BOSH PPT PDF

1.OVERVIEW ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY Poor culture and mindset on OSH for contractors, engineers, and company owners AND HEALTH Low pr...

1.OVERVIEW ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY Poor culture and mindset on OSH for contractors, engineers, and company owners AND HEALTH Low priority on OSH Public apathy on OSH concerns According to International Labour Organization, Lacking of OSH personnel in the workplace (e.g. Every year over 2.3 million men and women die at safety officer, safety engineers, safety consultants, work from occupational injury or disease. etc.) Over 350,000 deaths are due to fatal accidents, while over 2M deaths are due to work-related diseases Importance of OSH These statistics imply that everyday approximately REPUTATION 6,400 people die from occupational accidents or MORAL OBLIGATION diseases and that 860,000 people are injured on the PRODUCTIVITY job SAVINGS LEGAL COMPLIANCE OSH in the Philippines QUALITY “The Philippine Government estimates that 2.2 million Filipino workers in medium and large enterprises enjoy Legal Basis of The Implementation of Occupational Safety effective occupational safety and health (OSH) protection and and Health: services. In other words, 17 of 18 persons in the nation’s Labor Code of the Philippines, (PD 442) 1974 workforce of 38.8 million do NOT benefit from acceptable working conditions. Studies substantiate that OSH conditions Occupational Safety and Health Standards, in micro-firms and the informal sector pose risks and (OSHS)1978 hazards.” Department Order 13 (DO13) series of 1998, commonly known as the Occupational Safety and Direct Cost of Accidents Health Standards in the Construction Industry (No Medical Expenses Sanctions or Penalties) Equipment Damage New OSH Law Republic Act 11058 (100k Penalty per Wasted Raw Materials day and For construction companies, a safety Insurance Premiums engineer or safety officer MUST be present PER construction sites.) Litigation Expenses Roles of Safety Engineers Indirect Cost of Accidents 1. Acts in an advisory capacity on all matters pertaining 1. Injured Worker Indirect Cost of Accidents to health and safety for the guidance of the Lesser productivity due to interruption employer and the workers on the day of injury 2. Conducts investigation of accidents Loss in efficiency 3. Conducts health and safety inspection 2. Other employees 4. Coordinates all health and safety training Lesser productivity due to: o interruption on the day of Other roles of Safety Engineers injury 1. Creates OSH Program in the workplace o Loss in efficiency 2. Analyze the trends of accidents and injuries and Loss in efficiency of sympathy come up with controls on how to mitigate it Additional cost due to addition of 3. Be knowledgeable on current trends on industry in added work the mitigation of accidents 3. Supervisors 4. Develop emergency and disaster management plan Lesser productivity when assisting the injured worker 4. Replacement of worker Due to hiring or training 5. Equipment Downtime while incurring costs Concerns and issues on OSH Low compliance rate to the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) Absence of strict penalties (before the RA 11058 was enacted) Fragmented OSH administration  2.PRINCIPLES OF HAZARDS A human action that departs from a standard or written job procedure or common practice, ACCIDENT - An occurrence or event that is: safety rules, regulations, or instructions. A violation of a commonly-accepted safe Unexpected Unforeseen procedures and or processes. Factors Contributing to Unsafe Acts Unplanned o Improper Attitude Unwanted o Physical Limitations Could Lead to Injury, Loss, or Death o Lack of Knowledge or Skills Unsafe Acts – Examples INCIDENT o Operating Equipment without Authority An unplanned event that DOES NOT result in personal o Disregard of instructions injury but may result in property damage or is worthy of o Removing Safety Devices recording. o Using Defective Equipment Incident is worthy of recording because according to the o Improper/non-use of PPE study conducted by Frank E. Bird, for every 600 o Horseplay incidences (near miss), it can lead to a single major injury. o Willful intent to injure o Working while under the influence of alcohol or drugs o Carrying load beyond one’s capacity 2. UNSAFE CONDITION The physical or chemical property of a material, machine or the environment which could result in injury to a person, damage or destruction to property or other forms of losses. (This could TYPES OF ACCIDENT have been guarded or prevented) Struck against Examples of Unsafe Conditions Struck by o Inadequate guards/protection Caught in, on, or between objects o Defective tools, equipment Slips and Trips o Inadequate warning systems Fall o Fire and explosion hazards Same elevation o Absence of warning devices Fall below o Slippery floors Electrocution Fire CAN ACCIDENTS BE PREVENTED? YES! Accidents can be prevented According to W. CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS Heinrich, of all accidents, Disabling Accidents – a work injury which results in the 98% - preventable following: o 88% Unsafe Act 1. Fatality – shall mean any death resulting from work o 10% Unsafe Condition injury regardless of time intervening between injury 2% - non-preventable and death The 2% non-preventable are the acts of God (force of 2. Permanent Total Disability - shall mean any injury or nature) sickness which permanently and totally