Baba Farid University of Health Sciences B.Sc. (MRIT) Syllabus PDF

0 Baba Farid University of Health Sciences Ordinances & Syllabus Bachelor of Science in Medical Radiography and Imaging Technology (B.Sc. (MRIT)) (3 years Degree Programme) (Applicable w.e.f. academic ses...

0 Baba Farid University of Health Sciences Ordinances & Syllabus Bachelor of Science in Medical Radiography and Imaging Technology (B.Sc. (MRIT)) (3 years Degree Programme) (Applicable w.e.f. academic session 2019-20) Faridkot -151203  1 B.Sc. Medical Radiography and Imaging Technology B.Sc. (MRIT) 1. Duration of course Duration of course shall be 3 years. 2. Admission criteria and qualifications: The students shall be admitted as per the admission criteria and qualifications prescribed in the Notification issued by the Government of Punjab or by Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, from time to time. 3. Medium of Instructions The medium of instruction during the course and examinations shall be English. 4. Examination Schedule 4.1 The examination shall be held twice a year in the months of May/June and November/December or on such other dates as may be decided by the Board of Management on the recommendation of Faculty of Medical Sciences and Academic Council. 4.2 Normally, the University shall conduct not more than two examinations in a year, for any subject, with an interval of not less than four and not more than six months between the two examinations. 4.3 The last dates for receipt of examination form and late fee in the University Office shall be as under:- Examination Date for Date with late Date with late Date with late Session without late fee of fee of Rs.500/- fee of Rs.1500/- fee Rs.200/- May/June March 1 March 15 March 31 April 15 Nov./Dec. Sept. 15 Sept. 30 Oct. 15 Oct. 31 4.4 In the case of late declaration of result due to any reason, the last dates for receipt of examination form and fee in the University Office shall be as under:- Up to 15 days Up to 30 days from Up to 45 days Up to 60 days from the date of the date of from the date from the date declaration of declaration of result of declaration of declaration result of result of result Without Late Fee With a late fee of With a late fee With a late fee Rs.200/- of Rs.500/- of Rs.1500/- Note: 1. Examination Fee including cost of form should be submitted in the shape of Demand Draft in favour of “The Registrar, BFUHS” payable at Faridkot. 2. The Vice-Chancellor may permit acceptance of admission form and fee ten days before the commencement of examination with a late fee of Rs.5000/.  2 5. First Year B.Sc.(MRIT) Examination: The First Year B.Sc.(MRIT) Examination shall be open to a person who a) has been enrolled for one academic year preceding the examination in a College of Health Sciences affiliated to this University. b) has his/her name submitted to the Registrar by the Principal of the college with the following certificates:- i) of having attended separately in theory and practical/clinical not less than 75% of the lectures delivered and practicals conducted in each of the subjects prescribed for the examination provided that deficiency in the number of lectures delivered and practicals conducted may be condoned by the Principal to the extent of 5% of the lectures delivered. ii) of having secured at least 35% marks of the total marks fixed for internal assessment in each subject, separately, in order to be eligible to appear in all University examinations. iii) of good moral character. Note: If a candidate fulfils the condition laid down in clause 5(a) & (b) above for one or more subject (s) he/ she may be allowed to take the examination in such subject (s) in which he/ she fulfils the requirements. (c) The First Year B.Sc.(MRIT) Annual Examination shall be held in May/June and the supplementary within six months of the annual examinations. d) The First Year B.Sc. (MRIT) examination shall be in the following subjects and candidate shall be required to pass all the subjects:- Sr. Subject Theory Practical No. Int. Assessment Int. Assessment Grand Total Oral/Viva Marks Marks Total Total 1. Anatomy 80 20 20 120 60 20 80 200 2. Physiology 80 20 20 120 60 20 80 200 3. Radiographic 80 20 20 120 60 20 80 200 Photography 4. Radiographic 80 20 20 120 60 20 80 200 Techniques – I 5. English* 80 20 - 100 - - - 100 *Note: The Examination in the subject of English will be conducted at College level and minimum pass marks shall be 35% and marks will be sent to the University for final inclusion in the result.  3 6. Second Year B.Sc.(MRIT) Examination: The Second Year B.Sc.(MRIT) Examination shall be open to a person who a) has been enrolled for one academic year preceding the examination in a College of Health Sciences affiliated to this University. b) has previously passed the First Year B.Sc.(MRIT) examination of this University or an examination of any other recognized University/Institution in India considered equivalent for the purpose by the University. c) has his/her name submitted to the Registrar by the Principal of the college with the following certificates:- i) of having attended separately in theory and practical/clinical not less than 75% of the lectures delivered and practicals conducted in each of the subjects prescribed for the examination provided that deficiency in the number of lectures delivered and practicals conducted may be condoned by the Principal to the extent of 5% of the lectures delivered. ii) of having secured at least 35% marks of the total marks fixed for internal assessment in each subject, separately, in order to be eligible to appear in all University examinations. iii) of good moral character. Note: If a candidate fulfils the condition laid down in clause 6(a), (b) & (c) above for one or more subject (s) he/ she may be allowed to take the examination in such subject (s) in which he/ she fulfils the requirements. (d) The Second Year B.Sc. (MRIT) Annual Examination shall be held in May/June and the supplementary within six months of the annual examinations. (e) The Second Year B.Sc.(MRIT) examination shall be in the following subjects and candidate shall be required to pass all the subjects:- Sr. Subject Theory Practical No. Int. Assessment Int. Assessment Grand Total Oral/Viva Marks Marks Total Total 1. Basic Radiation 80 20 20 120 60 20 80 200 Physics 2. Conventional 80 20 20 120 60 20 80 200 Radiological Equipments 3. Radiographic 80 20 20 120 60 20 80 200 Techniques – II 4. Radiological 80 20 20 120 60 20 80 200 Physics including Radiation protection  4 7. Third Year B.Sc.