Business Research Methods PDF (Gujarat University 2017-2018)

CURRICULUM MODEL AS PER UGC of Gujarat University According to the New Syllabus 2016 in Force From J...

CURRICULUM MODEL AS PER UGC of Gujarat University According to the New Syllabus 2016 in Force From June, FOR M.Com. Part-I [Semester I] - | TOUCH STATE LEVEL- NATIONAL BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS Seventh Edition:2017-2018 LATEST EDITION Prof. (Dr) N. Shah, M.Sc., Ph.D., M.B.A., D. Head, Statistics Department, Prin. M. C. Shah Commerce College, Navgujarat Campus, Ahmedabad Prof. (Dr.) C. J. Trivedi, M.S., Ph.D., D. C.A. R. J.T. College of Commerce, Ahmedabad Prof. (Dr.) Parag B. Shah, M.Sc.,M.Phil., Ph.D., D.C.A., H.L. College of Commerce, Ahmedabe t Prof. (Dr.) J. G. Ramani, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed, Ph.D., City C. U. Shah Commerce College, Ahmedabad Don't Change With The Change - Change Before Change SUDHIR PRAKASHAN - AHMEDABAD Educational Publishers GenerationtTo Generation Netwaork SuratKochi-Jalgaon-Nagpur-Jaipur-Indore-Bhopal-New -Rajkot-Vadodara-Mumbai-Pune-Bengaluru-Hyderabad-Tri vendrum-Chennai Delhi-Chandigarh-Kolkata M c (e.  M,COM. PART-I Researk CCordin sujarat University niversity Business Research Methods friend R SEMESTER ustandratiselvef. CONTENTS ement o s 1o both, Unit-1: Introduction tr ^ search 1. An Introduction to Research M ttodology 3-11 aublishing 2. Research Design 12-21/1 Unit-2: Data Collection and Description Authors 1. Statistical Data 3-23 2. Sampling Methods 24-38/1 3.Classification, Tabulation and Presentation of Data 39-78/1 Unit-3 Techniques of Data Analysis 1Measures of Central Tendency ard blishers dispersion 3-25 2 Skewness 26-31/1 3 Measures of Association 32-58 4. Multiple Regression 59-77 Unit-4:Statistical Inference and Testing of Hypothesis Theory of Estimation 3-14 2 Testing of Hypothesis & Large Sample Test 15-35 3 Small Sample Tests0 36-53 (4 CHI-Square Test O 54-71 F Test and Analysis of VarianceO 72-87 University Question Paper, 2016 1-5 Log Table 1-5 UNIT 1: Introduction to Research ww lst Prof D: 16-6-17  RESEARCH AN INTRODUCTION TO METHODOLOGY 1.1. Meaningof Research: or truth about a subject. Research in simple way means to hunt for facts 'search'. Re' means again, a Research is composed of twowords 're' and to test and try, means to examine closely and carefully, new and search' to probe. Thesetwowords form a nounto describe "the systematic process in order to increase understanding of collecting and analyzing information "Research to Redman and Mory, of any branch of knowledge." According is a systematic effort to gain new knowledge." Thus, Research is an endeavour to discover answer to intellectual and practical problems through the application of scientific method. 1.2. Objectives of Research: a n s w e r to the unanswered questions The basic aim of research is to Research objectives can be classified broadly through scientific approach. into following. something that is not 1. Exploratory:To gain a greater understanding of known much. characteristics of a particular individual, 2. Descriptive: To study the situation or a group. with which a phenomenon occurs. 3. Diagnostic: To obtain the frequency the assumption about various 4 Hypothesis testing: To test relationships. 1.3. Types of Research: The basic types of research are as follows: 1) Basic Vs. Applied Research: undertaken to increase Basic research or fundamental research is It stimulates new knowledge. It is conducted to satify any curiosity. value the to There is absolutely no commercial ways of thinking. research 1s pureiy from such research. Basic ascoveries resulting phenomenon or th increase understanding of particular retical Denaviour but does not seek to solve any existing probien for or past theories methods use of basic research Ppuea research is what needs uncovering are existing problem. It focuses an on g  An Introduction to Research Methodola Research Methodology logy An Introduction to 5 not being met and use that information in designing producCs o(c) Simulation: create their own demand. Simulation approach involves the creation of an artificial situation services that would Research: 2) Descriptive Vs. Analytical within which relevant information can be generated. This allows an research includes surveys and fact finding enguira observation of the dynamic behaviour of a system under controlled Descriptive the current/present It is used to measure freauen" situation. conditions. It can also be useful in building models for understanding potrays of multiplex visits, taste of people, preferences of people etc. Th future conditions. This Ss:7 2o research also attempts to discover causes even when they Cannot1.5 Significance of Researchin Business: control the variables. Research rains scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes the malytical research, available information is used to analyze evelopment of logical habits of thinking and organisation. The and make its critical evaluation. ereasingly complexity or business has tocussed attention on the use of (3) Quantitative Vs Qualitative Research: 2)6 research in solving operationalproblems. Operation research and market Quantitative research relies on the collection of quantitative data ie research are very vital in taking business decisions. Market research is it is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in quantity or imnerative for a company to know what type of products or services would amount. The aim is to classiky such features, count