incapacitates an employee from engaging in any occupation, or HAZARDS which results loss of any of the following: 1. PHYSICAL HAZARD - Is an agent, factor or Both eyes circumstance that could cause direct and immediate One eye and one hand, or arm, leg or foot harm to the body. Complete paralysis of two limbs 2. CHEMICAL HAZARD - Is a hazard that comes from Brain injury resulting in incurable imbecility or chemicals in a form of fumes, mists, solvents, insanity suspended air, etc. 3. Permanent Partial Disability – any injury that results 3. BIOLOGICAL HAZARD - Hazard coming from virus, in the loss or loss of use of any member of the body bacteria, fungi, parasites, and even insect and animal 4. Temporary Total Disability – any injury that results in bites. absence from work for a day or more 4. ERGONOMIC STRESSOR -Workplace hazards that might result to Musculoskeletal Disorders(MSD) Non-Disabling accidents – a work injury doesn’t result in absence from work. 1. First Aid Cases 2. Medical Treatment (Out-patient) IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF WORK ACCIDENTS 1. UNSAFE ACT  3. LEGISLATIONS ON OSH 1974 – PD 442, Labor code of the Philippines RULE 1030 of OSH Standards 1978 – OSH STANDARDS OF THE PHILIPPINES 1987-1989 - AMENDMENT OF THE OSH STANDARDS 1998 D.O 13 Guidelines Governing Safety and Health in the Construction Industry 2013 D.O. 128 Amending Rule 1414 on Scaffoldings of the 1989 Occupational Health and Safety Standards 2018 RA 11058 an act strengthening compliance with OSH standards and providing PENALTIES for violations 2018 D.O. 198 – IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF RA-11058 D.O 198 – Section 6 - RIGHT TO REFUSE UNSAFE WORK SAFETY OFFICER TABLE OF VIOLATIONS D.O.198 SEC. 29  4.HOUSEKEEPING SEISO “CLEAN YOUR WORKPLACE” 1. Do not wait until things get dirty. Clean your workplace, including machines and equipment tools WHAT IS HOUSEKEEPING? and furniture, regularly so that they do not have a Housekeeping means there is a place for everything and chance to get dirty. everything is in place. It is everybody’s business to 2. Put aside 3 minutes every day for Seiso (Sweep) observe it in the workplace. Housekeeping is important because it lessens accidents SEIKETSU “MAINTAIN HIGH STANDARD OF HOUSEKEEPING” and related injuries and illnesses; it therefore improves 1. Maintain a workplace that is free from germs and productivity, and minimizes direct and indirect costs of stains. Make a schedule for thorough cleaning of accidents/illnesses. your workplace. Deteriorating housekeeping may be the first evidence of 2. Seiketsu is significant for works with food products, a deteriorating safety and health program. pharmaceutical products, electronic components, etc. RULE 1060 – Occupational Safety and Health Standards Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times thru SHITSUKE “DO THINGS SPONTANEOUSLY W/O BEING TOLD cleanliness of building, yards, machines and equipment, OR ORDERED” regular waste disposal and orderly processes, operations, 1. Make every one practice 4S’s spontaneously and storage and filling of materials. willingly as a habit or a way of life 2. Practice 4S’s regularly until such time when everyone THE 5S OF GOOD HOUSEKEEPING becomes fond of 5S Seiri (Sort/eliminate) Seiton (Systematize/organize) HOW IS 5S IMPLEMENTED? Seiso (Sweep/clean/polish) Training Seiketsu (Standardize) Committees Shitsuke (Self-discipline/training) Planning WHY IMPELEMENT 5S? Self-diagnosis and Objective Setting Safety Monitoring Quality Improvement Evaluation Efficiency Productivity Improvement Workers feel good in their second home Easy 5. MATERIALS HANDLING AND STORAGE knowledge of process abnormalities Work Improvement WHAT IS MATERIALS HANDLING? - A technique which Company Image -Cleanliness/ Orderliness/ includes the art of lifting, placing, storing or movement of Beautification materials through the use of appropriate handling equipment and men. SEIRI “TAKE OUT UNNECESSARY ITEMS AND DISPOSE” 1. Look around your workplace and dispose all Types Of Material Handling Accidents: unnecessary items Physical strain/over-exertion 2. Set aside items with Disposal Notice decide if they Falling load are necessary or not Collision Hits, cuts, blows SEITON “ARRANGE NECESSARY ITEMS IN GOOD ORDER FOR People Falling USE” 1. - Eliminate unnecessary items from your workplace. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS HANDLING OPERATION - Think of what things should remain in the 1. MANUAL HANDLING workplace, taking into account the flow of work, - Is the of lifting, transporting and packaging of from the point of view of safe and efficient operation products using own physical strength. 