of gland  Adenocarcinoma: ‫ ورم الغدد السرطاني‬Tumors of gland  Adenitis ‫ التهابات الغدد‬: Inflammation of gland 17  The Prefixes-Cont. (A) Term: Ante- Meaning: before ‫قبل‬ Example:  Antepartum:‫ قبل الوالدة أي للمرأة‬Before delivery  Antenatal: ‫قبل ميالد الطفل‬Before birth 18  The Prefixes-Cont. (A) Term: Anti- Meaning: against-Contra ‫ضد‬ Example:  Antiviral:‫ مضاد للفيروسات‬Against virus  Antimicrobial: Against Microbe ‫مضاد‬ ‫للميكروبات‬  Antibiotic: ‫ مضاد حيوي‬Against Bacteria 19  The Prefixes-Cont. (A) Term: Arteri -(o) Meaning: artery-arterial ‫شريان‬ Example:  Arteriosclerosis:‫ تصلب الشرايين‬Hardening of arteries  Arteritis: ‫ التهاب الشريان‬Inflammation of artery 20  The Prefixes-Cont. (A) Term: Arthr -(o) Meaning: joint ‫مفصل‬ Example:  Arthritis :‫ التهاب المفاصل‬Inflammation of joint  Arthralgia: ‫ االم المفاصل‬Pain at the joint  Arthrocentesis: Taking fluids out of the Joint ‫سحب السوائل من المفصل‬  Arthrotomy: An opening in the joint ‫فتحة‬ ‫بالمفصل‬ 21  The Prefixes-Cont. (A) Term: Audi- , Audio- Meaning: pertaining to ear ‫يتعلق باألذن أو‬ ‫سمعي‬ Example:  Auditory :‫ سمع‬hearing  Audiology: ‫علم السمع‬ 22  The Prefixes-Cont. (A) Term: Auto- Meaning: self, for oneself ‫يتعلق بالذات‬ Example:  Autoimmune :‫ ذاتي‬self immunity 23  The Prefixes-Cont. (B) Term: Bi Meaning: twice ‫مرتين‬ Example:  bilateral :‫ كال الجانبين‬Both sides 24  The Prefixes-Cont. (B) Term: Brady Meaning: slow- decrease ‫بطء او قلة‬ Example:  Bradycardia :‫ بطء في خفقات القلب‬slow heart beat  Bradypnea: ‫ بطء في عملية التنفس‬decrease of respiratory rate 25  The Prefixes-Cont. (B) Term: bronch- , broncho- Meaning: bronchus or bronchi ‫قصبة او‬ ‫شعبة هوائية‬ Example:  Bronchoscope: ‫منظار رئوي‬  Bronchitis: inflammation of bronchi‫التهاب‬ ‫القصبة الهوائية‬ 26  Medical Abbreviations ‫اختصارات طبية‬ Dys- ‫صعوبة‬ Means: difficult ‫تعني صعوبة‬ Examples: 1.Dyspnea: difficult breathing.‫صعوبة في‬ ‫التنفس‬ 2. Dyspepsia: difficult digestion. ‫صعوبة في‬ ‫الهضم‬ -ology / -ologist -ology: means study. ‫تعني دراسة كذا‬ -ologist: means specialize in certain organ. ‫تعني تخصص في كذا‬ Examples: 1.Cardiology: Study of the heart.‫دراسة القلب‬ 2. Cardiologist: Heart specialist.‫تخصص قلب‬ An : Means: no or low. ‫تعني قلة في او انخفاض‬ ‫في‬ Examples: 1.Anemia: Low hemoglobin in the red blood cells. ‫انخفاض الهيموكلوبين‬ 2. Anesthesia: Loss of sensation (Disease- related or treatment-related). ‫انخفاض االحساس بسبب التخدير‬ Ache : ‫تعني الم‬ Means: pain. ‫تعني الم‬ Examples: 1. Headache: pain in the head.‫الم في‬ ‫الراس‬ 2. Backache: pain in the back.‫الم في‬ ‫الظهر‬ 3. Bone ache: pain in certain bone. ‫الم‬ ‫في العظام‬ Cytosis : ‫تعني زيادة في‬ Means: increase number Examples: 1.Leukocytosis: increased number of leucocytes‫( كريات الدم البيضاء‬WBCs) in the blood. What is the opposite of leukocytosis? Cytopenia : ‫تعني انخفاض في‬ Means: decreased number ‫تعني انخفاض‬ Examples: 1. Leukocytopenia: decreased number of leukocytes‫( كريات الدم البيضاء‬WBCs) in the blood. Ectomy : ‫تعني ازالة عضو‬ Means: cutting or removal‫تعني ازالة عضو‬ Examples: 1.Appendectomy: excision of appendix. ‫تعني ازالة الزائدة الدودية‬ 2. Tonsillectomy: excision of tonsils. ‫تعني ازالة اللوزتين‬ Itis : ‫تعني التهاب‬ Means: inflammation ‫تعني التهاب‬ Examples: 1.Appendicitis: inflammation of appendix. ‫تعني التهاب الزائدة الدودية‬ 3. Dermatitis: inflammation of skin. ‫تعني التهاب الجلد‬ Megally : ‫تعني تضخم‬ Means: enlargement ‫تعني تضخم‬ Example: Acromegaly ‫ضخامة األطراف‬ Splenomegaly: large