them and construct he nrofitable to introduce in the market. Also with respect to its existing statistical models in an attempt to explain what is observed. products in the market, good market research enables a company to know Qualitative research relies on the collection of qualitative data ifit has been able to satisfy customer needs and whether there is a need to such as words, pictures, attributes etc. Qualitative research is specially make necessary changes. This enables a company to formulatea viable important in the behavioural sciences where the aim is to discover marketing plan or measure the success of existing plan. Operation research theunderlying motives of human behaviour. refers to the applications of mathematical, logical and analytical techniques There various other types of research but are they are one or to the solution of business problems. Moreover, motivational research based more variations of above research approaches based on either the on behaviourial science purpose of research, or the time or the environment in which research attempts to explain why corsumer behave as they do. It seeks to discover and is done or on the basis of some other similar factor. comprehend which factors influence n 1.4. Research Approaches: consumers particular behaviour so that business man better understands the target audience and how to influence that audience. In the previous section, we have seen qualitative and quantitative Business research can also be useful in forecasting sales, which then esearch. Quantitative research relies on the numeric form of data and analysis. can be used for This approach be further classiTiea into (a) can Inferential (b) various business decisions like producion, inc nent (c) Simulation approaches Experimental programmes and financial o planning. Inferential:In this approach sampie a irom the population is hus, if tradditional intuitive business decision are substituted by to determine the characteristics of the sample and then it is studied research, decisions will be more logical and scienuuic ad that population also has the same characteristics. ninferred 1.6. 1.6. |Research (b) Experimental: In this approach effect of the Research Process: variablemanipulation CScarch process consists of services of steps necessary to Cary out independent variable on the dependen is of the observed.. Here research in independent variable is considered as cause and dependen an effective way. as effect. The essence of experimentation is control, dent variable  Reseanch Poacess? 2e)6 6 An Introduction to Research Method. dology An Introduction to Research Methodology 1 Questions you must ask Steps you will take Important elementsof each step The above figure models the sequence of the research process. Some steps are begun out of sequence, some are carried out simultaneously, and What is the problem Selection, analysis and problem identification some may be omitted. However, the following order of various steps and why should it be statement of the provides useful guideline. For the research process: studied? research problem prioritising problems (1) ldentifying and defining the problem analysis justification (2) Exploratory research What information is | Literarure review - literature and other (3) Developing the hypothesis available? (4) Creating a research design. available information (5) Determining sampling design Why do we want Formulation of (6) Collecting data general and specific to carry out the research objectives objectives (7) Analysis of data research? Testing the hypothesis What do hypotheses (8) we hope (9) Generalisations and interpretations to achieve? (10) Reporting the results. What additional data do Research The above steps will now be discussed in brief: we need to meet our methodology - variables (1) ldentifying and defining the problem: - types of study research objectives? data collection The researcher should first identify the problems in business like How are we going to - techniques - sampling customer complaints, success of the company's competitor, collect this information? - plan for data collection observation of inappropriate behaviour in the company. The plan for data processing researcher should understand the problem thoroughly and then define and analysis - ethical considerations the problem into meaningful terms from an analytical point of view. pre-test or pilot study Thei researcher can get better in insight of the problem by discussing the problem with colleagues or with those having expertise Who will do what, and Work plan human resources in the matter. when? timetable The task defining the rescarh problem is of great importance in What resources do we Budget the entire process. material support and need to carry out the (2) study? What resources - equipiment money Exploratory Research: do we have? Once the problems is defined in proper frame, the researcher should with extensive exploratory research i.e. literature survey relevant How will the project be Plan for project start with the problem. Similar case studies should be read and studied administration administered? How will administration and monitoring Carefully. Researcher can use academic journals, conference utilisation of resuls be utilisation of results identification of polential ensured? users proceedings, reports, books, surf net etc. (3) Developing the hypothesis: How will we present our Prop0sal sumnary proposal to relevant briefing lobbying sessions and Xploratory research should be followed by stating clear hypotnesis