Introduction to Pharmacology PDF

Department of Anesthesia Techniques Dr. zaidoon altahan [email protected] Introduction to Pharmacology ___________________________________________________ Pharmacology is the science of...

Department of Anesthesia Techniques Dr. zaidoon altahan [email protected] Introduction to Pharmacology ___________________________________________________ Pharmacology is the science of the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes Drugs are chemical substances which affect living organisms and are used by the clinician to diagnose, prevent, or cure diseases. ‫ ﻋﻠم اﻟﺻﯾدﻟﺔ ھو ﻋﻠم دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻣواد اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﻊ اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﺣﯾﺔ ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬.‫ اﻷدوﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻣواد ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﺗؤﺛر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﺣﯾﺔ وﯾﺳﺗﺧدﻣﮭﺎ اﻟطﺑﯾب ﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾص اﻷﻣراض أو اﻟوﻗﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻧﮭﺎ أو ﻋﻼﺟﮭﺎ‬ 1  Pharmacology consist from to main principle 1. Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biological and therapeutic effects of drugs on body (i.e, “what the drug does to the body”). 2. Pharmacokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. (ADME) of drugs (“i.e what the body does to the drug”). ‫ ﯾﺗﻛون ﻋﻠم اﻟﺻﯾدﻟﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣﺑدأ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬.(”‫ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾرات اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﻼﺟﯾﺔ ﻟﻸدوﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺟﺳم )أي “ﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﻌﻠﮫ اﻟدواء ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺳم‬:‫ اﻟدﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺔ اﻟدواﺋﯾﺔ‬.1 ‫( ﻣن اﻟﻣﺧدرات )"أي ﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﻌﻠﮫ‬ADME).‫ دراﺳﺔ اﻻﻣﺗﺻﺎص واﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ واﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾل اﻟﻐذاﺋﻲ واﻹﻓراز‬:‫ ﺣرﻛﯾﺔ اﻟدواء‬.2.("‫اﻟﺟﺳم ﺑﺎﻟدواء‬ ___________________________________________________ Sources of Drugs: 1. Animals: Insulin, thyroid extract, heparin. 2. Plants: Morphine, digoxin, atropine, castor oil. 3. Minerals: magnesium sulfate. 4. Synthetic source: Aspirin. 5. Micro-organisms: Penicillin and many other antibiotics. 6. Genetic engineering: Human insulin, human growth hormone etc. :‫ ﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟﻣﺧدرات‬.‫ اﻟﮭﯾﺑﺎرﯾن‬،‫ ﺧﻼﺻﺔ اﻟﻐدة اﻟدرﻗﯾﺔ‬،‫ اﻷﻧﺳوﻟﯾن‬:‫ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت‬.1.‫ زﯾت اﻟﺧروع‬،‫ اﻷﺗروﺑﯾن‬،‫ اﻟدﯾﺟوﻛﺳﯾن‬،‫ اﻟﻣورﻓﯾن‬:‫ اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎت‬.2.‫ ﻛﺑرﯾﺗﺎت اﻟﻣﻐﻧﯾﺳﯾوم‬:‫ اﻟﻣﻌﺎدن‬.3.‫ اﻷﺳﺑرﯾن‬:‫ اﻟﻣﺻدر اﻻﺻطﻧﺎﻋﻲ‬.4.‫ اﻟﺑﻧﺳﻠﯾن واﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻣﺿﺎدات اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ اﻷﺧرى‬:‫ اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﺣﯾﺔ اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬.5.‫ إﻟﺦ‬،‫ ھرﻣون اﻟﻧﻣو اﻟﺑﺷري‬،‫ اﻷﻧﺳوﻟﯾن اﻟﺑﺷري‬:‫ اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟوراﺛﯾﺔ‬.6 2  Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics describes the actions of a drug on the body. Most drugs exert effects, both beneficial and harmful, interacting with specialized target macromolecules called receptors, which are present on or in the cell. The drug-receptor complex initiates alterations in biochemical and/or molecular activity of a cell by a process called signal transduction ‫اﻟدﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﺎ اﻟدواﺋﯾﺔ‬.