2. Decide with your colleagues where to put things. The - Hand operated handling, transporting and packaging principle is to put most frequently needed items of products. close to the user. Manual Handling – Mistakes That Cause Injuries 3. Make a list of things with their location and put it on Bending Back locker/cabinets and inform everyone in the Twisting with load workplace. Attempting to much weight (load too heavy) 4. Indicate the places where fire extinguishers are Reaching too far located, passages of forklifts/carts, and wherever Failure to use personal PPE, such as gloves necessary, warnings signs for safety precautions, etc. Precautions In Manual Handling MATERIAL HANDLING AND STORAGE SAFETY PROGRAM Familiarize with the hazard associated with the An effective Material Handling and Storage Program must material or load have the following: o Sharp edges? Inspection, maintenance and testing of Material o Too heavy? Handling and Storage Equipment. o Contains hazardous material? (check MSDS) Authorization of Mechanical Handling Equipment Examine the surrounding area prior to handling Operators Get a firm grip of the object Safety Training of personnel. Use necessary personal protective equipment Labeling and compilation of MSDS and Chemicals Lift gradually (NFPA 704M LABEL) Follow proper lifting method Compliance to the provisions of OSHS Rule 1150: Materials Handling and Storage Proper lifting technique Emergency preparedness and response plan Position the load close to the body Maintain a firm grip on the load Keep feet apart and bend knees 6. FIRE SAFETY Look forward to keep back straight Use muscle power of the legs WHAT IS FIRE SAFETY? Fire Safety at its most basic definition, Use smooth, controlled movements is based upon the principle of keeping fuel sources and Turn feet in the direction of the movement and do ignition sources separate. not twist RULE 1940: FIRE PROTECTION AND CONTROL of the 2. MECHANICAL HANDLING Philippine Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS). - Pertains to more rigid, powered and non-powered mechanics mainly for handling bulky and heavy items FIRE LOSSES Non-Power Driven Personal Loss - Wheeler/Hand Truck Wheelbarrow Cart Drum FATAL Tilter Trolley Hand Pallet (Pallet Jack) Pulley o Asphyxiation Power Driven o Burns - Forklifts Cranes Tow Trucks Conveyors Power o Stampede Driven Hoists Motorized Pallet Jacks Elevators NON-FATAL and Dumbwaiters o Burns Property Loss MECHANICAL HANDLING GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Direct Operators must be authorized. o Destruction and damage by fire, smoke or Operators must undergo skills training. water Handlers and operators must be trained in safety and Indirect health. o Loss of jobs Equipment must be regularly inspected and maintained. o Business failure STORAGE WHAT IS FIRE? Fire is referred to as rapid oxidation with the PRINCIPLE OF MATERIAL STORAGE evolution of heat and light. It is a chemical union of fuel, heat, - SAFETY and oxygen produced in proper portions. - ACCESSIBILITY - ORDERLINESS MATERIALS STORAGE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Storage areas should have at least two exits. Should be properly illuminated and ventilated. Materials are properly identified and labeled (including hazard labels). Restricted Access OXYGEN Must have a smooth flow of materials, material - Fire only uses 16% Oxygen but our atmosphere has 21% handling equipment and people. oxygen. It means that much concern must be given to Materials & material handling equipment should not FUEL and HEAT. obstruct emergency equipment such as fire alarm - If the oxygen content is less that 16%, no combustion buttons, evacuation map, first aid kits, fire will take place. However, it is to be noted that less than extinguishers (portable or fixed) etc. 16% oxygen can be hazardous since in can cause oxygen deprivation to humans. - If oxygen levels exceed 21%, materials ignite more easily and fires burn intensely, increasing flammability risks. Prolonged exposure to high oxygen levels can also lead to oxygen toxicity in humans, causing symptoms like dizziness, nausea, and lung damage. HEAT Primary Sources of Heat in the Workplace: 5. CLASS “K” FIRE – cooking oils and greases: animal fats Chemical Heat Energy and vegetable fats Electrical Heat Energy Mechanical Heat Energy 4 WAYS OF FIRE TRANSFER FUEL Physical Features of Fuel: 1. CONDUCTION – fire transfer through a solid SOLID – Papers, Wood, Rubber, Etc. medium. A metal is a good conductor of heat. LIQUID – Gasoline, Alcohol, Thinner, Etc. 2. CONVECTION – fire transfer through a liquid or gas GAS – Propane, Natural Gas, Hydrogen, Etc. medium. Example: Hot gases 3. RADIATION – fire transfer NOT through any medium. FLAMMABLE VS. COMBUSTIBLE Example: Heat from the sun. - All fuel has their own flash point. Flash point is the 4. DIRECT FLAME CONTACT – fire transfer from a lowest temperature at which fuel gives off vapors. burning fuel that has a direct contact with a fire. - Flammable materials – flashpoint below 37.8 deg. Cel. - Combustible materials – flashpoint above 37.8 deg Cel. WHAT ARE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS? - An equipment that are - THUS, FLAMMABLE MATERIALS ARE MORE HAZARDOUS easy to handle that are used to extinguish fire on a LIMITED AS COMPARED TO COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS scale. CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE (ACCORDING TO FUELS) 1. CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHER (CO2) 1. CLASS “A” FIRE - wood, paper, cloth, plastic solid CO2 extinguisher are filled with nonflammable combustible materials that are not metal carbon dioxide gas under extreme pressure. CO2 are designed for Class B & C fires. 2. DRY CHEMICAL (DC) EXTINGUISHER Capable of extinguishing Class A, B, C fires. It is filled with fine yellow powder composed of mono ammonium phosphate. It extinguishes fire by coating the fuel with a thin layer of dust, separating the fuel from the oxygen. 2. CLASS “B” FIRE - flammable liquids: gasoline, oil, grease, acetone any non metal in a liquid state, on fire. This classification also includes flammable gases. 