authorities, community ypothesis is an assumption made to draw out and test its logical and the funding agencies? consequences. Hypothesis should be very clear and specific as it nas ested. It helps the researcher to the more importants focus on DC pecis of the problem. It will also guide the researcher in selectung  Introduction to Research Methodology 9 Research Methodolom. An An Introduction to logy (d) By mailed questionnaire. and techniques to be used in ysis. Thus data analysis (e) Questionnaire to be filled by investigator of data ior thin: a-prior the type hypothesis be developed can effectively by systematic available resources. thinking Information from local agents andcorrespondents. Analysis of data: about theproblem and (7) research design: Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming (4) Creating a the conceptual structurewi within highlighting useful information data with the aim of The researcher will now have to state and modeling conducted the proper research dees making. Data analysis has multiple which the research would be with sign and supporting decision collection of relevant information mal approaches in corporating diverse techiques in different business. will provide for the The researcher should understand the data carefully and then effort, time and cost. such as, experimental and non. can be edited or deleted. The data is There are several research designs, incomplete, among information further experimental hypothesis testing. Experimental design can either required can be condensed into manageable groups useful for Informal designs such as before and classification techniques should be utilised informal designs or formal designs. analysis. Tabulation with control etc. Formal the data and its pattern. and-after with/without control, after-only to get better insight about randomized block Data analysis have two main paradisms: verification and discovery designs such as completely randomized design, for verification we usegoodness of fit, hypothesis testing, analysis design, Latin square design etc. (5) Determining sampling design: of variance etc.While in discovery we use various techniques, like An inquiry of all units under consideration is called complete correlation, regression, cluster analysis etc. Thus, depending upon enumeration or population survey. While an inquiry of few units the type of data and purpose of research, various statistical techniques selected from the total units is called sample inquiry. The few units can be utilized for data analysis. selected from total units is called a sample, which should bea (8). Testing the hypothesis: whether representative part of the population. The solution of sample from After data analysis researcher is in the position to answer the populations is called sampling design. Sampling design is a stated before) various test, such the data support the hypothesis? (if any definite plan for obtaining a sample from given population. The as z-test, t-test, f-test, chi-square test can be used for testing the hypothesis. sampling design can be either probabilistic sampling or non- Hypothesis testing will lead to either accepting or rejecting the probabilistic sampling. The probabilistic sampling (random sampling) hypothesis. Depending upon the decision of hypothesis testing. aresimple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified samplin8 conclusion or inference can be mode. cluster sampling etc., while non-probabilistic sampling (non-random (9) Generalisation and interpretation: sampling) are convenient sampling, judgemental sampling, quota If a hypothesis is tested and accepted/rejected several times, sampling etc. build a theory. If the researcher may arrive at generalisation or (6) Collecting data: his researcher had not stated hypothesis, then he should explain Exploratory research is based on historical data. It is also essential to collect primary data. There are several findings on the basis of some theory. It is known as interpretation. ways of collecting the (10) Reporting the results: suitable primary data. Primary data can be collected either through Researcher after all the steps, finally has to prepare the report. Keport experiment or through survey. In the case of a survey, data can be contexts has evoIved collected by any one or more of the Writing in professional, technical and business following methods: conventions regarding format, style, referencingand oue Depending upon the nature of investigation, resources available, 'Certain be as follows: scope of inquiry and desired level of accuracy. Characteristics. The format of report should (a) By investigator's observation Cover sheet (b) Through direct personal interview Title page (c) Through indirect oral inquiry Abstract TG/AG M. G (Some-1)R, R. M -2(170)  An Introductidn to Research Methodolon. be formulated after the researcher has gained An Introduction Hypothesis should only extent and intensity of the regarding the nature, 10 enough knowledge Table of contents problem. indication is given of the of study: A precise Demarcation region Introduction with indication of the assumptions made, The body of the report if applicable) iv) the research scope of research is recommendations before the Conclusion (and limitations and delimitations of the research References/ Bibliography Glossary (if needed) started. indication must be given as to how terminology: An Defining in the research report. It is Appendices. m a n n e r and using lucid lanoo () going to use terminology a concise uage. researcher is