‫ ﺗﺻف اﻟدﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺔ اﻟدواﺋﯾﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﯾر اﻟدواء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ،‫ ﻣﻌظم اﻷدوﯾﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﯾرات ﻣﻔﯾدة وﺿﺎرة‬.‫ واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛون ﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ أو ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬،‫ اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﻊ ﺟزﯾﺋﺎت ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻣﺳﺗﮭدﻓﺔ ﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﺔ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼت‬ ‫أو اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬/‫ ﯾﺑدأ ﻣﺟﻣﻊ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼت اﻟدواء إﺟراء ﺗﻐﯾﯾرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﺷﺎط اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺣﯾوي و‬ ‫ﻧﻘل اﻹﺷﺎرة‬ ___________________________________________________ the cellular response is proportional to the number of drug-receptor complexes Drug + receptor drug- receptor complex biological effect it is important to know that not all drugs exert effects by interacting with a receptor. Antacids, for instance, chemically neutralize excess gastric acid, thereby reducing stomach upset. ‫ اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺧﻠوﯾﺔ ﺗﺗﻧﺎﺳب ﻣﻊ ﻋدد ﻣﺟﻣﻌﺎت ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼت اﻟدواء‬ ‫< اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﻲ‬- ‫ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﻣرﻛب‬-‫< اﻟدواء‬-> ‫ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬+ ‫ اﻟدواء‬ ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل‬،‫ ﻣﺿﺎدات اﻟﺣﻣوﺿﺔ‬.‫ ﻣن اﻟﻣﮭم ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ أﻧﮫ ﻟﯾس ﻛل اﻷدوﯾﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﻊ أﺣد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼت‬.‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﯾل اﺿطراب اﻟﻣﻌدة‬،‫ ﺗﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﯾﯾد ﺣﻣض اﻟﻣﻌدة اﻟزاﺋد ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾًﺎ‬،‫اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬ 3 ___________________________________________________ Type of receptors according to efficacy 1. Agonists If a drug binds to a receptor and produces a maximal biologic response that mimics the response to the endogenous ligand. Ex. Morphine and heroin ‫ﻧوع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼت ﺣﺳب اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬.‫ اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬.‫ اﻟﻧﺎھﺿﺎت إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟدواء ﯾرﺗﺑط ﺑﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل وﯾﻧﺗﺞ اﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ ﻗﺻوى ﺗﺣﺎﻛﻲ اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠرﺑﯾطﺔ اﻟذاﺗﯾﺔ‬.1 ‫اﻟﻣورﻓﯾن واﻟﮭﯾروﯾن‬ 4  Antagonists Antagonists bind to a receptor with high affinity but possess zero intrinsic activity. An antagonist has no effect on biological function in the absence of an agonist, but can decrease the effect of an agonist when present. Antagonism may occur either by blocking the drug's ability to bind to the receptor or by blocking its ability to activate the receptor ‫اﻟﺧﺻوم‬ ‫ ﻟﯾس ﻟﻠﻣﺿﺎد أي ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ﺻﻔرا‬ ً ً ‫ ﺗرﺗﺑط اﻟﻣﺿﺎدات ﺑﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ذي درﺟﺔ ﺗﻘﺎرب ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ وﻟﻛﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻣﺗﻠك ﻧﺷﺎ‬ ‫طﺎ ﺟوھرﯾًﺎ‬.