3. CLASS “C” FIRE - energized electrical equipment, as long TWO WAYS IN ADDRESSING FIRE IN WORKPLACE as it is “plugged-in” it would be considered as Class C 1. PREVENTION. Prevent it from happening fire. 2. PREPARATION. Prepare for and deal with the consequences WHAT TO DO DURING A FIRE? 1. Activate the nearest fire alarm (No matter how small or big the fire). 2. Call nearest fire station (don’t assume that the nearest fire station knows about the emergency) 3. Extinguish fire, if trained how to use the fire extinguisher 4. If you encounter smoke, crawl low and cover your nose and mouth 4. CLASS “D” FIRE - metals: potassium, sodium, aluminum, 5. Proceed to the evacuation area and report for head magnesium (can be experienced in industrial setting) count  7. ELECTRICAL SAFETY Not all workers have proper trainings and experience It is treated as ”less dangerous” Low voltage does WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? A form of energy resulting from the not mean low hazard! existence of charged particles. Electricity is the flow of moving Low voltage does not mean low hazard! electrons. When the electrons flow it is called an electrical current. 2 TYPES OF MATERIAL BASED ON ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY CONDUCTOR any material that offers little resistance to the flow of an electric current INSULATOR any material that is a very poor conductor of electricity and prevent current from taking unwanted paths ELECTRIC SHOCK OCCURRENCE MECHANISM Breakdown of insulation Human body comes in contact with bare conductor CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS Current flows through the human body 1. Contact with live conductors 2. Short Circuits SHOCK SEVERITY, Severity of Shock Depends on: 3. Arc flashes Path of current through the body 4. Overloading Amount of current flowing through the body 5. Non-usage of standard replacement o THUS, IT IS THE CURRENT AND NOT THE 6. Wet environment VOLTAGE THAT CAN CAUSE ELECTROCUTION! 7. Improper attitude Duration of the shocking current through the body 8. Contact with overhead powerlines 9. Not following Lockout/Tagout Procedures 10. Contact with live circuits 11. Poorly maintained extension cords 12. Defective Power tools ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT IT’S YOUR JOB TO KNOW… ✓ The hazards of electricity ✓ The equipment ✓ Use safe work practices ✓ Inspect your PPE before each use ✓ Don’t work on energized circuits without permission CLUES THAT ELECTRICAL HAZARD EXISTS IN THE WORKPLACE 1. Tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses 2. Warm tools, wires, cords, connections, or junction boxes 3. Worn or frayed insulation around wire or connection CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL HAZARDS 1. Electrical Insulation CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRICITY 2. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) CURRENT may be thought of as the TOTAL VOLUME 3. Proper Use of Extension Cords OF WATER flowing past a certain point in a given 4. Lockout/Tagout System length of time. Electric current is measured in 5. Regular Inspection and Maintenance amperes, which is a very large quantity; therefore, in 6. Use of Portable Electric Tools relation to the effect of shock on the human body, 7. Safeguards for Personnel Protection 8. Every line should be assumed energized. the measurement used is the mill ampere (0.001 9. Use right instruments to test. ampere). 10. Use appropriate PPE, fuse tongs & insulated tools. VOLTAGE may be thought of as the PRESSURE in a 11. Never work alone on electrical lines. pipeline: it is measured in volts. 12. Make temporary wirings safe. RESISTANCE is any condition which RETARDS FLOW; it 13. Observe PEC during installation. is measured in ohms. 14. Only qualified electricians should be allowed to work on electrical jobs. 2 TYPES OF VOLTAGE LOW VOLTAGE is 24 to 600 volts, and safety low voltage refers to voltages below 24 volts. HIGH VOLTAGE 601 volts above Majority of the accidents happens in LOW VOLTAGE Majority of the Accidents Happens in LOW VOLTAGE Most employees work and move around in this area  8. MACHINE GUARDING SAFETY PROTECTION FROM MACHINE HAZARDS 1. Usage of machine guards (Engineering Control) 2. Lock-out/Tag-out Procedures (LOTO) (Administrative WHAT IS MACHINE SAFETY? Control) - It is the prevention of accidents when working with 3. Training of workers (Administrative Control) machines. Machines are a source of severe accidents which 4. Usage of PPE (PPE) can result in: Crushed hands and arms MACHINE GUARDS Rule 1200 of OSHS Severed fingers Blindness MACHINE GUARD REQUIREMENTS Death Prevent employee contact with hazardous moving - Safeguarding any machine part that may cause injury parts Secured and durable COMMON CAUSES OF MACHINE RELATED ACCIDENTS 1. An individual making unwanted contact with a Prevent falling materials into moving parts moving part of a machine Create no new hazards 2. Something flying from the machine Must not interfere with worker productivity 3. A machine malfunction, including mechanical and Should allow for proper and safe maintenance and electrical energy sources failure. lubrication 4. Workpiece movement during a forming or cutting process CATEGORIES OF MACHINE GUARDS 5. Unguarded or exposed moving parts such as power PREVENTING ACCESS transmitting devices. 