Brain And Cognition 3 Language PDF

Brains are structurally symmetric > motor is 3 - language is not symmetric  4 Aphasias and left > lateralisation -...

Brains are structurally symmetric > motor is 3 - language is not symmetric  4 Aphasias and left > lateralisation - processing language Broca – 1860s Autopsy of Mr. Leborgne: “tan” Over time, evidence accumulated: brain areas for speech production are left lateralised & V  5 Classifying brain regions On the basis of historical Broca’s area findings On the basis of anatomical landmarks On the basis of - Triangular and opercular part of the Inferior Frontal Gyrus (“pars”) Brodmann area 44 and 45 cytoarchitecture or histological structure  6 How does cognitive neuroscience study this system? We ask questions! What # How When Where Why  7 How does cognitive neuroscience study this system? We ask questions! Behavioral EEG/MEG fMRI/PET Lesion mapping What How When Where Why  8 How does cognitive neuroscience study this system? We ask questions! Behavioral EEG/MEG fMRI/PET Lesion mapping What –Production/Comprehension How –Written/spoken When –Level (Phonology, Semantics, Syntax, Discourse…) Where – Subject group (adults, children, healthy brains, damaged brains) Why  9 Dictionary VOTE Do you think the dictionary in our brains is organised like this? NO  10 Fundamentals of language Word Forms sounds grammarly Phonemes structure syntax descriptions semantics = 1 morpheme: dog > - smallest = 2 morphemes : dog + -s bit with meaning  11 VOTE How many morphemes are there in...  12 How many morphemes? leditorializing Edit –or –ial – iz – ing ↳  13 Word Comprehension  14 Phonology  15 Phonology Systematic organisation of sounds in languages to construct meaning In any given language only a limited number of the many distinct sounds that can be created by the human vocal apparatus contribute to constructing meaning diff each language use - phonologies - some don't allow sounds to with each others go whereas others do  16 Elements: Phonology Word Forms Phonemes  17 Elements: Phonology Phonemes, vowels, consonants and syllables are different in different languages  18 Elements: Phonology Phonemes, vowels, consonants and syllables are different in different languages 1. New borns can recognise all phonemes; but as they grow up, they get specialised in the languages they are exposed to  19 Sounds - > changing Amplitude im over time  20 Sounds Amplitude McQueen (2005)  21 Sounds Amplitude How many words are there in this sentence? VOTE McQueen (2005)  22 Sounds Amplitude Auditory: Silences within words; No silence between words; Coarticulation Visual: Spaces (blanks) between words words ↳ McQueen (2005)  23 Sounds Amplitude Segmentation Problem Auditory: Silences within words; No silence between words; Coarticulation Visual: Spaces (blanks) between words McQueen (2005)  24 Sounds Amplitude Segmentation Problem - when does a word stop Auditory: Silences within words; and another begings : No silence between ↓ words; Coarticulation segment How do we Visual: Spaces (blanks) between words the silences are not reliable McQueen (2005)  25 Elements: Phonology Other elements: helping with segmentation stress, pitch, duration, tone manharime  meldy 26 Prosody - Prosody is ‘melody’ of language - pitch changes that convey emotion as well as linguistic information  27 Segmentation Problem and Prosody Pitch (Hz) & - - - -- McQueen (2005)  28 Auditory recognition - Variability Variability due to: Sex of the speaker Age of speaker Other genetic and biological factors Cultural and social background Accent Other idiosyncrasies So we can not have representations of each word for each person we have I ever met ⑧ Variability Problem  29 CNS techniques: Sound recognition Where/how: fMRI data Non speech Noise: no frequency modulation Tones: frequency modulation Speech Words Pseudowords Temporally reversed speech  30 CNS techniques: Sound recognition Where/how: fMRI data Non speech Noise: no freq modulation Tones: freq modulation Speech Words Pseudowords Temporally reversed speech Binder et al. (2000)  31 CNS techniques: Sound recognition Where/how: fMRI data Non speech Noise: no freq modulation Tones: freq modulation Speech Words Pseudowords Temporally reversed speech Heschl’s gyrus Binder et al. (2000)  32 CNS techniques: Sound recognition Where/how: fMRI data Non speech Noise: no freq modulation Tones: freq modulation