‫ وﻟﻛن ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﻘﻠل ﻣن ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﻧﺎھض ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟوده‬،‫اﻟوظﯾﻔﺔ اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋدم وﺟود ﻧﺎھض‬ ‫ ﻗد ﯾﺣدث اﻟﺗﺿﺎد إﻣﺎ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ﻣﻧﻊ ﻗدرة اﻟدواء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻرﺗﺑﺎط ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل أو ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ﻣﻧﻊ ﻗدرﺗﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻧﺷﯾط اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬ ___________________________________________________ Type of antagonist recptors 1. Competitive antagonists: If the antagonist binds to the same site on the receptor as the agonist in a reversible manner, example, the antihypertensive drug terazosin competes with the endogenous ligand norepinephrine at a1- adrenoceptors, thus decreasing vascular smooth muscle tone and reducing blood pressure. increasing the concentration of agonist relative to antagonist can overcome this inhibition ‫ﻧوع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼت اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة‬ ،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬،‫ إذا ارﺗﺑط اﻟﻣﺿﺎد ﺑﻧﻔس اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ﻣﺛل اﻟﻧﺎھض ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ ﻋﻛﺳﯾﺔ‬:‫ اﻟﻣﺿﺎدات اﻟﺗﻧﺎﻓﺳﯾﺔ‬.1 ‫ ﻣﻣﺎ‬،a1 ‫ﯾﺗﻧﺎﻓس ﻋﻘﺎر ﺗﯾرازوﺳﯾن اﻟﺧﺎﻓض ﻟﺿﻐط اﻟدم ﻣﻊ اﻟﻧورإﺑﯾﻧﻔرﯾن اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ ﻋﻧد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼت اﻷدرﯾﻧﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬.‫ﯾﻘﻠل ﻣن ﻗوة اﻟﻌﺿﻼت اﻟﻣﻠﺳﺎء اﻟوﻋﺎﺋﯾﺔ وﯾﻘﻠل اﻟدم ﺿﻐط‬ ‫ زﯾﺎدة ﺗرﻛﯾز اﻟﻧﺎھض ﻧﺳﺑﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﺿﺎد ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﺗﻐﻠب ﻋﻠﻰ ھذا اﻟﺗﺛﺑﯾط‬ 5  2. Irreversible antagonists bind covalently to the active site of the receptor, thereby permanently reducing the number of receptors available to the agonist. 3. Allosteric antagonists: An allosteric antagonist binds to a site (allosteric site) other than the agonist-binding site and prevents receptor activation by the agonist. ‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻠل ﺑﺷﻛل داﺋم ﻋدد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼت‬،‫ ﺗرﺗﺑط اﻟﻣﺿﺎدات ﻏﯾر اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻌﻛﺎس ﺗﺳﺎھﻣﯾًﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣوﻗﻊ اﻟﻧﺷط ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬.2.‫اﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﺎھض‬ ‫ ﯾرﺗﺑط اﻟﻣﺿﺎد ﺗﻔﺎرﻏﻲ ﺑﻣوﻗﻊ )ﻣوﻗﻊ ﺗﻔﺎرﺟﻲ( ﻏﯾر ﻣوﻗﻊ رﺑط اﻟﻧﺎھض وﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﺗﻧﺷﯾط اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬:‫ ﻣﺿﺎدات ﺗﻔﺎرﻏﻲ‬.3.‫ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻧﺎھض‬ ___________________________________________________ 4. Functional antagonism: An antagonist may act at a completely separate receptor, initiating effects that are functionally opposite those of the agonist. A classic example is the functional antagonism by epinephrine to histamine-induced bronchoconstriction. Histamine binds to H1 histamine receptors on bronchial smooth muscle, causing bronchoconstriction of the bronchial tree. Epinephrine is an agonist at B2- adrenoceptors on bronchial smooth muscle, which causes the muscles to relax. This functional antagonism is also known as "physiologic antagonism." ‫ ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ ظﮭور ﺗﺄﺛﯾرات ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺳﺔ‬،‫ ﻗد ﯾﻌﻣل اﻟﻣﺿﺎد ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ﻣﻧﻔﺻل ﺗﻣﺎ ًﻣﺎ‬:‫ اﻟﺗﺿﺎد اﻟوظﯾﻔﻲ‬.4.‫وظﯾﻔﯾًﺎ ﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾرات اﻟﻧﺎھض‬.