British Civilisation CM4 PDF

PART ONE: GEOGRAPHY BRITISH CIVILIZATION  No extreme contrasts in temperature due to the influence of the warm sea ( the Golf Stream current) and westerly winds. CLIMATE Average temperature: ➤35%c in the summer...

PART ONE: GEOGRAPHY BRITISH CIVILIZATION  No extreme contrasts in temperature due to the influence of the warm sea ( the Golf Stream current) and westerly winds. CLIMATE Average temperature: ➤35%c in the summer ➤-11% in the winter  - 0.7% of GDP - 1.4% of the total workforce AGRICULTURE - 300,000 active farms use about 70% of the total land area for 60% of the country’s needs. The UK imports 40% of its food.  Britain is one of Europe’s leading fishing nations. The largest fishing fleet in Europe with 7,271 vessels for about 16,000 fishermen FISHERIES 40% of catches by English fishermen and 60% by European fishermen  Woodlands = 23,000km2 40% of forests are managed by state forestry commissions 60% by private owners FORESTERY About 40,000 people work for this sector and 10,000 are engaged in timber processing Only 10% of the country’s needs UK is heavliy dependent upon wood imports  200,000 people work in energy production 4.4 % of GDP The main companies are: Shell, BP and British Gas ENERGY In 2013 most electricity comes from fossil fuels such RESOURCES as coal, gas, and oil ( 64%); Coal represents 36% of this total followed by nuclear power ( 20%) and hydro-electricy 2% Renewable energy accounts for 5% of energy production  Roads, railways and civil aviation provide the country’s system of transportation which is divided between the public and the private sector. TRANSPORT British Railways British Airways The London Underground System ( The Tube) The Channel Tunnel All have been privatized over the years.  95% of Britain’s overseas trade is carried by sea. There are 300 seaports in Britain. The bigger ports are Clyde, Leith , Dover, Southampton, Cardiff. MARITIME The Port of Dover is Europe’s busiest ferry port. TRANSPORT The Channel Tunnel, run by a French/British private company, Eurotunnel, opened in 1994 under the English Channel with two terminals, Folkestone (near Dover) and Coquelles( near Calais)  Britain’s civil aviation system accounts for 228 million passengers in 2013. The Civil Aviation Authority, an independent, partially privatized body regulates the industry and traffic control. The main carriers are: ➤British Airways AIR ➤Virgin Atlantic ➤ Aer Lingus TRANSPORT but there have been significant growth in low-cost airlines, such as Easyjet, Flybe, Raynair There are 142 civil aerodromes in Britain: Heathrow and Gatwick Airports outside London are the largest and busiest  Communication systems in Britain are divided between the public and private sectors. The main suppliers are private telecommunication companies such as: ➤ British Telecom (BT), ➤ The Royal Mail COMMUNICATION ➤ the Public Post Office. BT represents 71% of the market of domestic and international telephone. Their main competitors are: Vodaphone, Orange  ENGLISH FRENCH Barley orge Breeding élevage Cod Morue, cabillaud Coolness fraîcheur Crop une culture Drought sécheresse Fences Clôture, palissade GLOSSARY Fishery Industrie de a pêche Forestery Foresterie Fracking fracturation hydraulique Gap un écart, une différence Grazing pâturage Haddock haddock, aiglefin Heat wave canicule Heavily taxed très imposé Hedges haies Leek poireau Low-taxed peu imposé  ENGLISH FRENCH Mackerel maquereau Mildness douceur Moorland lande Moratorium un moratoire Norht Sea Oil le pétrole de la mer du Nord North-South divide l'opposition entre le Nord et le Sud Oat avoine Peak Sommet, cime Regulation une réglementation Relief relief Shale argile, schiste GLOSSARY Shamrock trèfle Shelf plateau continental Shellfish crustacés, coquillages The labour market le marché du travail Thistle chardon Timber bois, bois de construction To assess évaluer To ban interdire To boost the economy donner du tonus à l'économie To breed Élever To comprise comprendre, se composer de To deregulate déréglementer To heat chauffer To outsource délocaliser Trials des essaies Weathering Altération climatique