(MRIT) Examination: The Third Year B.Sc.(MRIT) Examination shall be open to a person who a) has been enrolled for one academic year preceding the examination in a College of Health Sciences affiliated to this University. b) has previously passed the Second Year B.Sc.(MRIT) examination of this University or an examination of any other recognized University/Institution in India considered equivalent for the purpose by the University. c) his/her name submitted to the Registrar by the Principal of the college with the following certificates:- i) of having attended separately in theory and practical/clinical not less than 75% of the lectures delivered and practicals conducted in each of the subjects prescribed for the examination provided that deficiency in the number of lectures delivered and practicals conducted may be condoned by the Principal to the extent of 5% of the lectures delivered. ii) of having secured at least 35% marks of the total marks fixed for internal assessment in each subject, separately, in order to be eligible to appear in all University examinations. iii) of good moral character. Note: If a candidate fulfils the condition laid down in clause 7 (a), (b) & (c) above for one or more subject (s) he/ she may be allowed to take the examination in such subject (s) in which he/ she fulfils the requirements. (d) The Third Year B.Sc.(MRIT) Annual Examination shall be held in May/June and the supplementary within six months of the annual examinations. (e) The Third Year B.Sc.(MRIT) examination shall be in the following subjects and candidate shall be required to pass all the subjects:- Sr. Subject Theory Practical No. Int. Assessment Int. Assessment Grand Total Oral/Viva Marks Marks Total Total 1. Special Radiological 80 20 20 120 60 20 80 200 Procedures including Pathology 2. Radiological 80 20 20 120 60 20 80 200 Equipment - Newer Imaging Modalities including Computers 3. Quality Assurance 80 20 20 120 60 20 80 200 and Quality Control 4. Hospital Practice 80 20 20 120 60 20 80 200 and Care of Patient  5 8. Internal Assessment i) Internal Assessment shall be submitted to the University at least two weeks before the commencement of theory examinations or within one week from the issuance of Roll Numbers by the University. All the colleges shall adopt uniform criteria for Internal Assessment as follows:- a) Attendance above 90% to be acknowledged with 10% extra weight-age for Internal Assessment. b) At least two tests to be held in each year in addition to the pre-final (send up) examination. The Internal Assessment should be the average of all awards of these tests taken together. c) Criteria for calculation of Internal Assessment i) House Examinations - 80% ii) Attendance (above 90%) - 10% iii) Subject assessment (candidate’s - 10% conduct and extra curricular participation) d) Additional mandatory requirement for Internal Assessment to be observed by all colleges. i) All test marks obtained by candidates will be displayed on Notice Boards of respective departments as and when they are awarded. ii) All computations of Internal Assessment of the entire class made by the HOD of the department shall be displayed on the notice board of the department showing individual test marks, advantage of all tests, attendance advantage and subjective assessment and the total Internal Assessment thus derived for at least one week before sending the awards to the Principal’s office. iii) Professor Incharge/HOD preparing Internal Assessment shall certify that the detailed assessment of the entire class has been displayed on the department Notice Board for at least one week prior to its being submitted for onward transmission to the University and that adequate opportunity has been given to all the students to file any objections and that the same have been addressed satisfactory. iv) The Principal forwarding the Internal Assessment to the University shall countersign the above referred certificate of the HOD/Professor Incharge preparing the Internal Assessment. e) The re-appear/fail students may be re-assessed for improvement in the Internal Assessment and awards of Internal Assessment of all the re-appear/fail students will be submitted to the University every time.  6 9. Promotion and number of attempts allowed a) A candidate who fails in all the subjects in the First Year B.Sc. (MRIT) examination shall not be promoted to Second Year class. b) The candidate who will absent himself/herself from the examination will be deemed to have been failed in that subject. c) A candidate who passes in at least one subject of University level First Year B.Sc. (MRIT) examination will be permitted to attend classes of Second Year. However, he/she will be allowed to appear in the Second Year B.Sc. (MRIT) examination only after passing all the subjects of First Year B.Sc. (MRIT) Examination. d) Candidate who passes in one or more subjects of First Year B.Sc. (MRIT) examination shall be exempted from appearing in these subject at a subsequent examination, but the candidate must pass the examination in a maximum of four attempts (including first attempt, as a regular candidate), failing which he/ she shall not be allowed to continue his studies. e) A candidate who fails in all the subjects in the Second Year B.Sc. (MRIT) examination shall not be promoted to Third Year class. f) A candidate who passes in at least one subject of University level Second Year B.Sc. (MRIT) examination will be permitted to attend classes of Third Year. However, he/she will be allowed to appear in the Third Year B.Sc. (MRIT) examination only after passing all the subjects of Second Year B.Sc. (MRIT) Examination. g) Candidate who passes in one or more subjects of Second Year B. Sc. (MRIT) examination shall be exempted from appearing in these subject at a subsequent examination, but the candidate must pass the examination in a maximum of four attempts including first attempt, as a regular candidate plus one mercy chance at the discretion of the Vice-Chancellor, failing which he/ she will have to appear in all the subjects of the examination. h) Candidate who passes in one or more subjects of Third Year B.Sc.