Speech Words Pseudowords Temporally reversed speech VOTE Heschl’s gyrus Binder et al. (2000)  33 CNS techniques: Sound recognition Where/how: fMRI data Non speech Noise: no freq modulation Tones: freq modulation Speech Words Pseudowords Temporally reversed speech Heschl’s gyrus Bilateral Bilateral posterior posteriel STG STE left later In/near STS, SiS left-lateralised. Binder et al. (2000)  34 Neural substrates of spoken-word processing any sound goes auditory to cortex Sound first processed in auditory cortex – Any sound, not specialised in linguistic input Sis Source: Talbot K, Louneva N, Cohen JW, Kazi H, Blake DJ, et al. (2011). PLoS ONE 6(3): e16886. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/inde x.php?curid=20686954 - Acoustic sensitivity decreases away from Heschl’s gyrus; Sensitivity to speech sounds increases the morelinguista Interilised - Posterior portions of STS are relevant to processing of phonological information; bilateral to a limited extent; mostly left lateralised  35 Orthography write ne analysis  36 Models of written-word processing read ~ each letter - Strictly bottom-up - Serial: One letter at a time Learning to read requires linking arbitrary symbols onto words the highest activation  37 Models of written-word processing if feature is not present in letter , the letter is inhibited I doesn't spend activat ). 3 layers Bottom-up and top-down Parallel v Nodes in each layer can influence activation of the nodes in other layers by knowledge of words excitatory (arrows) or influence the inhibitory (dots) connections process  38 Where is it easiest to spot the “r”? O VOTE O Word superiority effect 39 recognition of letter is easier if presented Word in superiority word effect. meany WORK vs. WKRT  40 Which of these models accounts for the word superiority effect? Because you have top-down process for words to influence perception ~ VOTE Neural substrates of visual-word processing > - F Puce et al., 1996 Neural substrates of visual-word processing Initially, early visual areas contralateral to hemifield ~200 ms post-stimulus onset, left occiptotemporal cortex activity Visual word-form area - - Insensitive to other visual stimuli (eg, faces) - Insensitive to lexical or semantic features (eg, low vs high frequency words) - Insensitive to letter case (ftnbv FTNBV) - Insensitive to visual field (ie, left vs right presentation) lesion of left occiptotemporal cortex ↳ alexia VOTE ↳ impairment of reading  41 CNS techniques: Pure alexia - What/where: Patient data - Cannot read words; other aspects of language are normal - - Lesions in occipitotemporal regions of left hemisphere - left occipitotemporal sulcus (anterior and lateral to area V4) is only reading the poster  42 Neural substrates of visual-word processing Lends evidence to idea that the visual word-form area (left occipitotemporal cortex) is specialised for identification of orthographic units. it has to be letter you ex recognize > - if it's chinese synsols it will be treated as visual  43 Lexical access, selection and integration After perceptual analysis Lexical access: output of perceptual analysis activates word-form representations in mental lexicon I Lexical selection: representation that best matches input is selected Lexical integration: integrate words in sentence, discourse, etc.  44 Mental Lexicon un the dictionary Mental Lexicon is not organized like this! like 45 dictionary - not alphabetical  46 Mental Lexicon is organized by: doser Morphemic unit ↳ ore of the word 10 frost – “frost” to defrost – “de” + “frost” defroster – “de” + “frost” + “er” ↓ we have it but dict. As a separate no  47 Mental Lexicon is organized by: Morphemic unit frost – “frost” Lexical frequency defrost – “de” + “frost” I How often a word is used & defroster – “de” + “frost” + “er”  Word Frequency for higher freg, used words 48 - faster recognition Word Frequency Effects – More frequently used word forms are easier to recognise or produce than less frequent forms ↳Lexical Decision Task word/not word Read/hear sounds → decide if sound is word (HUGE) or pseudoword (HEGU) ↳ faster recognised Recognition is faster for more frequent words - Based on lexical decision response times  49 Mental Lexicon is organized by: Morphemic unit frost – “frost” Lexical frequency defrost – “de” + “frost” How often is a word used defroster – “de” + “frost” + “er” ⑳ Huge < humongous < gargantuan Lexical neighbourhood  50 Lexical Neighbourhood O Lexical neighbours – words that differ by one phoneme, e.g. cat, 000 bat, hat, sat  51 Lexical Neighbourhood Lexical neighbours – words that differ by one phoneme, e.g. cat, bat, hat, sat Word forms that share phonemes compete with each other  52 Lexical Neighbourhood Lexical neighbours – words that differ by one phoneme, e.g. cat, bat, hat, sat neighbours Word forms that share phonemes compete with each other - & I match the pattern all activates cause they sound alike Lexical Neighbourhood Lexical neighbours – words that differ by one phoneme, e.g. cat, bat, hat, sat Word forms that share phonemes compete with each other Lexical Decision Task Read/hear sounds → decide if sound is word (CAT) or pseudoword (TAC) Slower Recognition is VOTE for words with more lexical neighbours - Based on lexical decision response times competition - hinders = the more compet. the more slower  53 Lexical Neighbourhood Lexical neighbours – words that differ by one phoneme, e.g. cat, bat, hat, sat Word forms that share phonemes compete with each other Lexical Decision Task Read/hear sounds → decide if sound is word (CAT) or pseudoword (TAC) slowerfor words with more lexical neighbours Recognition is slower - Based on lexical decision response times  54 Mental Lexicon is organized by: Morphemic unit frost – “frost” Lexical frequency defrost – “de” + “frost” How often is a word used defroster – “de” + “frost” + “er” Huge < humongous < gargantuan Lexical neighbourhood Semantic relationship -  55 Semantic Relationship Lexical decision task with semantic priming - meaning Pairs of words presented faster BUS - TRUCK ~ related with shared meaning recogn BUS PLANT unrelated BUS TCKUR nonword prime target Recognition is faster for related words - Based on lexical decision response times  56 Lexical access, selection and integration After perceptual analysis Lexical access: output of perceptual O analysis activates word-form representations in mental lexicon Lexical selection: representation that best matches input is selected Lexical integration: integrate words in sentence, discourse, etc.  57 Meaning or Semantics  58 Semantics - semantics  59 Semantic network representation of word meanings or concepts Collins and Loftus 1975 -  60 Semantic network representation of word meanings or concepts Collins and Loftus 1975 semantic relat semantic - I Based on I fruits – Associative relations transp. – Semantic relations This impacts – Strength of the connections – Distance between the nodes Assumption – Activation spreads from one node to another Because of above features, spreading activation benefits closely related items more  61 Semantic network representation of word meanings or concepts Collins and Loftus 1975 Based on – Associative relations – Semantic relations This impacts – Strength of the connections are loase? – Distance between the nodes the bigger Assumption distance the – Activation less spreads from connection one node to another Because of above features, spreading activation benefits closely related items more  62 Semantic network representation of word meanings or concepts Collins and Loftus 1975 Based on – Associative relations – Semantic relations This impacts – Strength of the connections – Distance between the nodes Assumption – Activation spreads from one node to another Because of above features, spreading activation benefits closely related items more  63 Semantic network representation of word meanings or concepts Collins and Loftus 1975 than Based on – Associative relations faster ↓ – Semantic relations 0 This impacts – Strength of the connections – Distance between the nodes Assumption – Activation spreads from one node to another Because of above features, spreading activation benefits closely related items more  64 Semantic network representation of word meanings or concepts Alternative models to Collins and Loftus 1975 to Based on g - – Features of concepts pet This impacts together – Activation of concepts Requires activation of features associated with concepts concept of cat Problems: – 1. How many features need to be activated? – 2. Which features need to be stored? – 3. Prototypicality  65 Semantic network representation of word meanings or concepts Alternative models to Collins and Loftus 1975 Based on – Features of concepts This impacts – Activation of