Brooker_Biology_6e_Ch01_PPTs_Accessible.pptx

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 1 An Introduction to Biology Lecture Outline BIOLOGY Sixth Edition Robert J. Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier, Linda E. Graham, Peter D. Stiling © 2023...

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 1 An Introduction to Biology Lecture Outline BIOLOGY Sixth Edition Robert J. Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier, Linda E. Graham, Peter D. Stiling © 2023 McGraw Hill, LLC. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill, LLC.  Learning Outcomes Describe the principles of biology. Explain how life can be viewed at different levels of biological complexity. Explain how researchers study biology at different levels, ranging from molecules to ecosystems. Distinguish between discovery-based science and hypothesis testing. Describe the steps of the scientific method, also called hypothesis testing © McGraw Hill, LLC 2  Biology is the Study of Life Diverse forms of life on Earth provide biologists with an amazing array of organisms to study Can lead to surprising discoveries Venom from certain poisonous snakes contains a chemical that lowers blood pressure in humans Plants can communicate with each other through volatile organic molecules © McGraw Hill, LLC 3  Figure 1.1 Francois Gohier/Science Source Derivatives of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor are found in the venom of the Brazilian arrowhead viper Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 4  Figure 1.2 Snodgrass/Getty Images When acacia trees are attacked by herbivores they release molecules to warn other acacia trees in the area © McGraw Hill, LLC 5  Zombie Parasites Zombie parasite is a parasite that infects its host and can control the host’s behavior Neuroparasitology - the study of how parasites control the nervous systems of their hosts. © McGraw Hill, LLC 6  Levels of Biological Organization 1 Atoms – smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of an element Molecules – atoms bond with each other to form molecules Cells – simplest unit of life Tissues – cells of the same type associate with each other to form tissues Organs – composed of two or more types of tissue © McGraw Hill, LLC 7  Levels of Biological Organization 2 Organism – all living things are organisms; classified as belonging to a species Population – organisms of the same species that occupy the same environment Community – populations of different species Ecosystem – formed by the interactions of a community of organisms with their environment Biosphere – all the places on Earth where living organisms exist © McGraw Hill, LLC 8  Figure 1.3: Levels of Biological Organization Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 9  Core Concepts of Biology Evolution – diversity of life evolved over time through mutation, natural selection and genetic exchange Structure and function – basic units of structure define the function of all living things Information flow, exchange, and storage – growth and behavior of organisms are activated through the expression of genetic information Pathways and transformations of energy and matter – biological processes based on chemical transformation pathways and governed by laws of thermodynamics Systems – living systems are interconnected and interacting © McGraw Hill, LLC 10  Biological Evolution All life displays a common set of characteristics United by a shared evolutionary history Unity Evolution – a heritable change in a population of organisms from one generation to the next Life has a diversity of form in diverse Diversity environments © McGraw Hill, LLC 11  Evolutionary Change 2 Most genes Genes are transcribed into segments of D N mR N A which is A; govern the then translated traits of into a organisms polypeptide A protein is composed of one or more Mutation – a polypeptides. heritable change Proteins play a in the genetic key role in material determining traits of an organism © McGraw Hill, LLC 12  Two mechanisms of evolutionary change 1 Vertical descent with mutation Progression of changes in a lineage New species evolve from pre-existing species by the accumulation of mutations Natural selection takes advantage of beneficial mutations © McGraw Hill, LLC Figure 1.6: Vertical Evolution Example 13  Two mechanisms of evolutionary change 2 Horizontal gene transfer Transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring Less common than vertical gene transfer Genes that confer antibiotic resistance are sometimes transferred between different bacteria species © McGraw Hill, LLC 14  Genomes and Proteomes 1 Genome - the Stores information in a stable form complete genetic Provides continuity from generation to material of an generation Acts as an instrument of evolutionary change organism Techniques used to analyze D N A Genomics sequences Comparison of genomes of different species The complete complement of proteins of an Proteome organism © McGraw Hill, LLC 15  Genomes and Proteomes 2 Proteomics - Techniques used to analyze the proteins of a species Comparison of proteomes of different species The genome carries the information to make the proteome. Genomic and proteome analysis illuminate the evolutionary history and relatedness of all living organisms. © McGraw Hill, LLC 16  Figure 1.9: Genomes and Proteomes Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 17  Artificial Selection Artificial selection – programs designed to modify traits in domesticated species Humans select for traits that them deem desirable Study on the red fox, Vulpes vulpes, selected for animals that were friendly to humans, to try to replicate the process that produced domesticated dogs from wolves © McGraw Hill, LLC 18  Figure 1.10: The red fox, Vulpes vulpes Soru Epotok/Shutterstock After 40 years of selection of positive behavior toward humans, foxes were playful and friendly, behaving like dogs Artificial selection increased the amount of genetic variation that promoted tame behavior and decreased the amount that favored