‫واﻟﻣﺛﺎل اﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﻲ ھو اﻟﺗﺿﺎد اﻟوظﯾﻔﻲ اﻟذي ﯾﺳﺑﺑﮫ اﻹﺑﯾﻧﻔرﯾن ﻟﺗﺿﯾﻖ اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺎت اﻟﮭواﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﺎﺟم ﻋن اﻟﮭﺳﺗﺎﻣﯾن‬ ‫ ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﺑب‬،‫ اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺿﻼت اﻟﻣﻠﺳﺎء ﻟﻠﻘﺻﺑﺎت اﻟﮭواﺋﯾﺔ‬H1 ‫ ﯾرﺗﺑط اﻟﮭﺳﺗﺎﻣﯾن ﺑﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼت اﻟﮭﺳﺗﺎﻣﯾن‬ ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺿﻼت‬B2 ‫ اﻹﺑﯾﻧﻔرﯾن ھو ﻧﺎھض ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼت اﻷدرﯾﻧﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬.‫ﺿﺎ ﻗﺻﺑﯾًﺎ ﻟﺷﺟرة اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺎت اﻟﮭواﺋﯾﺔ‬ ً ‫اﻧﻘﺑﺎ‬.‫ ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ اﺳﺗرﺧﺎء اﻟﻌﺿﻼت‬،‫اﻟﻣﻠﺳﺎء اﻟﻘﺻﺑﯾﺔ‬."‫ﺿﺎ ﺑﺎﺳم "اﻟﻌداء اﻟﻔﺳﯾوﻟوﺟﻲ‬ ً ‫ ﯾُﻌرف ھذا اﻟﻌداء اﻟوظﯾﻔﻲ أﯾ‬ 6  Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics refers to what the body does to a drug, 1. Absorption: First, absorption from the site of administration permits entry of the drug (either directly or indirectly) into plasma. 2. Distribution: Second, the drug may reversibly leave the bloodstream and distribute into the interstitial and intracellular fluids. 3. Metabolism: Third, the drug may be biotransformed through metabolism by the liver or other tissues. 4. Elimination: Finally, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body in urine, bile, or feces. ‫اﻟﺣراﺋك اﻟدواﺋﯾﺔ‬ ،‫ ﺗﺷﯾر اﻟﺣرﻛﯾﺔ اﻟدواﺋﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﻌﻠﮫ اﻟﺟﺳم ﺗﺟﺎه اﻟدواء‬.‫ ﯾﺳﻣﺢ اﻻﻣﺗﺻﺎص ﻣن ﻣوﻗﻊ اﻹﻋطﺎء ﺑدﺧول اﻟدواء )إﻣﺎ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺑﺎﺷر أو ﻏﯾر ﻣﺑﺎﺷر( إﻟﻰ اﻟﺑﻼزﻣﺎ‬،ً‫ أوﻻ‬:‫ اﻻﻣﺗﺻﺎص‬.1.‫ ﻗد ﯾﻐﺎدر اﻟدواء ﻣﺟرى اﻟدم ﺑﺷﻛل ﻋﻛﺳﻲ وﯾﻧﺗﺷر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳواﺋل اﻟﺧﻼﻟﯾﺔ واﻟﺳواﺋل داﺧل اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬،‫ ﺛﺎﻧﯾًﺎ‬:‫ اﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ‬.2.‫ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﺗﺣول اﻟدواء ﺣﯾوﯾًﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻻﺳﺗﻘﻼب ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻛﺑد أو اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ اﻷﺧرى‬،‫ ﺛﺎﻟﺛًﺎ‬:‫ اﻻﺳﺗﻘﻼب‬.3 ___________________________________________________.‫ ﯾﺗم طرح اﻟدواء وﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺑﺎﺗﮫ ﻣن اﻟﺟﺳم ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻟﺑول أو اﻟﺻﻔراء أو اﻟﺑراز‬،‫أﺧﯾرا‬ً :‫ اﻹزاﻟﺔ‬.4 7  Absorption Absorption is the transfer of a drug from the site of administration to the bloodstream. The rate and extent of absorption depend on the environment where the drug is absorbed, chemical characteristics of the drug, and the route of administration ‫اﻣﺗﺻﺎص‬ ‫ ﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﻣﻌدل وﻣدى اﻻﻣﺗﺻﺎص ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬.‫ اﻻﻣﺗﺻﺎص ھو ﻧﻘل اﻟدواء ﻣن ﻣﻛﺎن ﺗﻧﺎوﻟﮫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺟرى اﻟدم‬ ‫ وطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﻧﺎوﻟﮫ‬،‫ واﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻟﻠدواء‬،‫اﻣﺗﺻﺎص اﻟدواء‬ ___________________________________________________ Mechanisms of absorption of drugs from the Gl tract 1. Passive diffusion: The driving force for passive diffusion of a drug is the concentration gradient across a membrane separating two body compartments. the drug moves from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration. ‫آﻟﯾﺎت اﻣﺗﺻﺎص اﻷدوﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻘﻧﺎة اﻟﮭﺿﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟﻘوة اﻟداﻓﻌﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺗﺷﺎر اﻟﺳﻠﺑﻲ ﻟﻠدواء ھﻲ ﺗدرج اﻟﺗرﻛﯾز ﻋﺑر اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟذي ﯾﻔﺻل ﺑﯾن ﺟزأﯾن ﻣن‬:‫ اﻻﻧﺗﺷﺎر اﻟﺳﻠﺑﻲ‬.1.‫ ﯾﻧﺗﻘل اﻟدواء ﻣن ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ذات ﺗرﻛﯾز ﻣرﺗﻔﻊ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ذات ﺗرﻛﯾز أﻗل‬.‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ 8  2. Facilitated diffusion: Other agents can enter the cell through specialized transmembrane carrier proteins that facilitate the passage of large molecules. ‫ ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻌواﻣل أﺧرى أن ﺗدﺧل اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺑروﺗﯾﻧﺎت ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﺑر اﻟﻐﺷﺎء ﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﺔ ﺗﺳﮭل‬:‫ اﻻﻧﺗﺷﺎر اﻟﻣﯾﺳر‬.2.‫ﻣرور اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة‬ ___________________________________________________ 3. Active transport: This mode of drug entry also involves specific carrier proteins that span the membrane. active transport is energy dependent, driven by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is capable of moving drugs against a concentration gradient, from a region of low drug concentration to one of higher concentration.‫ﺿﺎ ﺑروﺗﯾﻧﺎت ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺣددة ﺗﻣﺗد ﻋﺑر اﻟﻐﺷﺎء‬ ً ‫ ﯾﺗﺿﻣن ھذا اﻟﻧﻣط ﻣن دﺧول اﻟدواء أﯾ‬:‫ اﻟﻧﻘل اﻟﻧﺷط‬.3.(ATP) ‫ وﯾﺣرﻛﮫ اﻟﺗﺣﻠل اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﻓوﺳﻔﺎت اﻷدﯾﻧوﺳﯾن‬،‫ ﯾﻌﺗﻣد اﻟﻧﻘل اﻟﻧﺷط ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣن ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ذات ﺗرﻛﯾز ﻣﻧﺧﻔض ﻟﻠدواء إﻟﻰ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ذات ﺗرﻛﯾز أﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ إﻧﮫ ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘل اﻷدوﯾﺔ ﻋﻛس ﺗدرج اﻟﺗرﻛﯾز‬ 9  MCQ ‫اﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﺧﺗﯾﺎرات‬ 1. A pharmacokinetics steps are : a. Elimination b. absorption c. disruption d. all of them 2. All are type of absorption of drug from G.I.T except a. Facilitated diffusion b. active diffusion c. passive diffusion d.Elimination 3.All are types of drug antagonist except a.Irreversible b. competitive c. full agonist d. Functional 4.All these drugs are animal sources except a.Aspirin b. thyroid extract c. heparin d. insulin :‫ ﺧطوات اﻟﺣراﺋك اﻟدواﺋﯾﺔ ھﻲ‬.1 ‫ ﻛل ﻣﻧﮭم‬.‫ اﻻﺿطراب د‬.‫ اﻻﻣﺗﺻﺎص ج‬.‫ اﻟﻘﺿﺎء ب‬.‫أ‬ ‫ ﺟﻣﯾﻌﮭﺎ ﻣن أﻧواع اﻣﺗﺻﺎص اﻟدواء ﻣن اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﮭﺿﻣﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻋدا‬.2 ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ أﻧواع اﻷدوﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻋدا‬.3 ‫اﻹزاﻟﺔ‬.‫ اﻻﻧﺗﺷﺎر اﻟﺳﻠﺑﻲ د‬.‫ اﻻﻧﺗﺷﺎر اﻟﻧﺷط ج‬.‫ ﺗﺳﮭﯾل اﻻﻧﺗﺷﺎر ب‬.‫أ‬ ‫ وظﯾﻔﯾﺔ‬.‫ ﻧﺎھض ﻛﺎﻣل د‬.‫ ﺗﻧﺎﻓﺳﯾﺔ ج‬.‫ ﻻ رﺟﻌﺔ ﻓﯾﮫ ب‬.‫أ‬ ‫ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ھذه اﻷدوﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻣﺻدر ﺣﯾواﻧﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻋدا‬.4 ‫ اﻷﻧﺳوﻟﯾن‬.‫ اﻟﮭﯾﺑﺎرﯾن د‬.‫ ﻣﺳﺗﺧﻠص اﻟﻐدة اﻟدرﻗﯾﺔ ج‬.‫ اﻷﺳﺑرﯾن ب‬-‫أ‬ ___________________________________________________ TRUE OR FALSE ‫ﺻﺣﯾﺢ أو ﺧطﺄ‬ 1. Pharmacodynamics mean what the drug does to the body 2. Agonist drugs are interact with receptor and no produce any biological response 3. The biological effect of drug are appear when the drug interact with receptor 4 Once drug enter the body , the process of elimination begins ‫ اﻟدﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻛﯾﺔ اﻟدواﺋﯾﺔ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﻌﻠﮫ اﻟدواء ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺳم‬.1 ‫ اﻷدوﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﺎھﺿﺔ ﺗﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل وﻻ ﺗﻧﺗﺞ أي اﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬.2 ‫ ﯾظﮭر اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﻲ ﻟﻠدواء ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻔﺎﻋل اﻟدواء ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬.3 ‫ ﺗﺑدأ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺧﻠص ﻣﻧﮫ‬،‫ ﺑﻣﺟرد دﺧول اﻟدواء إﻟﻰ اﻟﺟﺳم‬4 10