concepts Requires activation of features associated with concepts Problems: – 1. How many features need to be activated? – 2. Which features need to be stored? – 3. Prototypicality  66 CNS techniques: conceptual organisation What/how: Patient Data Subject group Behavior Wernicke’s aphasia (Naming) & READ: “cow” Deep dyslexia (Reading) NAME: &  67 CNS techniques: conceptual organisation What/how: Patient Data Subject group Behavior Inference Wernicke’s aphasia (Naming) & READ: “cow” says Related concepts confused; Deep dyslexia (Reading) NAME: “horse” Wrong lexical item selected ↳decorata chose conhesed selection words - concepts I of words  68 CNS techniques: conceptual organisation What/how: Patient Data access the went at the level of wrong ↑ - inconsistent errors Subject group Behavior Inference Wernicke’s aphasia (Naming) & READ: “cow” says Related concepts confused; Deep dyslexia (Reading) NAME: “horse” Wrong lexical item selected Progressive semantic dementia says Related concepts lumped ↳moninitsg “animal” together; categorical organisation with lost anything 4 legs are with progression is animal. of dementia ↓ if consistent perior Ex you give a tool they do with it. don't know what to  69 CNS techniques: specific vs domain general Where: patient and unimpaired fMRI data more Anterior temporal lose-Gamaged in dimentia  70 CNS techniques: specific vs domain general Where: patient and unimpaired fMRI data Specific naming of living things - Problems in patients with lesions in anterior temporal lobe Healthy individuals and fMRI: greater activation  71 CNS techniques: specific vs domain general Where: patient and unimpaired fMRI data Specific naming of living things ↳ not specific Problems in patients with lesions ↑ in anterior temporal lobe Healthy individuals = and fMRI: greater activation anterior = specific semantic Inform.  72 Lexical access, selection and integration After perceptual analysis ! Lexical access: output of perceptual analysis activates word-form representations in mental lexicon I Lexical selection: representation that best matches input is selected W Lexical integration: integrate words in the context, sentence, discourse, etc.  73 CNS techniques: Context When/what: ERP (EEG) Sentences presented negative Normal sentences Anomalous word ending Physically deviant O ↓capitals Kutas & Hillyard (1980)  74 CNS techniques: Context When/what: ERP (EEG) Sentences presented negative reflects “surprise effect”; shows that N400 is not merely surprise Normal sentences Anomalous word ending 0. Physically deviant Kutas & Hillyard (1980)  75 Syntax (Grammar)  76 Syntax Rules by which lexical items are organised to produce intended meaning  77 Syntax Rules by which lexical items are organised to produce intended meaning Are sentence representations stored? VOTE  78 Syntax Rules by which lexical items are organised to produce intended meaning Are sentence representations stored? - no used ↑ they have preserved highy phrases. tono tono aphasin - he says https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Xlu0TUPaQI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6CJWo5TDHLE Watch from 1’43’’ on  79 Syntax Rules by which lexical items are organised to produce intended meaning Sentence representations are not stored – Why not? it's too much why -  80 Syntax Rules by which lexical items are organised to produce intended meaning Sentence representations are not stored Semantics isn’t enough, syntax gives thematic roles Kate John pen give – Actor, theme, subject, object  81 Syntax Rules by which lexical items are organised to produce intended meaning Sentence representations are not stored Kate John pen give Semantics isn’t enough, syntax gives thematic roles Kate gave the pen to John – Actor, theme, subject, object John gave the pen to Kate  82 Syntax Rules by which lexical items are organised to produce intended meaning Sentence representations are not stored Kate John pen give Semantics isn’t enough, syntax gives thematic roles Kate gave the pen to John – Actor, theme, subject, object John gave the pen to Kate Syntactic analysis is independent of meaning "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously"  the the structure meaning 83 Syntax -gives giving us Rules by which lexical items are organised to produce intended meaning Sentence representations are not stored Kate John pen give Semantics isn’t