(MRIT) examination shall be exempted from appearing in these subject at a subsequent examination, but the candidate must pass the examination in a maximum of four attempts (including first attempt, as a regular candidate), failing which he/ she will have to appear in all the subjects. 10. Appointment of Examiners: The examiners shall be appointed by the University on the recommendations of the Board of Studies in Medical Sciences (Undergraduates)/Faculty of Medical Sciences. i) There shall be four examiners – two internal and two external. ii) Professor& Head of the Department shall be the Convener. The second Internal Examiner will be appointed by annual rotation from amongst the Professors/Associate Professors/Assistant Professor with at least 3 years post PG teaching experience. In case of non-availability of Professors/Associate Professors/Assistant Professor in the department the teacher working in another Medical College affiliated to this University, who fulfils the minimum requirements as per MCI norms for appointment as examiner may be appointed as Internal Examiner.  7 iii) The examiners shall be appointed by the University from the teachers working in the Medical Colleges affiliated to it, preferably from the colleges where this course is being run, on the recommendations of the Board of Studies in Medical Sciences and Faculty of Medical Sciences. iv) In case of non-availability of External Examiners from amongst the affiliated colleges of BFUHS, External Examiners may be appointed from the colleges which are not affiliated to BFUHS, Faridkot, in and outside the State of Punjab. 11. Paper setting and moderation of Question Papers Each theory paper shall be of three hours duration. The paper setting and moderation of Question Papers will be got done under the direction of the Vice-Chancellor, if necessary. The question paper covering the entire course shall be divided into two sections. Section A: Question 1: This will consist of five short answer questions with answer to each question up to 250 words in length. All questions will be compulsory. Each question will carry 5 marks total weight-age being 25 marks. Question 2: This will consist of two long answer questions with answer to each question up to 1000 words in length in length. Two questions will be set by the examiner and the candidate will be required to attempt one. Each question will carry 15 marks. Section B Question 1: This will consist of five short answer questions with answer to each question up to 250 words in length. All questions will be compulsory. Each question will carry 5 marks total weight-age being 25 marks. Question 2: This will consist of two long answer questions with answer to each question up to 1000 words in length. Two questions will be set by the examiner and the candidate will be required to attempt one. Each question will carry 15 marks. 12. Evaluation of Answer Books The answer books shall be got evaluated by putting fictitious roll numbers thereon or spot evaluation (table marking) or any other method under the direction of the Vice-Chancellor. 13. Minimum pass marks: The minimum number of marks to pass the examination shall be 50% in theory including Internal Assessment & Oral/Viva and 50% in practical including Internal Assessment in each subject separately except in the subject of English where minimum pass marks shall be 35%. A successful candidate on the basis of theory and practical marks taken together shall be classified as under: - Second Class : A candidate obtaining 50% or more marks but less than 60% marks First Class : A candidate obtaining 60% or more marks First Class : A candidate obtaining 80% or more marks with Distinction  8 14. Grace Marks: That the grace marks up to 5 (five) be given to the best advantage of the students irrespective of Theory or Practical examinations. 15. Declaration of Result The Registrar/Controller of Examinations shall publish the result after the examination. The candidates shall be issued Detailed Marks Certificate through their Principals. 16. Award of Degree On successfully passing the Third Year B.Sc.(MRIT) examination the students shall be awarded the Degree of Bachelor of Sciences Medical Radiography and Imaging Technology. *****  9 SYLLABUS B.Sc. Medical Radiography and Imaging Technology B.Sc. (MRIT) A THREE YEAR PROGRAMME INTRODUCTION: In the modern concept of medical science, the importance of the support from paramedical professional cannot be over emphasized. It is for this reason that the Institute attaches great value to these disciplines and organizes the training programmes within its fold with provision to review and update the course outlines and syllabi periodically to keep pace with the newer developments taking place in these fields. B.Sc. Medical Radiography and Imaging Technology is one such training programme, which has an important role to play in the service of suffering humanity. The training of the candidates registering for B.Sc. Medical Radiography and Imaging Technology course is aimed at equipping them adequately to carry out all the routine as well as some of the modern sophisticated diagnostic and imaging procedures in a modern hospital apart from handling all the radiological and imaging equipments with special care of quality control and radiation safety aspects. The basis for the training is “in-service training”, supplemented by a series of lectures cum demonstrations on the theoretical aspects of various subjects. The students are posted by rotation in all the diagnostic and imaging sections and rooms. The students are evaluated by a system of internal assessment and three annual examinations. The final examination at the end of the third year is a comprehensive one. TRAINING: The training is spread over three years and includes both lectures and practicals. For the practical training, the students are posted in various sections and rooms in Radiodiagnosis and imaging deptt. and they engage themselves in the day work together with the employed technologists under the control of tutor technologists and supervisors. Students participate in seminars, journal clubs, group discussion and maintain daily work book to keep record of their day to day practical work/clinical posting which is signed both by the technologist Incharge of the xray room of their posting and countersigned by the tutors/lectures.  