Cancer Biology Study Questions PDF

What is cancer: Cancer is a cellular disease that is caused by the inability of the body to control cell division. Tumor: Lump of cancer cells Benign: Won't break off and spread Malignant: Breaks off and spreads Metastasis: Spread of cancer to other parts of the body DNA: Consists of two strand...

What is cancer: Cancer is a cellular disease that is caused by the inability of the body to control cell division. Tumor: Lump of cancer cells Benign: Won't break off and spread Malignant: Breaks off and spreads Metastasis: Spread of cancer to other parts of the body DNA: Consists of two strands bound together by double-helix. Consists of nucleotides Semi-conservative replication: Two strands of DNA unwind and act as the template for the new strand Difference between dna and rna: RNA is single stranded, RNA is a nucleic acid, which consists of ribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. DNA is single stranded, it is the instructions used for the cell to make proteins. Transcription and translation: Transcription: DNA information is used to make RNA. Reads 1 strand of the DNA and makes 1 strand of messenger RNA. After the RNA is edited it leaves the nucleus. Translation: RNA moves out of the nucleus to one of the ribosomes, translated to form a protein. The messenger is used to make protein. Melanoma: Skin Leukemia: White blood cells in the bone marrow Carcinoma: Lining of the internal organs or skin Sarcoma: Connective tissue, such as bone Lymphoma: Cells and tissues of the immune system Nervous System: Regulates and coordinates the activities of all the other systems. It responds quickly to internal and external stimuli. Endocrine System: Endocrine glands secrete hormones, which regulate and coordinate the activities of other systems. Works more slowly than the nervous system. Respiratory System: Supplies blood with oxygen for tissue cells and rids blood of carbon dioxide. Helps regulate the acid-base balance of the blood. Cardiovascular System: Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissue cells and transports wastes away from cells. Also transports hormones secreted by the endocrine glands. Digestive System: Supplies Blood with nutrients and water for tissue cells. Rids the body of nondigestible remains. Urinary System: Excretes nitrogenous and other wastes. Regulates water-salt balance of the blood. Helps regulate the acid-base balance of the blood. Lymphatic System: Helps maintain blood volume by collecting excess interstitial fluid and returning it via lymphatic vessels to the cardiovascular veins. Defends against disease. Muscular System: Produces heat that maintains body temperature. Protects and supports internal organs. Enables movement. Integumentary System: Helps maintain body temperature and protects internal organs. G1, G2, S, M. Order and what happens: G1: cells undergo major portion of growth S:replicate DNA produce chromosome with two sister chromatids attached at the centromere G2:chromosomes coil more tightly, preparation for mitosis, mitotic spindle forms. Cell centrioles grow out spindle fibers(mitotic spindle) that attach to each sister chromatid. Mitosis- the portion where cell division occurs, consists of mitosis(eukaryotic nuclear division) and cytokinesis(cell division) Order of mitosis(PMAT) PMAT: Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible to microscope, nucleus breaks down, mitotic spindle forms and attaches fibers to each chromatid. Metaphase: Mitotic spindle fibers move chromosomes, chromosome line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase: Each chromosome has two copies, mitotic spindle fibers pulls one copy(chromatid) to the left side and another fiber pulls copy to the right side of the cell, they are pulled apart to opposite poles Telophase: Chromatids are where they belong on opposite sides of the cell, mitotic spindle is broken down because it is not needed. Nucleus reforms, chromosomes decondense, the cell divides. Match stage of mitosis with what happens Checkpoints: regulate the speed at which the cell moves through the cell cycle, ensuring the cell is ready for division. Tumor-suppressor genes: prevent unregulated cell growth by slowing down the progression of the cell through the cell cycle. Mutations: any changes to the nucleotide sequence of DNA, can be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses. Proto-Oncogenes: speed up the cell cycle. Becomes oncogenes when mutations cause them to be stuck(does not stop dividing) on. Normal cells Oncogenes: Trigger cancer Stage 1: Is limited to a very small area and has not spread. Stage 2: Became invasive, is more than one tissue but it is still close. Lymph may be involved. Stage 3: Is in the lymph nodes, hasn't spread to distant organs. Stage 4: Cancer has fully metastasized. Complete blood tests: look at the presence of normal blood cells and basic blood chemistry. Polymerase chain reaction- machine way to make copies and determine genes of interest. DNA sequencing: mutations can be identified that are shown to increase the risk of cancer CT: 3D x-ray of the internal tissues PET scan: uses radioactive tracers injected into the body to measure the metabolism of cells, cancer cells are most active and stand out. MRI: uses radio waves and magnets to detail images of soft tissue Mammograms are x-rays Chemotherapy: use of chemicals to treat diseases. Works by targeting the cell cycle of the fastest growing cancer cells. Radiation: the shorter the wavelength, the more energy present. Radiation therapy uses high-energy gamma rays and x-rays. External radiation: uses x-rays or gamma rays to target a specific area of cancer. Internal radiation: high doses of radioactive material are placed in the body. Immunotherapy: involves convincing the body's immune system to identify and eliminate cancer cells as "nonself" instead of "Self". When the immune cells do not recognize cancer cells as nonself and do not destroy them.