often used in should be written in terminology as terms are Report should be used to sent to define the illustrations in the main report necessary Charts and different authors. manner. attractive different meanings by indicate why researcher should theinformation in clear but Significance of the research: The Research: 2 l benefits that will result 1.7. Criteria of Good the research. The (vi) to undertake should also be the following criteria: it is necessary be beneficial Researcher should expect that his research should satisfy to whom it will and defined. from the research research should be clearly )The purpose ofthe should be detailed so that in future other given. conduct research regarding a topic, by The research methodology To (ii) L i t e r a t u r e survey: obtained sound knowledge researcher can use it as base research or case study. (vii) that the has researcher inference means therefore essential that the (ii) Proper care should be taken to plan the procedural design so that the research topic. It is research proposal, results are as unbiased as possible. regarding submission of the time of the researcher at the he about the data should be checked carefully. theoretical knowledge possesses (iv) The validity and reliability of the indicates what therefore simplifies the sufficient to disclose its significance clearly literature search (v) The analysis of data should be prospective research. A and appropriate methods of aFalysis should be used. for the researcher should be formulation of hypothesis Conclusions should be restricted to those confirmed by the data time schedule (vi) schedule: A detailed proposed sufficient basis. (vii) Time and limited to those for which the data provide undertake the (vii) The research results should be such that it can be verified by supplied. indication of the funds needed to replicating the study. ix) Budget: A detailed of the expenses that is expected include the details research. It should 1.8. Structuring a Research Proposal: 016 at different stages. include resources used will only Before actually starting with a research project, a research proposal should (x)Resource list: A list ofall resources A well prepared research be structured. This does not only require subject knowledge, but also insight research proposal. referred to in the outline. Generally, logical into the problem. It gives logical and structured approach to researcn proposal is characterized by an orderly visualized. It is a step by step guidelines to plan and to give structure to should be of 10-12 pages. the research proposal the research with the aim of incregsing the validity of the research. EXERCISES The research proposal usually consists of the followingg elements: Title: The title is usually only formulated after the research problem of research. () give objectives Define research and and subproblem have been stated. Q. 1. Q.2. Explain different types of research. (ii) Problem statement: Problem statement is an axis around which on research process. short-note the whole research revolves. The research problem should be stated Q.3. Write a What are the criteria for good research? in such a way that it would lead to analytical thinking. Q.4. What is research proposal ? Explain it in detail. (ii) Formulating hypothesis: Hypothesis are tentative statements that |Q5. should either be acknowledged or rejected by means of research.  RESEARCH DESIGN 2 Research Design testing study and accordingly the choice of research design may be made 13 201 - in case of a particular study. of Research Design: is the preparas 2.3.| Different Rescarch Designs: 26|L 2.1.|Meaning after defining the research problem Different research designs can be categorized as: ofdesign of the research project i.e. 'research design'. A research desianner A major problem (1) research design for exploratory research study. of data in a m collection and analysis conditions for (2) research design for descriptive and diagnostic research study. the arrangement of research purpose with econom my i combine relevance to the researcher will do fro (3) research design for hypothesis testing research study. - that aims to what the includes an outline of om (1) Research design for exploratory research study : procedure. It the The research design is has. report. sed Exploratory research study for formulating a problem for more detailed writing to final collecting the data on decisions of the following: inspection or for developing the hypothesis from an operational print about ? of view. The research design suitable for such idea ) What is the study discovery studies ? must be flexible enough to provide (i) What is the purpose of the study opportunity considering different carried out ? aspects of a problem under study. Flexibility is necessary because the Where will the study be (ii) research problem which is broadly defined initially is converted into (iv) What type of data is required? with precise meaning in What is the source of such data ? exploratory one more studies. (v) Usually, the What periods oftime will the study include? following three research designs are discussed: (vi) (vii) What will be the sample design ? (a) the survey of related literature (b) the experience survey (vil) What methods of data collection will be used? (ix) What techniques of.data analysis will be used ? (c) the analysis of "insight-stimulating' examples. ) What will be the style of report? (a) The survey of related literature: It is the simplest method of formulating the research Considering the above