1. Fixed enclosing guards - This type of guard is attached to a fixed surface and encloses the hazard. WHERE MECHANICAL HAZARDS OCCUR? When in place, it prevents anyone from going over, Power Transmission Apparatus: All components of the around, under or through it to the hazard. mechanical system that transmit energy to the part of the 2. Movable guards with interlocking switches - machine performing the work. Prevents machine motion until the guard is moved o These components include Flywheels, Pulleys, into place. The interlocking method may be Belts, Connecting Rods, Couplings, Cams, mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, or a combination Spindles, Chains, Sprockets, Cranks, and Gears. of these. The Point Of Operation: That point where work is 3. Two-hand Controls - Two- hand controls are performed on the material, such as Cutting, Shaping, operator controls that require an operator to hold Boring, Or Forming. both controls down during the hazardous portion of Other Moving Parts: All parts of the machine which the machine’s stroke. move while the machine is working. 4. Adjustable Guards - This type of guard can be positioned to accommodate a variety of operations HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL MOTIONS or work and when properly adjusted provides Rotating – Turning around on an axis or center adequate protection from the hazard at the point of Reciprocating – the back-and-forth movements of a operation. machine part 5. Self-Adjusting Guard - Provides a barrier which Traversing – Continuous straight-line motion of a moves according to the size of the stock entering the machine element in either direction danger area. Cutting - May involve rotating, reciprocating, or transverse motions such as milling and lathe PREVENTING DANGEROUS MOTION machines. 1. Safety Device - Any mechanical or electrical devices Punching - The danger of this type of action occurs designed to protect a worker’s hands or other body parts from coming into contact with a hazardous at the point of operation where stock is inserted, held and withdrawn by hand. motion of a machine. 2. Presence Sensing Device – A safety device which is Shearing - Involves applying power to a slide or designed, constructed, and arranged to create a knife in order to trim or shear metal or other sensing field, area, or plane that will detect in its materials. field the presence of an opaque object. Bending - Bending action results when power is 3. Photo Electric Light Curtain - When any of the applied to a slide in order to draw stamp metal or beams are blocked the light curtain control circuit materials. sends a stop signal to the guarded machine. 4. Pullback Devices - Holdout and Restraint Devices are 3 TYPES OF IN-RUNNING NIP POINTS cable and wristlet systems that attach to an 1. Parallel axes - Parts can rotate in opposite directions operator’s hands and to the machine’s moving slide while their axes are parallel to each other. or ram, or to a fixed object away from the point of 2. Tangential - Nip points are also created between operation. rotating and tangentially moving parts such as belt 5. Restraint Devices - Uses cables or straps attached to and pulley and chains and sprocket. the operator’s hands and a fixed point 3. Rotating and Fixed Part - Such as screw conveyor, flywheels, abrasive (grinding) wheel. MAIN CAUSES OF MACHINE MAINTENANCE INJURIES 9. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (“FATAL FIVE” ) 1. Failure to stop equipment Personal Protective Equipment - An equipment worn to 2. Failure to disconnect from power source minimize exposure to serious workplace injuries and illnesses. 3. Failure to dissipate (bleed, neutralize) residual These injuries and illnesses may result from contact with energy Chemical, Radiological, Physical, Electrical, Mechanical, or 4. Accidental restarting of equipment Other Workplace Hazards. 5. Failure to clear work areas before restarting Benefits of PPE TYPES OF LOCK-OUT DEVICES Possible prevention of exposure Plug Locks Potentially minimizing the risk should an exposure Ball Valve Lock-out occur Gate Valve Lock-out Compliment existing controls to enhance personal Group Lock-out Hasp protection Electrical Limitations of PPE WHO ARE INVOLVED IN LOTO PROCEDURE? PPE only protects the individual wearing it, not Authorized Employee - An employee who locks or anyone in the workplace tags machines or equipment to perform PPE is only effective if correctly selected, fitted, used maintenance or servicing and cared for, and the individual is trained Affected Employee - An employee whose job he choice of PPE may compromise mobility, visibility requires him/her to operate or work in an area and communication where servicing is being performed under The hazard still exists. Lockout/Tagout. The PPE may introduce additional hazard Most PPE are not for continuous use TYPICAL LOTO PROCEDURE A defective PPE offers no protection 1. NOTIFY: Notify all affected employees that servicing or maintenance is required on an equipment and Guidelines in selecting PPE: Assess the workplace and that it must be shut down and locked out. identify hazards that cannot be sufficiently minimized or 2. IDENTIFY: The authorized employee shall identify the deleted type, sources and magnitude of the energy that the Understand the effect equipment utilizes, shall understand the hazards of Managers, supervisors and employees should be the energy, and shall know the methods to control the energy. involved in this process 3. SHUT-DOWN: If the equipment is operating, shut it Recommend the proper equipment down by the normal stopping procedure (depress Train workers on usage & maintenance the stop button, open switch, close valve, etc.). Identification process should be on-going 4. ISOLATE: De-activate the energy isolating