enough, syntax gives thematic roles Kate gave the pen to John – Actor, theme, subject, object John gave the pen to Kate Syntactic analysis is independent of meaning "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" Syntactic parsing: "Furiously sleep ideas green colorless" assign structure to incoming words  84 CNS techniques: ERP (EEG/MEG) When/Where: Event-related potential (ERP) = sensitive to Grammar time amplitude  85 CNS techniques : P600 or SPS When/Where: ERP with Sentences: we present pp Incorrect: “The spoilt child throws the toy on the floor.” (correct) “The spoilt child throw the toy on the floor” * (incorrect) - I meaning semantics -> the horse if we voilate speaks we get modulation of n400 - if voilate we syntax => ploo Igrammar)  & 86 CNS techniques : P600 or SPS When/Where: ERP Sentences: Incorrect: “The spoilt child throws the toy on the floor.” (correct) “The spoilt child throw the toy on the floor” * (incorrect) Garden Path sentences The horse raced past the barn fell The old man the boat O 2x verbs Fes should be a web don't have prosody in writing T - &prosody-gives im auditory we a segment you how to  87 CNS techniques: Syntactic violations When/where: ERP After 600 ↑ - for violation - Correct and incorrect sentences presented one word at a time - Positivity ~600 ms after violation O-syntax P600! VOTE What error would 2 O elicitLeft Anterior Negativity , violation drinks Hagoort et al. (1993) => a word category error (the eat  Brocas 88 CNS techniques: syntactic processing Where: PET = Syntax - testing : – Read sentences with varying complexities – Increased activation for more complex structures Caplan et al. (2000)  89 Contemporary view of syntactic processing most imp. t Takes place in a network of left inferior frontal and superior temporal brain regions = for book syn ax Word Production -almos verse of Comprehension 90 comprehension  the dictionary O -forh. some 92 What are the four organisational principles of the mental lexicon? used + prob. Remember them? production For recognition + Y 4 organisational principles of mental lexicon. - morphenes - eexical freg. - lexicalreight. semantic - VOTE relat syntax - no  93 Four organisational principles of the mental lexicon For recognition & production Morphemic unit errors (incorrect verb) morpheme-speech Speech errors respect morpheme boundaries incorrect verb respect the morpheme structure => Lexical frequency frequency More frequently used forms are easier to produce Lexical => more freg used forms neighbourhood. are easier to produce Productionof is slower for words with more lexical used word neighbours the => less freg ex-tip tongue - Semantic relationship neighbours Production is faster for words primed by semantically related for words with => words slower production lexical neighb. more semantic => relat production is faster for words primed by semant-related words  94 Word Production Morphemic unit Lexical frequency Lexical neighbourhood Semantic relationship compet ↳ Related concepts are co-activated and hence can compete with each other could make also slower  95 Word Production Macroplanning: what speaker wants to express ⑳ Represented by goals Microplanning: how to express it Requires adopting a perspective Determines word choice and grammatical roles Output: conceptual message, to be formulated at grammatical and phonological levels  6 96 Word Production Activated concept activates “lemmas” (abstract lexical forms), which carry syntactic information (e.g., verb)  97 Word Production Activated concept activates “lemmas” (abstract lexical forms), which carry syntactic information (e.g., “chase” - VERB) Morphological encoding adds morphemes x chase (1 syllable) →- - chases (2 syllables) Phonological encoding: integrates metrical information - - cha-ses Phonetic encoding produces a gestural score used for articulating  98 CNS Techniques – Word Production What/how/where – fMRI we start at a concept : to eat - Picture naming and word generation Apple - Left inferior temporal regions and left frontal operculum (Broca's area) – Phonological encoding Posterior parts of Broca's area, bilateral motor cortex, supplementary motor area and insula – Articulation (motor relatedareas VOTE of problem cuting muscles : Lysarthrit  X 99 Motor control in speech production Speakers Create internal forward model: predictions about position and trajectory of articulators