decisions, the overall research design can be divided problem precisely or developing the into following types; hypothesis. Hypothesis stated by earlier researcher (a) Sampling design: It deals with the method ofselecting units fYrom may be reviewed and their usefulness be evaluated as a basis for further research. It means, the researcher should survey, review and utilize total number of units i.e. method ofselecting sample for the study. the work already, done by other reliable researcher. Moreover, (b) Observational design :It deals with conditions under whichthe researcher should try to apply concepts and theories observations are to be made. developed in different research contests to his research. (c) Statistical design : It answers the questions such as how units are to observed, how the data will be collected many (b) Experience Survey and analysed. In this survey, (d) Operational design : It deals with the techniques by which the experienced and expert person in the research problem being studied should be interviewed. The object of sucha survey is to course of actions specified in the sampling, observational and obtain better insight of the statistical designs can be carried out. problem and also new ideas relating to the research problem. It will chable the researcher to define the problem 2.2. Features of a Good Design: 1ore concisely and A good design is help in formulating the research hypothesis a design which the effectively. This survey may also provide information about the reliability of the data collected and minimises bias and maximises a practical aspect of the research. subjective term. As good design analysed. Actually, good design nature of the problem depends upon the purpose o research, earch, Analysis of 'insight-stimulating' examples: availability of time and thatneya to be studied It is for the research work. and the particularly appropriate in studies where there is little experience It is only on the to serve as a guide. In this study can oe rategorised either as an basis of its primaryfunction method, exhaustive study of selected cases in which researcher is interèsted. Attitude of the investigator, the exploratory or descriptive riptive or hypot or ny hesis intensity of the study and the ability of the researcher to draw together 12) varied information into a combined interpretation are the main features  Research Design gesearc Research Design 15 procedure for inducingine: inducino procedure and other 14 this method 1 suitable an suitable typ. of examples are to compared. The purpose of randomization is to remove bias which make what to what type the must be variations, which are not controllable. Thus, treatment provide sharp bntrastsbe answer cut clear There is no examples that units. Randomization is uaually studied?Cases o r assigned at random the experimental to selected and feature are ively more c o n s i d e r e d relative useful while a done by lottery method or by using random tables. or have striking formulation. implementing this method of hypothesis and diagnostic (2) Replication: of the basic experiment. in case of descriptive arch The principle of replication means repetition Research design is introduced because of the fact (2) In all experiments, some variation study with specific predies units such individuals or plots of land in studies are apprehensive that the experimental as Descriptive research oro identical. We therefore and characteristics about individual, agricultural experiment cannot be physically with describing offacts studies determine the oupo frequencv than i.e. basic experiment is situations. While, diagnostic research frequen perform the experiment more once with which something occurs or its association withsomethingel In The number, the shape and the size of replicates (i.e. an repeated. in diagnostic studies, thé researcher must individual repetition) depend upon the nature of the experimental descriptive as well as is used to secure more accurate estimates of able to difine clearly what he wants to measure and must find sufficiens material. A replication methods for measuring it along with a clear cut definition of "population' theexperimental erro, increase precision by decreasing experimental error and to obtain precise estimate of the mean effect of a treatment. he wants to study. The research design must be rigid and not flexible. Thus, such research design is a comparative design throwing light on (3) Local Control designing the data collection methods, sample selection, data collection, All irrelevant sources of variations in experimental design are not data processing analysis and report writing. The research design must removed by randomization and replication. So, there is a need to choose a design in such a manner that all irrelevant sources of variation are be prepared keeping in view the objective of the study and the resources available. Then design can also be called as a survey design since all brought under control. For this purpose, local control is used. Local the steps involved in a survey are considered. control refers to the amount of balancing, blocking and grouping of the (3) Research design in case of hypothesis testing research experimental units. Balancing means that the treatments should be In, study: assigned to the experimental units in such a way that the result is a hypothesis-testing research studies also called as experimental balanced assignment of the treatments. Blocking means tha: like (i) or studies, researcher tests the hypothesis of casual variables. Such