aggressive behavior © McGraw Hill, LLC 19  Classification of Living Things Taxonomy is the field of biology concerned with grouping and classification of species Three domains of life Bacteria- unicellular prokaryote Archaea- unicellular prokaryote Eukarya- unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes Complex cells with a nucleus Once divided into four kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia However protists do not form a single kingdom and instead are divided into broad categories called supergroups © McGraw Hill, LLC 20  Domain Bacteria: Mostly unicellular prokaryotes that inhabit many diverse environments on Earth a: BSIP/agefotostock a) Domain Bacteria: Mostly unicellular prokaryotes that inhabit many diverse environments on Earth. © McGraw Hill, LLC 21  Domain Archaea: Unicellular prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments, such as hot springs b: Eye of Science/Science Source b) Domain Archaea: Unicellular prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments, such as hot springs. © McGraw Hill, LLC 22  Domain Eukarya: Unicellular and multicellular organisms having cells with internal compartments that serve various functions c (protists): Jan Hinsch/Getty Images; c (plants): Kent Foster/Science Source; c (fungi): Carl Schmidt-Luchs/Science Source; c (animals): Ingram Publishing/age fotostock c) Domain Eukarya: Unicellular and multicellular organisms having cells with internal compartments that serve various functions. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 23  How Organisms are Classified Taxonomy involves multiple levels in which particular species are placed into progressively smaller groups that are more closely related evolutionarily Emphasizes the unity and diversity of different species Example: Panther (Panthera onca) © McGraw Hill, LLC 24  Figure 1.12: Taxonomic classification of the Panther Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 25  Classification Binomial nomenclature Each species has a unique scientific name Genus name capitalized Species descriptor is not capitalized Both names are italicized Panthera onca= Panther Solanum tuberosum = Potato Lactobacillus acidophilus = Probiotic bacteria Saccharomyces cerevisiae = Brewer’s yeast © McGraw Hill, LLC 26  Biology as a Scientific Discipline 1 Model organisms – studied by many different researchers so they can Science is the observation, compare their results identification, experimental E. coli (bacterium) investigation, and theoretical S. cerevisiae (yeast) D. melanogaster (fruit fly) explanation of natural phenomena C. elegans (nematode worm) M. musculus (mouse) A. thaliana (flowering plant) © McGraw Hill, LLC 27  Biology as a Scientific Discipline 2 The Scientific Method is a standard approach used to test theories Some scientists also gather new “Fact-finding mission” information © McGraw Hill, LLC 28  Biologists investigate life at different levels Different branches of biology Ecology, anatomy, physiology, study life at different levels cell biology, molecular using a variety of tools. biology, etc. As new tools become available, they allow scientists to ask new questions Systems biology aims to understand how emergent properties arise, at any level © McGraw Hill, LLC 29  Figure 1.13 a and b: Biological Investigation at Different Levels a: Purestock/SuperStock b: Diane Nelson a) Ecology—population/ b) Anatomy and physiology— community/ecosystem levels tissue/organ/organism levels Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 30  Figure 1.13 c and d: Biological Investigation at the Cell and Molecular Levels c: Erik Isakson/Blend Images d: Dmytro Zinkevych/Alamy Stock Photo c) Cell biology—cellular levels b) Molecular biology atomic/molecular levels Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 31  Figure 1.13 e: Biological Investigation at the Systems Level e: Andrew Brookes/Corbis/Getty Images; e (inset): Alfred Pasieka/Science Source e) Systems biology—all levels, shown here at the molecular level Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 32  Hypothesis or Theory? 1 Hypothesis A proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon Based on previous observations or experiments Hypotheses must make predictions that can be shown to be correct or incorrect (must be testable) Additional observations or experiments can support or reject a hypothesis, but a hypothesis is never really proven Example: “Maple trees drop their leaves in autumn because of shortened hours of sunlight” © McGraw Hill, LLC 33  Hypothesis or Theory? 2 Theory Broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is substantiated by a large body of evidence Allows us to make many predictions Also can never be proved true, but due to overwhelming evidence, may be very likely to be true Two key attributes of a theory: Consistent with a vast amount of known data Able to make many correct predictions Example “DNA is the genetic material” Overwhelming body of evidence supports this theory © McGraw Hill, LLC 34  Hypothesis Testing Five stages Observations are made regarding natural phenomena. These observations lead to a testable hypothesis that tries to explain the phenomena. Experiments are conducted to determine if the predictions are correct. The data are analyzed. The hypothesis is accepted or rejected. These steps comprise the Scientific Method © McGraw Hill, LLC 35  Figure 1.14: Steps of the Scientific Method Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 36  Common features Data are often collected in parallel Control and experimental groups Differ by only a single variable Data analysis Apply statistical analysis to determine if the control and experimental groups are different because of the single variable that is different Are differences statistically significant? If the two sets are found not to be significantly different, we must reject our hypothesis. If the two sets of data are significantly different, we accept our hypothesis (though it is not proven) Valid experiments are repeatable © McGraw Hill, LLC 37