10 SYLLABUS FIRST YEAR B.Sc. (MRIT) Paper – I : ANATOMY Theory: 70 Hours Practical: 20 Hours Theory: 1. Introduction: Definition of anatomy and its divisions, Terms of location, positions and planes. Cell and its organelles, Tissues & its classification, Glands. 2. Musculoskeletal system: Structure of Bone & its types. Joints- Classification of joints with examples; details of synovial joint. Bones & joints of upper limb, lower limb and their movements. Axial skeleton & appendicular skeleton. Skull, spine & its movements, intervertebral disc. Muscles & its types. Muscles of the upper limb, lower limb, trunk and neck. 3. Cardiovascular System: Arteries & veins, Capillaries & arterioles. Heart- size, location, chambers, blood supply of heart, pericardium. Systemic & pulmonary circulation. Major blood vessels of Heart- Aorta, pulmonary artery, common carotid artery, subclavian artery, axillary artery, brachial artery, common iliac artery, femoral artery. Inferior vena cava, portal circulation, great saphenous vein. 4. Lymphatic System: Lymph & Lymph vessels. Structure of lymph node, names of regional lymphatics, auxiliary and inguinal lymph nodes. 5. Gastro-intestinal System: Parts of GIT, structure of tongue, pharynx, salivary glands. Location & Gross structure of Oesophagus, stomach, intestine (small and large), liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen. 6. Respiratory system: Parts of Respiratory system; Structure of nose, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, lungs, pleura, bronchopulmonary segments.  11 7. Urinary System: Parts of Urinary system, location and gross structure of kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra. 8. Reproductive system: Parts of male reproductive system, gross structure of testis, vas deferens, epididymis, prostate. Parts of female reproductive system, gross structure of uterus, ovary, fallopian tube, mammary gland. 9. Endocrine glands: Name of all endocrine glands, gross structure & functions of pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland and parathyroid gland. 10. Nervous system: Neuron, classification of NS. Meninges, ventricles, CSF. Gross features of cerebrum, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, name of basal nuclei. Blood supply of brain, cranial nerves. Spinal cord and spinal nerves. Autonomic nervous system. Visual & auditory pathways 11. Sensory Organs: Skin & its appendages. Structure of eye & lacrimal apparatus, name of extraocular muscles. Structure of ear: external, middle & inner ear.  12 Practical: Demonstration of all bones AND organs of the human body. Histology: Epithelium: Simple (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated), Stratified, Transitional Bone, muscles (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibro cartilage). Connective Tissue (loose and dense). Arteries (large & medium sized), Veins. Radiographs: Normal Radiographs of Chest, Upper Limb, Lower Limb, pelvis & spine. Reference Books 1. Ross and Wilson, Anatomy and Physiology, Chruchill Livingstone. 2. Companion Pocketbook for quick review 3. B.D. Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy -Vol. (1,2,3) 4. Anatomy for B.Sc. Nursing – Dr Renu Chauhan *****  13 SYLLABUS FIRST YEAR B.Sc. (MRIT) Paper – II : PHYSIOLOGY Theory: 70 Hours Practical: 20 Hours Theory: 1. Blood - Red Blood Cells- Functions, count, Physiological variations. Erythropoisis-stages - Hemoglobin-Functions, Physiological variations. - White Blood cells-Functions, count, morphology. - Platelets-count, morphology, functions. Hemostasis-Definition, Mechanism, clotting factors. - Blood groups-ABO system, Rh system, Blood transfusion- Indication, transfusion reactions. - Anaemias-classification, morphological and Etiological, effects of anaemia on body. 2. Cardiovascular System - Heart-Physiological Anatomy, Nerve supply, Properties of cardiac muscle. - Cardiac Cycle-Events –systole, diastole - Cardiac Output-Definition and factors affecting it. - Heart sounds-normal heart sounds, its causes, areas of auscultations. - Blood Pressure-Definition, normal value, Physiological variations, its measurement. - ECG- normal waves. - Shock-Definition, Types. 3. Gastrointestinal System - Physiological Anatomy, functions of GIT. - Salivary Gland-functions of saliva. - Stomach- structure and functions, Gastric secretions-composition, functions, Mechanism - Pancreas- structure, functions, composition of Pancreatic juice. - Liver-Functions of liver. - Bile-Composition, functions. - Jaundice-Types and its causes. - Gall Bladder- Functions - Intestine- Movements of small and large intestine. - Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Protiens, Fats. - Hormones of GIT- Functions of Gastrin, Secretin, CCK-Pz. 4. Respiratory System - Physiological Anatomy, Functions of the respiratory system. - Types of respiration, respiratory membrane. - Lung volumes and capacities, vital capacity and factors affecting it. - Transport of Oxygen-Forms of transportation, Oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve  14 and factors affecting it. - Transport of Carbon-Dioxide- Forms of transportation. - Hypoxia-Definition, types, effects of hypoxia. - Cyanosis-Definition and types. - Artificial Respiration- CPR 5. Endocrine System - Classification of Endocrine glands and their hormones. - Thyroid Gland-Physiological Anatomy, hormones secreted, functions, disorders- Hypo and hyper secretion of hormone. - Adrenal Gland-Adrenal Cortex-Physiological Anatomy, its hormones and functions. - Adrenal Medulla-Hormones, functions. - Pituitary Gland- Anterior and posterior pituitary hormones and their functions, disorders. - Pancreas- Hormones and their functions, Diabetes Mellitus-types, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms. - Parathyroid Gland- Hormones and their functions. 