spleen. ‫تضخم‬ ‫الطحال‬ Hepatomegaly : large liver. ‫تضخم الكبد‬ Pathy : ‫تعني تغير في االنسجة باثولوجي‬ Means: pathologic changes : ‫تعني تغير في االنسجة باثولوجي‬ Examples: Cardiomyopathy: pathologic changes in the cardiac muscle. ‫تغير في انسجة القلب‬ Encephalopathy: pathologic changes in the brain. ‫تغير في انسجة الدماغ‬  Body Systems Circulatory system terms Cardi/o = heart Endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis (inflammation of the lining, the muscle layer, the outer layer of the heart) Brady/ tachy = slow/fast Bradycardia (rate100) Angi/o = vessel Angiography, angiogram (X-ray of artery) cyte = cell Erythrocytes, leukocytes (red, white blood cells) 38 Myocardial infarction (MI)– You know we are talking about heart muscle, right, myocardial? An infarction is blockage of blood flow resulting in death of muscle tissue. Hematologist – a physician specializing in diseases of the blood. Echocardiography – using ultra high frequency sound waves (beyond human hearing), similar to “sonar,” to form an image of the inside of the heart. 39 Nervous system terms Cephal/o Head Cephalgia (a headache) Encephal/o Inside the head (brain) Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) Anencephalic (born without a brain) Mening/o Membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord Meningitis (inflammation of the membranes) Myel/o Spinal cord Myelogram (X-ray of the spinal cord) Neur/o Nerve Neuroma (tumor) Neuritis (inflammation) Dys Difficult, painful, abnormal Dyslexia (difficulty reading) -pathy Disease, abnormality Encephalopathy (disease of the brain) Neuropathy (disease of the nerves) 40 Aphasia – loss of speech. The speech centers are located on the left side of the brain in a majority of people. Epilepsy – a Greek word for “seizure.” Seizures may have many causes and not all seizures are epilepsy. Neurologist – a physician specializing in diseases of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. 41 Computed tomography (CT) – a specialized X-ray machine that takes multiple images of a body area from different angles, The resolution is much better than standard X-rays and there is better differentiation of types of tissue (bone, air, solid organ). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Although the image produces the “slices” through the body seen by CT (see above), no X-rays are involved. he patient’s body is placed in a strong magnetic field. Radio pulses affect the resonance or “spin” of atoms in the tissues. A computer analyzes this information to show subtle differences in tissue molecular structure producing very high resolution and better differentiation of soft tissue, such as a tumor within the liver. 42 Gastr/o Stomach Gastritis, Gastrectomy Hepat/o Liver Hepatitis (inflammation of), hepatoma (tumor of) rrhea Flow, discharge Diarrhea 43 Dysphagia – Difficulty swallowing. May be related to GERD (see above), esophageal tumor or other causes. Ultrasonography (ultrasound) – a procedure using high frequency sound waves to visualize internal organs. Primarily used to visualize abdominal and pelvic organs, such as the pregnant uterus. 44 Bronch/o Lung air passageways Bronchoscopy (looking into the bronchi) Pulmo/o Lung Pulmonologist – a physician specializing in diseases of the lungs. Patients needing surgery are referred to a general surgeon. 45 Oste/o Bone Osteitis, osteoma, osteocyte Arthr/o Joint Arthritis, arthroplasty Myel/o Bone marrow Myeloma My/o, myos/o Muscle Myoma, myositis 46