device(s) so that the equipment is isolated from the energy RESPONSIBILITIES source(s). Management Shall: 5. LOCK-OUT: Lock out the energy isolating device(s) 1. Provide PPE and training for personnel with assigned individual lock(s). Place a tag-out. When to wear PPE 6. VERIFY: Stored or residual energy (such as that in What PPE is to be worn capacitors, springs, elevated machine members, How to don, doff, and adjust PPE rotating flywheels, hydraulic systems, and air, gas, The limitations of PPE steam, or water pressure, etc.) must be dissipated or The care and maintenance of PPE restrained. The useful life of PPE 2. Post areas requiring PPE with signs MACHINE SAFETY PROGRAM 3. Ensure full compliance of responsibilities of Equipment/Machine inspection and maintenance employees, set forth in the safety program and/ or program. policies. Installation of safety devices (guards, relief valves, 4. Ensure that appropriate PPE is available to employees provision for LOTO, interlocks, limit switches, etc) 5. Ensure PPE is properly used Compliance to regulatory requirements and standards (e.g. mechanical permits, OSHS, etc) Employees Shall: Implementation of LOTO system. 1. Use PPE in accordance with instruction and training Having a machine operation and safety procedures. received Machine alarm and warning signal system. 2. Guard against damage to PPE Equipment/machine safety signages. 3. Care for their PPE properly Application of Job hazard Analysis 4. Report PPE malfunctions or problems to supervisory personnel 5. Follow safe work practices while working with hazardous materials and wastes Occupational Safety and Health Standards RULE 1080: Common Hand and Arm Hazards PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & DEVICES 1. Temperature extremes 2. Chemical exposures and splashes Parts of a Hard Hat 3. Sharp objects 1. The suspension system includes the headband and 4. Fire straps on the inside of the hat. 5. Abrasive materials 2. The hard outer shell protects the head from sharp 6. Live Electrical Conductors objects, such as falling tool. There are no ANSI standards for gloves, however, selection 3. The chin strap secure the hard hat to the wearer’s head must be based on the performance characteristics of the 4. The brim redirects the direction of the falling object glove in relation to the tasks to be performed CLASSES OF SAFETY HELMETS (ANSI Z89.1) FOOT PROTECTION Hazards: ➟ Falling or rolling objects Sharp objects Live Electrical conductors Hot surfaces Wet, slippery surfaces HEARING PROTECTION When should you wear a hearing protection device? You should wear a hearing protection device whenever you are exposed to noise that is 90 decibels or greater for an 8-hour WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ON HARD HATS period of time. 1. Never alter or modify the hard hat shell or suspension. This can drastically reduce the amount of protection provided 2. Drilling holes in the hard hat shell for ventilation purposes must be prohibited at all times 3. Never carry or wear anything inside of your hard hat between the suspension and the shell. A clearance must be maintained between the hard hat shell and the wearer's head for the protection system to work properly. ARM’S LENGTH RULE 4. Never use solvents or a cleaner on a helmet that “If two people (with no hearing impairment) have to raise could affect the integrity of the shell. Clean the hard their voices or shout to be heard in a distance of less than an hat with mild soap and clean, warm water, and let it arm’s length from each other, the sound level is potentially air dry. hazardous.” 5. Never store your hat in areas where it is highly exposed to sunlight; keep it out of the sun when not HAZARDS That Requires Respiratory Protection in use because UV rays can cause the biggest damage Acids/Mists to hard hats Solvents/Vapors Gases / Smoke Occupational Eye and Face Hazards Dusts/Particulates 1. Large flying particles and fragments from operations Heavy Metals/Fumes such as chiseling, coarse grinding, hammering, metal ANSI Z88.2-1059 is adopted working and riveting. 2. Dust, fumes, mists, and small particles from woodworking, light grinding, sanding, metal working, spot welding, scaling, and paint spraying. 3. Vapors and liquids from solvents and paints. 4. Intense heat and radiation from furnace tending, electric welding, and oxyacetylene welding and cutting. Eye and Face Protection (ANSI Z87.1 – 1989) 1. Safety Spectacles 2. Eye Goggles 3. Face Shields  10. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 11. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH What is occupational health? WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE? Industrial hygiene is the art 1. Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of and science devoted to RECOGNITION, EVALUATION, and physical, mental & social well-being of workers of all CONTROL of environmental stresses arising in or from the occupations. workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and 2. Prevention among its workers of departures from health well-being, or significant discomfort among workers. caused by their working condition. 