6. Central Nervous System - Structure of neuron, functions of nervous system. - Classification and properties of nerve fibres - Synapse- structure and types - Receptors-Definition, classification, properties, Reflex Arc - Ascending and Descending tracts- names and functions - Functions of Hypothalamus - Functions of Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia - Functions of Cerebral Cortex - Autonomic Nervous System- Actions of sympathetic and parasympathetic system and their comparison. - Special Senses-Eye-structure, functions of different parts,Visual acuity, Refrective errors Ear-structure, functions, General mechanism of hearing 7. Excretory System - Kidneys-structure of nephron, functions of kidney - Glomerular filtration Rate(GFR) and factors affecting it - Counter Current Mechanism - Bladder-its innervation, micturition reflex 8. Reproductive System - Male Reproductive System-Stages of spermatogenesis, function of Testosterone - Female Reproductive System-Ovulation, menstrual cycle, functions of Estrogen and progesterone 9. Nerve Muscle Physiology - Classification of Muscle, structure of skeletal muscle - Neuromuscular Junction - Excitation Contraction Coupling  15 Practicals: - Estimation of Hemoglobin Concentration - Determination of Bleeding Time and Clotting Time - Determination of Blood Groups - Recording of normal Blood Pressure - Clinical Examination of Arterial Pulse - Determination of Vital Capacity *****  16 SYLLABUS FIRST YEAR B.Sc. (MRIT) Paper – III : Radiographic Photography Theory: 70 Hours Practical: 20 Hours 1. The photographic process: Introduction, visible light, images produced by radiation, light sensitive photographic materials. 2. Image characteristic: Real and mental images, reflected, transmitted and emitted light images Photographic emulsions. The photographic latent image. Positive process. 3. Film materials in X-ray departments, history, structure of an xray film, single and double emulsion films, types of films, cross over effect. 4. Spectral sensitivity of film material, graininess of film material, speed and contrast of photographic materials. 5. Sensitometry: Photographic density, characteristic curves, features of the characteristic curve. 6. Variation in the characteristic curve with the development. Comparison of emulsions by their characteristic curves. Information from the characteristic curve. 7. The storage of film materials and radiograph; Storage of unprocessed films, storing of radiographs-expiry date, shelflife, storage condition, stock control. 8. Intensifying screens and cassettes. Luminescence: fluorescence and phosphorescence. Construction of an intensifying screen. 9. The fluorescent materials. Types of intensifying screens, intensification factor. The influence of KV, scattered radiation. Detail, sharpness and speed , size of the crystals, reciprocity failure, quantum mottle. 10. Cassette design, care of cassettes, types of cassettes, mounting of intensifying screens, loading and unloading of cassettes. 11. Care of intensifying screens, tests to check screen film contact and light leakage. 12. Film processing: Development. The nature of development-manual or automatic. The PH scale. 13. The constitution of developing solutions both in manual and automatic processing and properties of developing chemicals. 14. The development time, factors in the use of a developer, developer activity. 15. Film processing: fixing and role of a fixing solution. Constitution of the fixing solutions and properties of the constituents. 16. Fixer used in automatic processors. Factors affecting the use of the fixer. 17. Regeneration of fixing solution. Silver recovery from waste fixer or from scrap film and its various methods. 18. Rinsing, washing and drying. Objects of rinsing and washing, methods employed. Methods of drying films. 19. Preparation of solutions and making stock solution. 20. Processing equipment: materials for processing equipment, processors for manual operation, hangers, control of chemicals temperature by heating and thermostate, immersion heaters as well as cooling faults. 21. Dark Room: Layout and planning. Dark room construction-Nature of floor, walls, ceiling and radiation protection. 22. Type of entry, door design. Dark room illuminations-white light and safe lighting. 23. Dark room equipment and its layout. Location of pass through boxes or cassette hatches.  17 24. Systems for daylight film handling. Daylight systems using cassettes and without cassettes. 25. The radiographic image: components in image quality-density, contrast and detail. 26. Unsharpness in the radiographic image. Various factors contributing towards unsharpness – geometric, photographic; motional, mottle, graininess, distortion. 27. The presentation of the radiograph. Identification markers and orientation. Documentary preparation. 28. Viewing accessories: Viewing boxes, magnifiers, viewing conditions. 29. Light images and their recording. The laser imager, CRT cameras, Video-imagers ,dry silver imaging. 30. Photo flurography: cine cameras. Cine fluorography, cine film, derail cameras, processing of cine films, flurographic films. 31. Cameras for photo flurography. Sensitometric response of fluorography film. 32. Some special imaging processes, Xero-radiography its meaning, technique and applications. 33. Substraction: its techniques applied to radiography as well as its applications. 34. Common film faults due to manufacturing as well as due to chemical processing. 35. Management of the quality of the Radiographic images and image quality control. 36. Practicals: (i) test to check the x-ray films and screen contract in the cassette and (ii) test to check light leakage in the cassette. (iii)to prepare a characteristic curve of a radiographic film(iv) to check the effect of safe light on exposed as well as unexposed x-ray film. *****  18 SYLLABUS FIRST YEAR B.Sc. (MRIT) Paper – IV : Radiographic Techniques – I Theory: 70 Hours Practical: 20 Hours Radiography techniques of whole skeleton comprising of : Whole Upper limb with special reference to hard, wrist joint, forearm, elbow joint and upper arm. Supplementary techniques for carpal tunnel, scaphoid bone fracture, head of radius and supra-condylar fracture. Whole Lower limb which includes all the bones with special reference to foot, ankle joint, lower leg, knee joint, patella and upper leg. Supplementary techniques for calcaneum bone, for flat foot, intercondylar notch and head of femur etc. Shoulder girdle and humerus. Whole vertebral column, cervical, thoracic, lumber spine, sacrum and coccyx with special techniques for intervertebral foramina, cervico-dorsal, dorso lumber, Lumbosacral joint and S.I. joints. Pelvic girdle and hip region. Thorax-complete chest radiography for both the lungs-apical, lordotic and oblique views. Techniques to demonstrate fluid