studies require relationships between experimental units should be collected together to form a relatively procedure that will reduce bias, increase reliability and allow drawing inference about homogeneous group. * The main purpose of the principle of local control design, also known as design of experiment was causality. Such research is to increase the efficiency of an experimental design by decreasing R.A. Fisher while he was introduced by Prol. the experimental error. In other words, the experiment is planned in a in England, since working at a centre for agricultural researchn nanner that total variability of the date is divided into three components experimental designs originated in the context o agricultural operations, several terms of attributed to treatments, the irrelevant factors and experimental error. yield,block, plot etc. are used. agriculture such as treatmen Thus, variability due to irrelevant factors are eliminated from the 2.4 Basic The basic Principles of Experimental Design: experimental error. principles of 2.5. Experimental Design and local control. These Experimental designs are randomization, replication Experimental design referred as structure of an experiment can be classified Each of them is principles make replica described fly in the a valid test of significance pos D as (1) Randomization: following: (a) Informal experimental designs Principle to of randomization is a (b) Formal experimental designs. the random process of possibleexperimental allotment of units. The process random of assigning assigning treatmend (a) Informal experimental designs means an treatments has the process implies tnas yer nrormal experimental designs use a less advanced form of analysis experimental condition whosesame probability. A u atmenl based on differences in magnitudes. effect is to be and meas here three types of informal experimental designs  Cn Desiq Researcn 7 16 control designn for the estimation of the error which increases the sensitivity or the after without precision Before and selected and the den. of the experiment for small experiments i.e. for experiments with small ) a single test group is In such a design, of the treatment. The der number of treatments. Such a design is generally used when experimental variable is measured before the introduction treatment is introduced. The eff pendes groups happen to be homogenous. OQut way Analysis of variance is used to measured after the ct variable is also solve such design. the difference of the measuren obtained by taking treatment can be easily variable before and after treatment. The main problen of Example : A set of data involving four 'Feed stuff' A, B, C and D tried of dependent is that as the time passes, irrelevant variations may OCc in randomly on 20 cows is given below. All 20 cows are treated alike in all such a design treatment effect. respects except the feeding treatments and each feeding treatment is given cows. Weight gains (in kgs) of cows on different to 5 randomly selected i) After only with control design In such a design, individuals are divided into two groups: test group and feeding stuffis as follows: control group treatment is introduced into the test group only and in the Feed stuff control group no treatment is introduced. The dependent variable is then A 5.5 4.9 4.2 2.1 5.2 measured in both the groups at the same point of time. The effect of the B 6.1 11.2 3 8.9 6.3 treatment is obtained by taking the difference of the measurement of 4.2 9.7 8.1 9.5 9.2 dependent variable of treatment group and control group, the basic assumption D |16.9 13.7 16.9 8.5 | 15.4 a design is that two groups are identical with all other respects. If (ii) Randomised Block Design (R.B.D.) the assumption is not true, irrelevant variation may enter the treatment effect. In R.B.D. subjects are first divided into groups, known as blocks, such , As it is a cross-sectional design with that within each group the subjects are relatively homogeneous in respect respect to time it is better design than before-and-after with control design. to some selected variable. The number of subjects in a given block (ii) Before-and-after with control design : would be equal to the number of treatments and one subject in each In such a design, two The key feature groups are selected and the dependent variable is block would be randomly assigned to each treatment. measured in both the groups for an identical time-period before the treatment. of R.B.D. is that in this each treatment appears the same number of The treatment is then introduced in the treatment group only. The times in each block. Two-way Analysis of variance is used to solve variable is then measured in both the dependent groups (treatment group and control such design. group). The effect of treatment is obtained change in the dependent variable in the treatment by taking the difference between Example : In the example of C.R.D., if he consider 5 breeds B,, B, B,. cow gets al It is a better design than the above two as it avoids group and control group. B, B,of cows as an additional condition and each breed of the passage of time as well irrelevant variation from four feed stuff randomly. groups. as non-comparability of the test and control Breed Weight gains (in kgs) (b) Formal B B C D experimental designs: Formal experimental A designs present more control and use exact statistical 3.5 4.0 5.2 3.1 procedures for analysis. Following are the various types of formal B, A C B D experimental designs: 4 5.8 3.2 4.5 (i) Completely Randomized The C.R.D