3. Protection of workers in their employment from risks usually from factors adverse to health 4. Placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment adapted to his/her physiological ability “REFER TO PPT FOR MORE DETAILS” METHODS OF RECOGNITION Walk though survey or ocular inspection Reviewing process involved Knowing the raw materials used Gathering of worker’s complaints WORK ENVIRONMENT MEASUREMENT To determine the magnitude of harmful environmental agents To physically check the environment through measurement To predict harmfulness of new facilities, raw THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES (TLV) materials, production process and working methods These are exposure guidelines established for airborne To evaluate effectiveness of environmental control concentration of many chemical compounds. measures adopted to improve the workplace CATEGORIES: To maintain favorable environmental conditions TLV-TWA – Time Weighted Average To monitor worker’s exposure to harmful substances TLV-STEL – Short Term Exposure Limit TLV-C – Ceiling value RULE 1077 of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) 1077.03 CONTROLS 1. The employer shall carry out the working environment measurement in indoor or other workplaces where hazardous work is performed and shall keep a record of such measurement 2. The work environment measurement shall be performed periodically as may be necessary but not longer than annually. 3. The work environment measurement shall be performed by the safety and medical personnel who have taken adequate training and experience in working environment measurement. TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 1. Area/Environmental Sampling - It is the measurement of contaminant in the workroom. This helps pinpoint work areas with high or low exposure level of contaminants 2. Personal Sampling - It is the measurement of a particular worker’s exposure to hazards or contaminants. 3. Biological Sampling - It involves the measurement of changes in the composition of bodily fluids, tissue or expired air to determine absorption of potentially hazardous material. Different Examples of WEM equipment LUX METER – Measures illumination level SOUND LEVEL METER – Measures noise level GLOBE THERMOMETER – Measures levels of heat SMOKE TESTER – Measures air direction ANEMOMETER – Measures air movement EVALUATION  12. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WHO? (was injured; was working with the injured) WHAT? (happened; is the injury; is the damage) Why Investigate? Investigation are conducted to: WHERE? (did accident occur) Determine what actually happened WHEN? (did the accident occur) Determine the cause of the incident WHY? (did the accident occur) Identify any unsafe acts, conditions or procedures HOW? (did it happen? can similar accident be Comply with policies and regulatory requirements ü prevented) Determine the cost of accidents Determine compliance with applicable safety 2. ANALYZING THE FACTS regulations Prevent recurrence. Prevention is the main reason for conducting an Accident Investigation Unless the unsafe acts/ conditions are: Identified Eliminated or Controlled, … similar accidents will occur. BENEFITS OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION PREVENTING RECURRENCE IDENTIFYING OUT-MODED PROCEDURES IMPROVEMENTS TO WORK ENVIRONMENT INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT OF OPERATIONAL & SAFETY PROCEDURES RAISES SAFETY AWARENESS LEVEL What To Report? Fatalities Lost -Time Incidents (Disabling accidents) Non- LTI (non-disabling) Near misses Collapse or structural failure of building, tower, crane, hoist, excavations, scaffolds, etc.. Property Damage Fire or Explosion 3. MAKING RECOMMENDATIONS Successful Investigation Is Done… Recommendations should be SMART: - Immediately Specific - Completely Measurable - Thoroughly Attainable Realistic Investigate Immediately, Because…. Time bounded - Operations are disrupted - Memories fade and information might be distorted - Employees are at risk Process in Conducting Investigation 1. GATHERING INFORMATION Steps in Gathering Information Visiting the scene Conducting Interviews Examination of physical report Witnesses… ✓ Victim or onlookers ✓ Those who heard what happened ✓ Saw area prior to incident ✓ Others with info about involved individuals, equipment or circumstances Conducting Interviews ✓ Interview witnesses as soon as possible ✓ Witnesses should be interviewed individually rather than in a group ✓ Consider the emotional state of witnesses  13. OSH INSPECTION SAFETY INSPECTION PROGRAM An effective program begins with analysis and planning. Before instituting an inspection What is an OSH inspection? Occupational Safety and Health program, a number of questions should be answered: inspection is a proactive process of identifying workplace ✓ What is the purpose of inspection? hazards and correcting it before it leads to an accident. “An ✓ What aspects of each item need to be examined? inspection is a service to an organization and its workforce; ✓ How often/frequent must items be inspected? NOT a burden.” ✓ Who will conduct the inspection? Why Investigate? Inspections are needed because nothing is ELEMENTS OF AN EFFECTIVE SAFETY INSPECTION PROGRAM completely risk-free... THE INSPECTORS MUST: Things wear out Have sound knowledge of the facility/workplace; Conditions change People are not perfect Be knowledgeable of the relevant standards, codes and regulations; Purpose of an OSH Inspection Be familiar with the organization’s accident I. PRIMARY PURPOSE experience and potentials; Detect and correct hazards Possess the ability to make intelligent decisions for Assess Effectiveness of OSH Program corrective action; Display visible management commitment to OSH Exercise diplomacy in handling personnel and Identify Training Needs situations. Fulfill