levels/effusion in the thoracic cavity-decubitus AP and lateral vies. *****  19 SYLLABUS FIRST YEAR B.Sc. (MRIT) Paper – V ENGLISH Theory : 35 hours Communication:- Role of communication Defining Communication Classification of communication Purpose of communication Major difficulties in communication Barriers to communication Characteristics of successful communication – The seven Cs Communication at the work place Human needs and communication “Mind mapping” Information communication Comprehension passage:- Reading purposefully Understanding what is read Drawing conclusion Finding and analysis Explaining:- How to explain clearly Defining and giving reasons Explaining differences Explaining procedures Giving directions Writing business letters:- How to construct correctly Formal language Address Salutation Body Conclusion Report writing:- Reporting an accident Reporting what happened at a session Reporting what happened at a meeting ****  20 SYLLABUS SECOND YEAR B.Sc. (MRIT) Paper – I : Basic Radiation Physics Theory: 70 Hours Practical: 20 Hours Properties of matter, heat, light, magnetism, electricity and electromagnetism applied in radiological instruments. Physical principles in the design and working of x-ray tube technology. Construction and working principals of transformers and autotransformers used in xray circuits. Measuring instruments voltage of KV meters. Measurement of tube current in milli and micro amperes. Principles of thermionic emission and rectification in xray technology. High voltage circuits in x-ray Units. Electrical hazards and safety. X-ray tube rating in imaging and therapy xray tube and distance, KV, MA. Introduction to electro- magnetic spectrum, definition of wave length and its quantum relationship with peak kilovoltage physical principles of radiation and optical field coverage and the factors affecting the field projected on patient during x-ray imaging. Exponential and trigonometric functions used in radiological calculations.  21 SYLLABUS SECOND YEAR B.Sc. (MRIT) Paper – II : Conventional Radiological Equipment Theory: 70 Hours Practical: 20 Hours Electrical system and mains supply: The electrical system, generation of electricity, distribution of electric energy, use, of electric energy, High Tension Generators: Rectifications- Types of rectifier-valve and solid state. Self rectified high tension circuit. Half wave, four valve full wave, three phase, full wave rectified circuit voltage wave forms in high tension generators. Constant potential circuits. High frequency generators, falling load generators, Anatomically programmed generators and modular generators. The X-ray Tube: Historical developments including General features of the X-ray tube. The fixed anode, rotating anode xray tube. Rating of X- ray tubes, focal spot sizes. Methods of heat dissipation in xray tubes, common tube faults. Developments in the rotating anode tube. Tube stands and ceiling tube supports. Mammography tubes and equipment, accessories. Different types of tubes and choice of an x-ray tube. Fuses, switches and interlocks: fuses, switches and circuit breakers, interlocking circuits. Components and controls in the X-ray circuits: The high tension transformer, the rectification of high tension. The control of kilovoltage, kolovoltage indication. The filament circuit and control of the tube current. Milliamperes indications. Main voltage compensation. Mains supply and the xray set. Exposure Switches and Exposure Timers: Switching systems timing system, exposure switching and its radiographic applications The control of scattered Radiation: Significance of scatter. Beam limiting devices-cones, diaphragm(collimeters).Beam centring devices. The secondary radiation grid: its types, components of grid, grid movements. The assessment of grid functions, grid-errors, other Scatter reduction methods- air gap technique. Mains requirements. Portable x-ray machines, Mobile X-ray equipment, Capacitor discharge mobile x-ray unit and x-ray equipment for operation Theatre and for ward radiography. Fluoroscopic Equipment: Structure of a fluorescent screen. The fluoroscopic image. The fluoroscopic table, spot film devices and explorators. Protective measures and physiology of vision, image quality.  22 Image Intensifiers (I,I.T.V. System): An Image intensifier tube, its design, its application. The television process and television tube its various types. Recording of the intensified image. T.V.monitor, video tape recording, cine radiographic cameras, Remote Control table. Tomographic Equipment: Principal of tomography. Various types of tomographic movements, multi-section radiography. Transverse axial tomography. Equipment for tomography. Equipment for Rapid Serial radiography and angiography: Rapid film changer. Rapid cassette changer, X-ray generator, x-ray tube, angiographic tables, contrast medium injection device. Equipment for cranial and Dental Radiography: The skull table, general dental X-ray equipment, specialized dental X-ray equipment. Equipment for mammography-general or dedicated Care, maintenance and tests of X-ray equipment: General care; functional tests; testing the performance of exposure timers, assessing the MA setting , testing the available KV, measurement of focal spot of an xray tube, testing the light beam diaphragm, practical precautions pertaining to brakes and locks, H.T. cables, meters and controls, tube stands and tracks as well as accessory equipment. ******  23 SYLLABUS SECOND YEAR B.Sc. (MRIT) Paper – III : Radiographic Techniques – Part II Theory: 70 Hours Practical: 20 Hours RADIOGRAPHY TECHNIEQUE COMPROSING OF THE COMPLETE Radiography of Skull and Radiography of cranial bones; including special techniques for sella turcica, orbits, opticforamina, superior orbital fissure and inferior orbital fissure etc. Facial bones: Paranasal sinuses , Temporal bone and Mastoids. Dental Radiography: Radiography of teeth-intra oral, extraoral and occlusal view. Abdomen: Preparation of patient. General abdominal radiography and positioning for fluid and air levels. Plain film examination. Radiography of female abdomen to look for pregnancy. Radiography in case of acute abdomen. Macroradiography: Principle, advantage, technique and applications. Tomography - Principle and applications Stereography – procedure- presentation, for