is the Design (C.R.D) B D A B simplest of all formal experimental designs, based on 3.5 3.6 4.8 5.1 principles of randomisation and replication. In this D allocated at random to the design treatments are B B C A experimental material. In general, equal number units over the entire experimental 4.8 4.6 5.0 3.9 be made except in of replications for each treatment should B B D C A particular cases when some treatments are of greater 5 interest than others. It provides the maximum 3.9 5.8 number of degrees of freedom  Research Design given to Research Design 19 four feed stuff are randomly four sassigneurandomly 18 a Here, in each block (breed), each block should have all treatments trndomlyQ.6. (1) What is experimental design ? Explain its basic principles. cows. This means (L.S.D.) restriction u i.e, (2) Explain various steps included in the "Research Process." Design to one (3) Write in brief any two out ofthree Square (ii) Latin randomisation was subjected is equal to the n () Give meaning of Quantitative and Qualitative Research. treatments In R.B.D., number of e design the there have to be my blocks. In this are m treatments, m (i) What are the criteria for good research? Of there tal area experimental is dividediinto of replications. whole of the ii) Explain different types of research design. units. The well as each column conta experimental row as (4) Answer in one or two lines only: units so thateach at random to these r mexperimental then allocated rows ) Give basic feature of a good research design. treatments are units. The m once and on: m such a way that every treatment occurs only i) Whatis statistical hypothesis? and columns in column. Such a design is called m m in each and Ci) Define Latin Square Design. once in each row It isa square design number as ofrows and columne [Guj. Uni., Dec., 2010] Latin Square design. elimination of variation as a result should be equal. Thus, the two-way Q.7. (1) What is Research ? Describe in detail the Modern Scientific often results in small errors. Approach to Research. of cross grouping considered in R.B.D., there are three Example: In case ofthe example to (2) Marketing Manager of Hindustan Lever Ltd. wants to study C and if three seasons S.. three feed stuft A, B, breeds of cows B, B, B, then the weight gain the consumer preference for its new brand of bathing soap in and in the following pattern S, S are also considered the Indian market after two years of its launch. Prepare a (in kg) is measured. research proposal to be submitted by him to the top Seasons management for the approval of his research project. Breed S, S S (3) Answer briefly any two: B A B C ) Distinguish between Pure Research and Applied Research. i) Distinguish between Qualitative Research and Quantative , 4.5 5.6 4.8 Research. B B C A (in) Distinguish between Action Research and Experimental 6.8 2.9 3.9 Research. A B (4) Define any three: 5.6 4.1 4.8 0) Operational Design (i) Statistical Design The above design is L.S.D. as each breed of cow and each seasons (1e (i) Sampling Design each row and each column) has a feed stuff (treatment) occurring only iv)Survey Design once. IGuj. Uni., Dec., 2011] Q.8. (1) What is Research ? Discuss in detail the Scientific Approach EXERCISES to Research. Q.1. What is research design? Give its types. Q.2. OR Explain different types of research design. various types Q.3. Explain basic principles of What is a Research Design ? Describe briefly Q. 4. Explain different of experimental design. of Research Design. types informal experimental design. Q.5. Define various techniques of formal experimental desig  Research Design 21 Research Design o. 12 (1) "Research is wel-planned sCientific process." Discuss this statement. 20 two (2) What is Research Design ? Describe in detail. the brietly any Proposal. Research Qullnti characteristies of Scientific Research Design. ()Answer ()Give the format between ofa Qualitative Research and mtitative (3) Answer any two in short: Distinguish 2) research study. (1)Explain the nmeaning of Quantitative Research»and Research. the features ofa good Qualitative Research. ()Describe linecs (2) Explain in short: Criteria of evaluation of research study. one ottwo design ? (3) State the characteristies of research. AnsWer Operational is an design ? tWhat is Sampling Research. (4) Write answer in one or two sentences 2) What a Research. (ii) Applied (1) What is meant by experimental design? Define: (i) Action [Guj. Uni.. May, 2012 (3) (2) Define Basic Research. different types of Research ? Explain in detail research stud (3) Write the meaning of Modern Scientific Research. Q.9. (1) What is criteria the of a gOgd [Guj. Uni., Dec. 2014] Also state in detail different tvne es 13 (a) Explain the Research Processin detail. Research. Describe Research Design ? What is a OR (2) of Research Design. approach to research Write short note on "Structuring the Research Proposal" scientific modern in detail the a r e lowest in tems (3) Explain research design (b) Answer any two of the following exploratory (4) Even though it is that no research recommended (1) Explain the types of Research Design in brief of accuracy of findings, E x a m i n e the above them." (2) State the criterion of a good research. out without be carried Research and must why you agree/ disagree (3) State the difference between Quantitative and justify with examples Guj. Uni., Janaury, 2013 Qualitati ve Research. statement with it. involves a series of interrelated and (4) Explain the meaning of "Research" in brief. Q. 10. (1) "T