Legal Obligations The inspection process must be systematic. There must be a method of reporting, evaluating and II. SECONDARY PURPOSE using the gathered data. To improve operations, increase efficiency, effectiveness and profitability WHAT & WHERE TO INSPECT? Physical Condition TYPES OF INSPECTION o Equipment, apparatus, appliances you are 1. CONTINUOUS INSPECTION working with An inspection conducted as part of the workers job o Your work area - Areas surrounding your work responsibilities in noting and correcting potential o High risk areas danger. Processes It involves noting an apparently or potentially Behavior (acts) hazardous conditions or unsafe procedure and either Tools (power and non-power) & Equipment correcting it immediately or making a report to Machines (utilities, production, etc) initiate corrective action Materials and Supplies Sometimes called informal inspection because it Storage facilities/area and containers does not conform to a set schedule, plan or checklist. Warning and signaling devices Work environment (temp., noise, dusts, etc) 2. INTERVAL INSPECTION Housekeeping and waste disposal A systematic process with specific Intervals and Other hazards or sources of hazards in the workplace widely regarded as “real” safety and health inspection INSPECTION FREQUENCY FACTORS Sometimes called planned inspections. What is the loss severity potential of the problem or Deliberate, thorough, and with systematic procedure what is the potential for injury to employees? that permits examination of specific items or How quickly can the item or part become unsafe? conditions What is the history of failures and what are the Two types of interval inspection are: REGULAR AND results of these failures? GENERAL: A good rule: “THE HIGHER THE RISK, THE HIGHER o REGULAR INSPECTIONS – inspections at regular THE FREQUENCY OF THE INSPECTION” interval which is conducted on a specific area, a specific operation or a specific type of OSH Inspection Checklist equipment. Identifies what items needs to be inspected in the o GENERAL INSPECTION – is a planned walk- through of an entire area and includes places area not usually inspected. Serve as records of what have been covered. Aids the inspectors so that some inspections items 3. EMERGENCY INSPECTION will not be forgotten An inspection focused on the components of Objective rather than subjective. machinery, equipment, materials, structures or areas likely to result in an immediate unwanted incident. An unscheduled inspection may be needed to correct unsafe conditions.  14. JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS What is a Job Hazard Analysis? An effective method of REVIEWING the individual steps in performing a job and IDENTIFYING both unsafe acts and unsafe conditions in order to DEVELOP SOLUTIONS to eliminate or control the hazard. Benefits Identify previously undetected hazards Increase the job knowledge Raise safety and health awareness Tool for accident investigation. Improve communication between workers and supervisors Establish safe work procedures How to do a Job Hazard Analysis? 1. Selecting the Job Jobs with most accidents Jobs where severe accidents can happen New jobs that are being created Jobs being changed Jobs that are already analyzed but are still causing accident. 2. Break into basic steps Discuss with the employee the sequence of job steps Observe the job if the steps are accurate. List each step in the order of occurrence Not too general (miss steps and hazards) Not too detailed (many steps) Jobs can be described in less than ten steps. Discuss with the employee any discrepancy of job steps during observation Iron out differences to come-up with the final sequence of job steps Observation of the Job Watch the worker do the job. Needs full cooperation and participation The only difference from normal operations is the fact that the worker is being observed Clearly explain the reason for the observation /JHA. o The job, not the individual, is being studied o Not a time and motion study in disguise o Not an attempt to uncover individual unsafe acts. 3. Identify potential hazards per Basic Step List the things that could go wrong at each step. Based on observations of the job. Knowledge of accident and injury causes. Personal experience 4. Develop Solutions 15. Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Determination of Controls (HIRAC) RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS Risk Assessment Risk Assessment is the process of analyzing risks associated with an activity, function or process. Likelihood is a measure of the probability and frequency of an incident occurring. Severity is the potential consequences/impact of the incident occurring.  16. Development of an OSH Program Monitoring - A safety and health program is a “LIVING THING” that should be constantly adapted, evaluated and enhanced to make the workplace healthier and safer. Safety and Health Program Criteria Workplace specific Have commitment from the employer and senior management Have input from the workers Assign clear responsibilities and accountabilities Each of the program’s elements must be in writing Must address the safety and health of contractors Be available and effectively communicated Have an evaluation mechanism Role of Management in Safety Programming Effective safety program can be achieved basically through control of people’s actions. Only Top Management has the authority to implement such controls. Management Leadership and Attitude