viewing, stereoscopes, stereometry. High KV techniques principle and its applications. Soft tissue Radiography including mammography-its techniques, equipment and applications. Localization of foreign bodies. Various techniques Ward/mobile radiography- electrical supply, radiation protection, equipment and instructions to be followed for portable/ward radiography. Operation theatre techniques: General precautions, Aspesis in techniques-checking of mains supply and functions of equipment, selection of exposure factors, explosion risk, radiation protection and rapid processing techniques. Trauma radiography/Emergency radiography and Paediatric Radiography *****  24 SYLLABUS SECOND YEAR B.Sc. (MRIT) Paper – IV: Radiological Physics including Radiation Protection Theory: 70 Hours Practical: 20 Hours Atomic structure as applied to generation of X-rays and radioactivity. Spectrum of diagnostic imaging and therapy X-rays. Production of X-rays and propertics of X-rays. Effects of variation of tube voltage, current, filteration,HT waveform and target material on X-ray production. Interaction of X-ray and gamma radiation with matter. Attenuation, absorption and scattering phenomenon. Photolectric absorption, Compton scattering, pair production and annihilation process. Dependence on the nature and atomic number of the absorber on radiation quality. Transmission of X-ray through body tissues. Linear energy transfer. Range of secondary electrons and electrons build up. Relative amounts of scatter from homogeneous and hetrogenous beam during the passage through a patient. Physical requirement of beam defining devices e.g. cones,diaphragm, collimators etc. Units of radiation measurements. Specification of quality and half-valve thickness (HVT) and its measurements. Filters and filteration. Mesurement of radiation and dosimeteric procedures. Radiation detectors and their principles of working. Physical properties of phantoms, phantom materials. Basics of Radiation protection principles and Practice Nature of lionizing radiation, Biological effects of ionizing radiation, sources and magnitude of ionizing exposure. Quantities and Units relevant to radiological protection Exposure, absorbed dose, kerma/air kerma, integral dose, equivalent dose, effective dose Detection and measurement of lionizing /radiation: Field survey instrument, GM survey instruments, personnel monitoring devices film badge, TLD, pocket dosimeter, pulsed optically stimulated Luminerce dosimeter(POSL) etc. Radiation Protection Procedures for Patients and Personnel Advisory Group & Regulatory Agencies- ICRP, NCRP, UNSCEAR, AERB. Limiting exposure to ioizing radiation-Dose limits, ICRP recommendations ALARA principle. Protection of Personnel- Principles of personnel exposure. Reduction-Time, distance, shielding, protective barriers, protective devices. Protection of the patient Beam limitation, technique selection, general shielding , grids, image receptors, projection, repeat radiography etc. Radiation exposure and pregnancy-ALARA and Pregnancy, the pregnant. Radiation worker, patient and radiation exposure standards. *****  25 SYLLABUS THIRD YEAR B.Sc. (MRIT) Paper – I : Special Radiological Procedures including Pathology Theory: 70 Hours Practical: 20 Hours Radiological procedures pertaining to salivary glands, lacrimal system, bronchography, arthrography and hysteron salpangiography-various requirement, trolley set up, indications and contraindications, contrast media radiographic positioning and patient preparation etc. Ventriculography and encephalography – Technique, contrast media used, film sequence, indication and contra indications. Myelography Technique, contrast media used, injection of contrast media, indications and contra indications. I.V.U., cystography, cystouretherography and RGU, MCU etc. patient preparation, Techniques, film sequence, indications and contra indications. Intra venous cholangiography, T. Tube, Cholangiography, preoperative cholangiography, procedure, contrast media, indications and contra indications. Upper & Lower G.I. tract studies: Braium swallow, meal, follow through including double contrast barium studies ( small bowel enema, Ba Enema etc.) Procedure, requirements, indications, contra indications and contrast media used and the radiographic techniques. Angiography: Cerebral, cardiac, abdominal. Aortography – general, renal, renal and selective renal procedure, indications, contra indication, contrast media, technique films sequence & post care. Splenoportovenography: Peripheral Arterial and Venous angiography, precautions, radiation protection, film changers, manual or automatic biplane, contrast media, injection procedure and technique. Intraventional radiological procedures: PTC, PTBD, ERCP, fine needle aspiration cytology, percutaneous nephrostomy. Cardiac catherization-embolization, dilation etc. MRI, US, CT Imaging techniques related pathology including cross sectional anatomy. *****  26 SYLLABUS THIRD YEAR B.Sc. (MRIT) Paper – II : Radiological equipment- Newer Imaging Modalities and Computers Theory: 70 Hours Practical: 20 Hours Computed tomography: historical development, its principle, physics & equipment and various generations and definition of terms including applications. Diagnostic Ultrasound including doppler: Its principle, applications and role in medicine. Various types of transducers and definition of terms. Digital Radiography and Vascular Imaging Equipment: Introduction, historical developments, Principle, scanned projection radiography, digital substraction angiography, applications and definition of terms, Computed radiography its advantages, disadvantages. M.R.I.: Physics of magnetic Resonance, Production of the MR image and MRI equipment and Principle, applications, its advantage over computed tomography or ultrasonography: Its limitations and uses. Computer : (Fundamentals & applications in Radiology) Computer Systems- definition, introduction, Hardware organization, software comcepts. Computer Architectures and Processing capabilities- Types, Trminology Data Storage Technologies – Secondary storage – magnetic Tape, Magnetic disk, Rudundant Array of indeopendent disks, optical disk storage and storage capacity. Data Communication: Data transmission media, Data communications, hardware, Newwork Topologies The Internet – Major Components and Types Applications: