Strongyloidea Parasites PDF

## Superfamily Strongyloidea | Super fam. | Family | Genus | Species | Common N. | Host | Location | Morphology | Additional features | Life Cycle | Pathogenesis | Symptoms | Diagnosis | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | | Strongylidae | Strongylus | S. vulgaris | | Equines...

## Superfamily Strongyloidea | Super fam. | Family | Genus | Species | Common N. | Host | Location | Morphology | Additional features | Life Cycle | Pathogenesis | Symptoms | Diagnosis | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | | Strongylidae | Strongylus | S. vulgaris | | Equines | Cecum, colon | 1.5-2.5 cm; large buccal capsule with leaf crowns and 2 ear-shaped teeth | The eggs are oval in shape with smooth thin shell, nearly transparent and the embryo in the early stage of development being divided into 4,8,16, 32 cells. | L3 migrates to cranial mesenteric artery → L5 returns to intestine. Prepatent: 6-7 months | Arterial lesions, intestinal ulcers, subperitoneal nodules, liver nodules | | Fecal examination for eggs | | | | | S. edentatus | | | | 2.5-4.5 cm; large buccal capsule with leaf crowns, no teeth | | L3 migrates to liver → subperitoneal nodules → L5 returns to intestine. Prepatent: 10-12 months | Liver damage, intestinal migration, anemia | | | | | | | S. equinus | | | | 2.5-5 cm; large buccal capsule with leaf crowns and 3 conical teeth | | L3 forms nodules in intestinal wall → migrates to returns to intestine. Prepatent: 8-9 months | | | | | | Triodontophorus | T. serratus, T. tenuicollis, T. minor | | Large strongyle | | | 1-2.5 cm; subglobular buccal capsule with 3 pairs of teeth | | Non-migratory; development restricted to gut mucosa | | | | | | Chabertia | Chabertia ovina | | | | Cecum, colon | 1.5-2 cm; and the buccal capsule has three tooth-like folds at its base. | | Non-migratory and restricted to the mucosal surface. | | | | | | Oesophagodontus | | | | | | 1-2.5 cm; They are white, has a bell-shaped buccal capsule and a double row of small papillae around its rim, but there are no teeth. | | L3 enter the mucosa of S. intestine L4 migrate to the cecum develop to L5 after about 25 days Prepatent: 42 - 50 days. | | | | | | Trichonematidae | Oesophagostomum | 40-50 species | Small strongyle | | | <1.5 cm; cylindrical buccal capsule, no teeth | | L3 invades intestinal mucosa → L4 → L5 in lumen. Prepatent: 2-3 months | | Diarrhoea, emaciation and anemia | | | | | | Oe. columbianum → sheep and goats (nodular worm). | | | | | - Differentiated from Chabertia ovina by its tapered anterior end. - The position of cervical papillae and the leaf crowns arrangements are used for species identification. | | | | | | | | | Oe. venulosum → sheep and goats. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Oe. radiatum cattle and buffalo (nodular worm). | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Oe. dentatum → pigs | | | Colon | | L3 forms nodules in intestine → L4 → L5 in cecum/colon. Prepatent: ~45 days | | Inflammatory response hemorrhagic enteritis | Nodules cause enteritis, peritonitis, growth retardation | Fecal examination for eggs | | | | | Oe. quadrispinulatum → pigs (nodular worm). | | | | | | | | | | | | Syngamidae | Syngamus | S. trachea | Gapeworm | Galliform birds (fowl, turkeys) | Trachea, bronchi | Reddish; Y-shaped (male and female in copula); buccal capsule with teeth (up to 10) | The male bursa has short and stout rays and two equal spicules | Eggs with mucoid plugs → L3 develops inside egg → ingested → migrates to lungs → trachea. Prepatent: 18-20 days | Respiratory distress, tracheitis, pneumonia (Most severe in youngs) | | | | | Amidostomatidae | Amidostomum | Amidostomum anseris | Gizzard worm | Anseriform birds (Ducks, geese) | Gizzard | Bright red; up to 2.5 cm; wide, short and thick buccal capsule with 3 pointed teeth (the mid is the largest) | The female vulva opens at post 5th & may be covered by a vulval flap. | L3 develops inside egg (80-100μ) → ingested → migrates to gizzard. Prepatent: 15-25 days | Hemorrhages, anemia, emaciation | | | | | Ancylostoma | Ancylostoma | A. Caninum & A. tubaeforme, brazilinese | | Dogs, foxes(caninum) Cat (tubaeforme) Both(brazilinese) | | 1-2 cm; Gray or reddish, hook-shaped anterior end; buccal capsule with 3 pairs of teeth (1 pair in brazilinese) | Male bursa is well developed and its tail is provided with a pair of long spicules and a gubernaculum. The female tail is pointed. Egg is ovoidal, thin shelled and measures about 70 by 40μ. | Skin penetration, ingestion, transmammary, or prenatal infection. L3 migrates to lungs → intestine. Prepatent: ~2-3 weeks | Hemorrhagic anemia, dermatitis, pneumonia | | | | | Ancylostomatidae | Uncinaria | A. duodenale | Hook worm (bent dorsally ant. end) | Humans | | 1-2 cm; Gray or reddish, hook-shaped anterior end; buccal capsule with 2 pairs of teeth | | | Hemorrhagic anemia, intestinal damage | | | | | | Bunostomum | Bunostomum phlebotomum | | Sheep, goats | Small intestine | Up to 1 cm; Gray or reddish, buccal capsule with 2 cutting plates and small teeth | Cone -like structure representing the dorsal gutter which carries the ducts of the esophageal glands. Cuticular festones in the buccal region. | Ingestion of L3; no pulmonary migration or transmammar y transmission. Prepatent: ~15 days | Hemorrhagic anemia, dermatitis | | | | | | Uncinaria | Uncinaria trigonocephalum | | Dogs, cats, foxes | | 1-3 cm; hook-shaped anterior end; buccal capsule with cutting plates | | Skin penetration or ingestion. L3 migrates to lungs → intestine. Prepatent: ~5 weeks | Diarrhea, skin dermatitis | | | | | Trichostrongylus | Trichostrongylus | T. Axei → rum, horses & pigs | | | Small intestine (horse & pig→ stomach) | Small, hair-like worms (<7 mm), no obvious buccal capsule, distinct excretory notch in esophageal region. Male bursa with long lateral lobes, short thick spicules. (unequal→ T. axei) Female tail bluntly tapered, vulva behind middle of body. | Direct, non-migratory. Eggs hatch to L1, develop to L3 in 1-2 weeks. Infection by ingestion of ensheathed L3. Larvae penetrate intestinal villi or abomasal glands, molt to L4 and L5, and mature on mucosal surface. Prepatent: 2-3 weeks (ruminants), 25 days (horses), 10 days (birds). | Causes parasitic gastroenteritis. Symptoms: weight loss, diarrhea, decreased milk yield. | | | | | | | T. Colubriformis→ rum. Pigs & rabbits | | | | | | | | | | | | | | T. vitrinus, T. capricola→ sheep & goat | | | | | | | | | | | | | | T. retortaeformis rabbits | | | | | | | | | | | | | | T. tenuis birds | | | | | | | | | | | | Ostertagia | O. ostertagi→ Cattle | | | Abomasum | Slender, reddish-brown worms (up to 1 cm), no buccal capsule, cuticle with 25-35 longitudinal ridges. Male spicules with 3 distal branches, spindle-shaped gubernaculum. Female tail with 5-6 cuticular annulations, vulval flap. | Direct. Eggs develop to L3 in feces within 2 weeks. L3 migrate to herbage, ingested, exsheathed in rumen, and develop in abomasal glands. L5 emerge to mucosal surface at 18 days post-infection. Prepatent: ~3 weeks. | Causes gastritis. Symptoms: weight loss, diarrhea, decreased milk yield. | | | | | | | O. circumcincta, O. trifurcata→ sheep & goat | | | | | | | | | | | | Hyostrongylus | H. rubidus | | Pigs | Stomach | Slender, reddish and measuring 5-8 mm, a small cephalic vesicle is present. The spicules resemble those of Ostertagia, but have only two distal branches. | | | | | | | | | Trichostrongyloidea | Haemonchus (barber's pole worm) | H. contortus, H. placei, H. longistipes | | Ruminants (sheep, cattle), camels | Abomasum | Large (2-3 cm), bright-red, blood-sucking worms. Small buccal capsule with dorsal lancet. Male bursa with Y-shaped dorsal ray, barbed spicules. Female tail sharply pointed, vulva with prominent flap. | Direct. Eggs hatch to L1, develop to L3 in ~5 days. L3 ingested, exsheathed in rumen, and develop in abomasal glands. L4 feed on blood, molt to adults. Prepatent: 2-3 weeks (sheep), 4 weeks (cattle). | Causes hemorrhagic gastritis, anemia. Symptoms: hyperacute (sudden death), acute (anemia, edema), chronic (weight loss, weakness). | Fecal egg count, larval culture. | | | | Cooperia | C. onchophora, C. punctata, C. pectinata, C. curticei | | Cattle, (curticei → sheep & goat) | Small intestine | Up to 1 cm long, small cephalic vesicle, transverse cuticular striations. Male bursa large, dorsal ray divided into two branches. Female tail long and tapering, small vulval flap. | Direct, non-migratory. Development on intestinal mucosa. Prepatent: 15-18 days. | Causes enteritis, especially in calves. Symptoms: diarrhea, weight loss. | | | | | Nematodirus | N. Filicollis, spathiger→ sheep & goats. | | | | | Camel slender worms, about 2 cm long, with a twisted body that resembles cotton wool when in groups, The cephalic vesicle is distinct and transversely striated. Male: Has long, slender spicules with fused tips. No gubernaculum. Female: The tail is short (N. battus long & pointed) and truncated, with a small spine | L3 develops in the egg, enters the mucosa of S. intestine, then the molts develop. Prepatent: 15d | Causes gastritis. Symptoms: weight loss, diarrhea. | | | | | | | N. battus→ sheep & goats, occasionally calves. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | N. helvitianus cattle, less in goat sheep and goats. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | N. cameli | | | | | | | | | | | | Metastrongylidae | Dictyocaulus | D. viviparus→ cattle | | | Trachea & bronchi | Slender, thread-like, milk-white worms (8-10 cm). Male spicules stout, boot-shaped. Female vulva in posterior fourth. Eggs contain fully developed larvae. (ovoviviparo us) L1 has a cephalic button. | Direct. L1(has knob at post.) passed in feces, develop to L3 on pasture. L3 ingested, migrate to lungs via lymph and blood. Prepatent: 3-4 weeks. | Causes parasitic bronchitis. Symptoms: coughing, dyspnea, respiratory failure. | Fecal examination, clinical signs. (L1 exam) | | | | | | D. filaria sheep & D. arnfieldi equine | | | | | | | | | | | | Protostrongylidae | Metastrongylus | M. apri, M. pudendotectus, M. salmi | | Pigs | Bronchi & bronchioles (post lobes) | Slender, white worms (up to 6 cm). Male bursa is small and the medio-lateral and the posterio-lateral rays are fused, Spicules ended in one (M. apri) or two (M. pudendotectus) hooks. Female vulva near anus. Eggs small, thick-shelled, contain L1. | Indirect. Earthworms as intermediate hosts. L1 develop to L3 in earthworms. Pigs ingest earthworms, L3 released, migrate to lungs. Prepatent: ~4 weeks. | Causes verminous bronchitis, pneumonia. Symptoms: coughing, dyspnea, nasal discharge. | Fecal examination (MgSO4 flotation). | | | | Filaroididae | Protostrongylus, Muellerius, Cystocaulus, Spiculocaulus, Neostrongylus. | | Sheep, goats | Lungs | Reddish-brown, hair-like worms (up to 5 cm). L1 of Muellerius and protostrongylus have a small spine near the tip of the tail. L1 of cystocaulus has additional ventral spine. | Indirect. Land snails( helicella & zebrina) as intermediate hosts. L1 develop to L3 in snails. Sheep ingest snails, L3 migrate to lungs. Prepatent: 5-10 weeks. | Rarely causes pneumonic signs. Usually asymptomatic. | Fecal examination. | |