and sensory consequences Provide online control of articulation Use sensory feedback: measures sensory consequences of articulation Enables learning motor command sensory result Enables updating internal model in light of mismatches Enables detection of perturbations and corrections M Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Basic_Internal_Model.png  100 CNS techniques: motor control in speech production feedback test Where: fMRI sensing Participants produce words Normal auditory feedback - yourself hear Altered auditory feedback: participants shift in opposite direction- slift the pitch conseg => people tend to lower their pitch the after bearing adjusted to compensate Tourville et al., 2008  101 CNS techniques: motor control in speech production Where: fMRI Participants produce words Normal auditory feedback Altered auditory feedback: participants shift in opposite direction Increased activity in bilateral superior temporal cortex ↳ right prefrontal and motor cortex Tourville et al., 2008 it's most about sounds not language Thanks for your participation! Time for Q&A Week 3 I ·  Q and A general aphasia - problem with language apraxia problemwill planningwhenproblematic separate - anouit-inability to name objects Dysarthrit at the level of controlling - the muscles If this of the stain · has part lesion what issues are present · Alexit is associated --- with what Sain region involved in - Superiortemporal cortex (usually - Broca's · how spoken and written compreh. work ex pandem (bottom-up) effect.. ex , which our explains superiorly  Area Broca's Fut Frontal superior frontal -Syntax ↳ 277777 Conditions to Anomia? · leading - common sympt-in themihasente stroketolet t - an object naming due to Bur linguistic issues Y recog objects with X-aynosit-problem. ( dementia - that's you need to verify not a visual issue · Semantic paraphasia want to horse but you say you say cow - deep found in : dyslexit reddingd > - = into you go deep the still concept. and say wrong the missusing word the - ex. Pet the cake in  Week 3 Reading guage"  Chapter 11 ⑧. Overview a) Structure left lateralisation for language - 3 · phonology = sounds · morphology = word formation key elements · syntax = sentence structure semantics meaning o = b) Phonology - system org. of sounds convey meaning. > - phonemes = smallest sound units c) between Segmentation words problem - difficultyto disting. for Il prosody-meldy > signaling pound a. - e) Syntax-structuring sentences ↓ P600 detecting syntastic anomalies  right (right heri-only prosody superior sulcers temporally & Anatomy left-hemi regions mostly - al Brain to strokes damages - mostly due · Aphasia = collective deficit in layuga · Dysarthrit↳ = loss of of control aphasia over articulatory muscles symptom => deficit · Apraxit = in motor planning Anomin unable · = to name objects Broca's Aphasia Wernicke's = area 44 I Left Inferior Eyrus Frontal Superior Temporal Gyrus = pars opercularis/triangular's · speech production · language comprehension they produce => deficits related > comprehension - meaningless speech to syntax /how words are put together to form a sent) - agrammat aphasis. - fasciculus · Symptoms Mrcuate ↓ damage > - Sponteu Speaking. Imum connects Brock's > repeating Wernickels - Conduction Aphasia Wrong syntax > - = understand u - can't repair Errors + can't Spea  ②. Fundamentals of language Al mental dictionary lexicon = - semantic int (meaning format. - syntactic (sentence word forms (spelling + sound) - concepts => organized into cletworks · Functions > - Access - which perception is accessed > - selection-select best fit > - integration - words integrated into full sentences B) Organization of Lexicon 141 · Morphemes-smallest meaningful unot ex. frost defrost defroster root pretex Suffix tmorple.. Imaple 3mopen. faster accessed Frequency freg. used words - · more are prod for words with lexical Neighbours slower more · - neighbours ex - that but I sat G phoneme Semantic relat--words related : smallest sound unit · are in meaning organized together  2) Models of Mental Lexican Semantic Network words with associative/semantic relations · closer strong are together in the network ex tetruck those words that don't have relation ex. cary clouds semantic coloured similiarly = associat connected closely = fire ex truck fire muck/ D) Deficits · Semantic paraphasic = Wernicke's area = Superior > speech - Tod errors Temporal Eyrus ex-they want to say cow , but say horse > - deep dyslexian-the issue is in the concept read - cow , when horse is written - error is at the level of Access ! > dementia - - concepts impaired - damage to temporal lobes (left) - but Superior regions temporal are spared - can't assign objects to category  ex · picture of they say : animal Diggy # Alternative model - liger · living tiger domain Specific Posterior Middle Anterior Temporal * Autrior Temporal-naming living things in Specific Level He and Living things · me less representedby a manyfat /representedbyfunctioa * damage (aphasial > harder to identify living features ex. legsarea blade-Metal cuts I handle  ③. Comprehension Early steps bottom-up written symbols > - a) Spoken Input · phonemes lat birth - smallest can sound unit dist. all of them) I eX. tap (t | , you * the older we get , native phonemes become automatic which challenging makes it to lose our native. accent to differ diff · Segmentationwords Problem - how. sounds Prosody-melody Tuto separate · wite · Superior Temporal Cortex = sound perception variabil can't Ihave problem sexlage · : due to... -we repres of each word for each person Brain auditory ⑳⑮ - cortex G ! Primary ↳ Or+ autenor - posterior anterior Mesche'sgyrus from search moving away sensitivity to sounds O Wernickels X - Heschsgynsnilateral posterior STSulcus ↳ language Oostly m Middle +Salcus (lateralized left temporal lose-critical for auditory perception = phouchspeedsons is (not for = in sense : any sound but acoustic goes to audit Cortex. specialised lang). left lateralic. posterior = linguistic  b) Written imput - visual potterm Pandemonium model Bottom Pa time-serial ( only 1 at - 1. Y 1 I 2 5 many now match takes the one features ! > - with of shown letter highest activation ⑦ bottom-up with no feedback O can't faster why explain letter process we in words than nonwords + top-down (parallel) McClelland + Remelhaut bottom-up ↓ inhisiding 3 - - and has both excit layers & links between 2 · if a feature is not in the 1 letter it's imbibited Superiority · effect is explained  can write but can't read it they · Pure Alexia - can't read words in tal temporal regions - Occiptotemporal ! Cortex 0 = 0 likes words yes -only orthographics - no ! - faces of words ⑧ O O-activation frequency ↓ - I - case (FTN ( lateral gyMS occitotemporal = Visual - left or right present. Form area * a lesion in Word-Form - Area loccipital temporal) impairment => Alexia-reading 4. Comprehension (After perceptual Later analysis) : Al Context representation - not alphabetical section Ind influenced sentencecrea by - includes MTG (middle temporal Gynus) STG superior Mental Lexicon organization : · morpheme frost/defrost - ex. · Frequencyhowoften isus- slower recognition · semantic relat - faster recog for related words  b) Integration - we have to integrate syntactic semantic + properties Syntactic parsing ↳ Brain has to structure to words assign a syntactic in sentences c) Semantic N400 Processing - normal anoudly to context used physically deviant = meaning off compare 70 see is that G not base an surprise N400 negative polarity voltage peak · - specific (not analysis grommet - to semantic · P600 - positive - semantically correct d) Semantic Processing =semm observed 600ms after the error 600  LAN-leftauthorregata ex. when noun is used instead of verb What error would elictleftAnteroNeita the eat Grims) ⑤. Neural models for Comprehension al Fantala medial Frontal control or (left temporal) memory - remony domana ledge · speck temporal lobes - store word repres · Unification- overall representation Control · - joint actions  b) harsat Brockas speech ver Fral compeantic - ⑥. Speech Production a) Psycholinguistic model Ist ↓ Meco planning-whathe. verb-chase & Led · Microplanning-how morpheme perspective + = clases Cha-ses ex. the part is next to the house house park -motor program for articulation Lemmas = is it a moun/verb - syntax * Semantic neighbours /compet ). - make speech slower due do the loads active. connect ex. Speech error put the - like in the freezer (oven)  b) Brain · word generation + picture naming the vet ex-nown is given > give ex- apple is > to eat given = => Brock's area · articulation => motor cortex + posterior Brock's - - A problems controlling muscles => dysarteria * articlingissa Sut popapapa - is time