Imaging applications Non Imaging applications Information system Picture Archiving and communication system Communication protocol standards used in medicine *****  27 SYLLABUS THIRD YEAR B.Sc. (MRIT) Paper – III : Quality assurance and Quality Control Theory: 70 Hours Practical: 20 Hours Aim of quality assurance in medical care and radiodiagnosis. Regulations and Accreditation. Purchasing Equipment Identification of imaging requirements Developments of equipment specifications. Selection of equipment Installations Acceptance testing of equipment Continuing education Monitoring Equipment Performance Routine checks of all radiological and imaging equipment including CT & MRI Routine checks of film processing systems Measure the quality of external radiation beams and Specify faults within these systems to allow corrective measures to be taken Responsibility Processor Monitoring, External beam evaluation Routine checks of Diagnostic radiographic system like-focal spot size determination, half value layer, collimator, check, central ray and Bucky tray accuracy, distance and centering indicators accuracy, Angulator or protector accuracy, KV accuracy, MA accuracy, exposure timer accuracy, resolution, exposure reproduceability. Ancillary Equipment Monitoring : Cassette cleaning and inspection, film/screen contact, view box uniformity. Repeat Film analysis : Cause of reject, documentation Troubleshooting ******  28 SYLLABUS THIRD YEAR B.Sc. (MRIT) Paper – IV : Hospital practice and care of the patient Theory: 70 Hours Practical: 20 Hours Hospital staffing and administration, records, professional, ethics , co-operation with other staff and departments, Departmental organistion. Handling of the patients, seriously ill and traumatized patients, visually impaired, speech and hearing impaired, mentally impaired, drug addicts and non- english speaking patients. Understanding patient needs- patient dignity of impatient and out patient. Interaction with the patients relatives and visitors. Methods of effective communication- verbal skills, body language, professional appearance, visual contact etc. Elementary personal and departmental hygiene, dealing with receptacles, bed pans and urinal etc. General preliminaries to the exam. Moving chair and stretcher, patient. Unconscious patient general comfort and reassurance for the patient. Vital signs and oxygen-patient’s Haemeatasis status. Body temp. respiratory rate, pulse blood pressure, oxygen therapy, oxygen devices, chest tubes and lines. First aid- shock, electrical shock, haemorrhage, burns, Asphyxia, fractures, loss of consciousness. Emergency treatment to the collapsed patient. Artificial respiration and resuscitation. Preparation of patient for general and special radiological examinations. Supervision of patients undergoing special examination. Administration of drugs and contrast media. Aseptic and sterile procedures. Handling of infections patients in the department or in the ward. Regulation of dangerous drugs. Trolley set up for special xray examinations, Radiation hazardous and protective measures. N.B.; This subject will be taught during 1st year of training and examination will be conducted in the 3rd year. *****  29 BOOK RECOMMENDED FOR READING : Title of the Book Name (s) of Authors(s) Publishers (Edition/ Year ) The Basic physics of Joseph Selman J.B. Lippincott Radiation Therapy Basic medical Techniques and Torrer, L.S. J.B. Lippincott patient care for Radiological Technologists Fuch’s Principles of Carroll, Quinn B. Charles C. Thomas Radiographic Exposures, Processing and Quality Control Physical Principles of Sprawis University Park Press Diagnostic Radiology Foundations of Anatomy and Ross and Wilson Churchill Livingstone physiology An Atlas of Radiological Weir and Abrahms Pitman Medical Anatomy Assurance of Quality in the J.A. Garrett et al British Institute of Radiology Diagnostic X-ray Depth. The Report of the BIR Diagnostic Methods Committee Essential physics for Ball and Moore Blackwell Scientific Wreight Radiographers Suface Anatomy for Mekears and Owen -do- Radiographers Radiographic Anatomy of the Bryan, G. -do- Human Skelton X-ray Equipments for Chesney D.N. & Chesney -do- Students Radiographers M.O. Fundamental Physics for Meredith and Massey Wright Radiology Medical X-ray Techniques in Vander Plaats Macmillan Diagnostic Radiology Radiographic Photography Jenkins D.j. Churchill Livingston and Imaging Processes An Introduction to the Physics Christensen et al Lea and Febiger (India Ed. of Diagnostic Radiology K.M. Verghese (Co.) The Science of Photography Baines, H. Halstead Press Clark’s Positioning in Kreel Heinemann Radiography Principles of Radiotherapy Paterson X-ray Physics and Equipment Ashuworth Blackwell Scientific Publishers Physics of Radiology Johns Charles Thomas Springfield, U.S.A. Care of the patient in Chesney D.N. & Chesney Blackwell Scientific diagnostic Radiography M.O. Radiographic Anatomy of the Bryan.G Livingstone Human Skelton Radiographic Photography Chesney D.N. & Chesney Blackwell Scientific M.O.  30 Radiographic Photography Jenkins D.J. Churchill Livingstone and Imaging Processes Special Techniques in Stripp. W. Churchill Livingstone Orthopaedic Radiography Introduction to Radiation Markin and harbison protection Chesney’s Radiographic John Ball and Tony Price Blackwell Science Ltd., U.K. Imaging Chesney’s care of the patient Pauline J. Culmer Blackwell Science Ltd., U.K. in Diagnostic Radiography Chesney’s Equipment for PH Carter, Am Paterson, M.L. Blackwell Science Ltd., U.K. student Radiographers Thornton, A.P. Hyatt, A. Milne, J.R. Pirrie Essential physics for JL Ball and A.D. Moorie Blackwell science Ltd., U.K. Radiographers Radiographic Imaging & Terri L. Fauber Mosby, USA Exposure Radiological Science for Stewart C Bushong Mosby, USA Technologist Physics for Diagnostic PP Deny, B. Heaton, Institute of Physics publishing Radiology U.K. Computed Tomography Euclid Seeram W.B. Saunder’s Company MRI In Practic Catherine West brook and Carolyn kaut Hand book of MRI Catherine West book Techniques Introduction to Radiography Arlene M Adler, FAERS W.B. Saundererm and patient care Principles of Radiographic Richard R Carlton, Arlene M Imaging: An art and a science Adler Text book of Radiographic Kanneth L Bontragger Mosby, USA Positioning and related anatomy ******