BSC 2011 Exam Review PDF

IN-PERSON ONLY Sign-In PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE!!!!!!!!!! Using your NID BSC 2011 EXAM REVIEW: Mira S  3 DIPLOBLASTIC VS. TRIPLOBLASTIC Ectoderm Ectoderm Endoderm Endoderm Mesoderm  BODY PLANS OF ANIMALS Asymmetric...

IN-PERSON ONLY Sign-In PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE!!!!!!!!!! Using your NID BSC 2011 EXAM REVIEW: Mira S  3 DIPLOBLASTIC VS. TRIPLOBLASTIC Ectoderm Ectoderm Endoderm Endoderm Mesoderm  BODY PLANS OF ANIMALS Asymmetrical Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry  5 ACOELOMATES VS COELOMATES Terms used to define the presence of a Coelom Coelom: An internal body cavity derived from mesoderm tissue Provides cushioning/ protection to organs Provides body flexibility Acoelomates: Triploblastic Animals that do NOT have a coelom Mesoderm is filled with tissue Coelomates (aka Eucoelomates): Triploblastic Animals with a true body cavity, coelom. Coelom is surrounded by mesoderm tissue Pseudocoelomates: Triploblastic Animals that do have a coelom Coelom lined partly with Mesoderm and endoderm  PROTOSTOMES VS DEUTEROSTOMES Looks at the development of the anus and mouth Protostomes: Blastopore becomes the mouth Primitive Deuterostomes: Blastopore becomes the anus Novel  PORIFERA: 7 Sponges Asymmetrical Filter Feeders Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Adults: Immotile Larvae: Motile Not Deuterostome or Proteosome Not Triploblastic or Diploblastic No True Tissue CNIDARIA: 8 Jellyfish Body Symmetry: Radial/Biradial Incomplete digestive system Diploblastic Neither proteosome or deuterostome Polyps: Sessile and Medusa: Motile PLATYHELMINTHES: Flatworms Bilateral Triploblastic Protostome Acoelomate Incomplete Digestive System Asexual and Sexual Reproduction MOLLUSCA 10 Bilateral Symmetry Triploblastic Complete Digestive System Proteosome 3 Classes Bivalvia: Clams, Muscles, Oysters Gastropod: Snails and Slugs Cephalopoda: Octopus and Squid ANNELIDA: Segmented Worms Triploblastic Protostome Coelomate Bilateral with simple cephalization/Segmentation Motile Complete Digestive System NEMATODA: Roundworms Triploblastic Protostome Pseudocoelomate Bilateral primitive cephalization Motile Complete Digestive System Molt Exoskeleton Asexual or Sexual Reproduction ARTHROPODA 13 Insects Triploblastic Bilateral Coelomate Complete Digestive System Proteosome Jointed Appendages Body Segmentation  ARTHROPOD: 14 LARGEST PHYLUM IN RELATION TO SPECIES Crustacea: Mostly aquatic Myriapoda: terrestrial Chelicerata: First set of appendages are distinct Trilobta: All extinct Hexapoda: True Insects  15 ECHINODERMATA: Starfish Bilateral (larval) Radial or Pentaradial (Adult) Triploblastic Coelomate Deuterostome Invertebrates Complete Digestive System  16 CHORDATA: Bilateral Deuterostomes Triploblastic Coelomates Novel Adaptations: Notochord Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord Pharyngeal Slits Post Anal Tail Endostyle/Thyroid Gland  17 CHORDATA INVERTEBRATES: Cephalochordata: Lancelets Notochord Dorsal hallow nerve cord Pharyngeal Slits Post-Anal Tail Endostyle Urochordata: Sea Squirts Pharyngeal Slits Endostyle  FISHES: Agnathastomes: Jawless Fish Have a Cranium Includes Myxini (Hagfish) and Petromyzontidae (Lamprey) Gnathostomes: Jawed Fish Osteichthyes: Bony Jawed Fish Marine and Freshwater Swim Bladder for Buoyancy Vertically Flattened Chondrichthyes: Sharks, Rays, and Skates Mostly Marine Cartilaginous Well Developed Sensory System Have a 2 chambered heart and a AMPHIBIANS: Frogs, Salamanders, and Caecilians Dual Life: Transition between Aquatic and Terrestrial Life Water Dependent Reproduction First Tetrapod Undergo complete metamorphosis Urodela: Salamanders Lungless Anura Frogs and Toads Can vocalize Lungs and Eardrum Apoda Caecilians Derived Trait of no limbs REPTILES: Lizards, Snakes, Alligators, Turtles, Etc. Novel Adaptation of Amniotic Egg Respiration in Lungs Shedding of Skin Sphenodontia: Tuataras Squamata: Lizards and Snakes Testudines: Turtles Crocodilla: Alligators, Crocodile, etc Ectotherms: Body heat comes from environment  21 AMNIOTIC EGG: ADVANTAGES: INCREASED ACCESS TO TERRESTRIAL ENVIRORMENTS LESS COMPETITION FOR POOLS DECREASED PREDATION EXAMPLES: REPTILES BIRDS MAMMALS MAIN DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN AMPHIBIANS AND HIGHER ANIMALS WITH THE EVOLUTION OF AMNIOTIC EGG ORGANISMS WERE ABLE TO REPRODUCE WITHOUT STANDING WATER  BIRDS: 22 Novel Trait of Feathers Endotherms Sensory System Sexual Reproduction Low body Weight Have Cloaca: Body Cavity is connected to digestive, urinary, and reproductive system No Solid Waste MAMMALS: Two Novel Adaptations Hair and Mammary Glands Endotherms Secretory Skin Adductor Muscles in jaw Up-down and Side-side movement 4 Chambered Heart Kidneys External Ears Brain with cerebral Cortex 3 MAJOR LINEAGES OF MAMMALS ARE DIFFERENTIATED PRIMARILY BY: Pregnancy and Gestation Monotremes: Lay Leathery Eggs Marsupials: Short placental gestation, born fetal, complete development in pouch Placentals: placenta connects fetus to mother  25 OFFSPRING PRODUCED VIA… VIVIPAROUS OVIPAROUS OVOVIVIPAROUS Egg Sac is attached to Fertilized Eggs are laid Fertilized egg develop in mother and obtains outside mother mother then hatch in utero nutrients that way. Embryo obtains nutrients and is then born alive Live Births from yolk Nutrients obtained from Most Mammals Fish, reptiles, and birds yolk Young are fully developed when they hatch Sharks, Snakes, Lizards SMALL ENDOTHERMS VS. LARGE ENDOTHERMS Small endotherms lose heat faster than large endotherms  27 TORPOR: Decreased activity and metabolism to conserve energy Winter = Hibernation Summer = Estivation TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION: Binary Fission Budding Fragmentation Parthenogenesis  SEX DETERMINATION: In Birds: Z and W are Sex determining Chromosomes ZZ= Male ZW=Female *Males have Two Copies of same sex chromosome*  REMEMBER YOU KNOW ALL THE INFORMATION YOU NEED TO FOR YOUR EXAM. DON’T SECOND GUESS YOURSELF! GOOD LUCK AND TAKE A DEEP BREATH!