Ancient Literature - Vedic Literature PDF

C PS U ANCIENT LITERATURE F O S ET C FA FA C ET S O F U PS C  VEDIC LITERATURE The Vedic literature cons...

C PS U ANCIENT LITERATURE F O S ET C FA FA C ET S O F U PS C  VEDIC LITERATURE The Vedic literature consists of the Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads. There are also Six Vedangas and four Upa-Vedas. The Samhitas are C collections of hymns sung in the praise of various gods. They are four in number Rig PS Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda. U F Rig Veda: The word 'Veda' comes from the root 'vid', i.e. to know. It is specifically O applied to a branch of literature considered to be 'Sruti' i.e. sacred knowledge or divine S revelation. ET Rig Veda is divided into 10 books or mandalas. The oldest hymns are contained in the C mandals II to VII which are known as 'Family books' on account of their compositions FA of different families of Sagas. Rig Veda consists of 1017 hymns (suktas) and supplemented by 11 others called Valakhilyas. Rig Veda is the oldest of the four samhitas. In mandala III of the Rig Veda, composed by Visvamitra we find the famous Gayatri Mantra, addressed to the Solar deity Savitri. Sama Veda: Its' name is derived from Saman, a song or melody. It consists of hymns taken from the Rig Veda and set to tune for the purposes of singing. It is called the 'book of chants' and the origins of Indian music are traced to it. C PS U Yajur Veda: It is the Veda of formulae consisting of various mantras F for the purpose of recitation and rules to be observed at the time of O sacrifice. The two royal ceremonies of 'Rajasuya' and 'Vajpeya' are S ET mentioned for the first time in this Veda. In contrast to the Rig Veda C and the Sama Veda which are in verse entirely, this one is in both FA verse and prose. Atharva Veda: It is the Veda of charms and spells to ward off evils and diseases. It throws light on the beliefs and practices of the non-Aryans. It also has the origins of C PS Indian medicine. It is considered to be the most useful U veda since it contains information of diverse nature about F O agriculture, cattle rearing, industry and is nearer to the S ET common people and is filled with many non-Aryan words. C FA Brahmanas: The Brahmanas are prose commentaries on the four Vedas. The subject matter is ritual. They deal with the science of sacrifice. There are a total of 18 brahmanas the most important of which is the Satapatha C Brahmana. Other important Brahmanas are Aitreya, Kausitaki, Tandyamaha, PS Jaiminia, Taittiriya, Gopatha. U F Aranyakas: These are forest books which were composed in the forest and were O meant for study in the forest. They deal with mysticism and symbolism of sacrifice S and priestly philosophy. ET C FA Upanishads: The word Upanishad means 'to be seated at the feet of the Guru to receive the teaching'. There are a total of 108 Upanishads of which are 12 are considered to be 'Shruti' or of divine revelation. C The concept of 'Unity in diversity; is drawn from Mundaka Upanishad. PS The earliest reference to Lord Krishna is in Chandogya Upanishad. U The Upanishads constitute the Vedanta not only because they constitute F the last part of them, but also because the Vedas reach the highest O metaphysical state in the Upanishads. S ET Upanishads are considered to be the highest philosophy ever conceived by the human mind. C FA Vedic literature is also known as : [WBPSC 2020] C PS U (A) Shruti F O (B) Smriti S ET (C) Samhita (D) Vedanga C FA  Ans : a FA C ET S O F U PS C From where the word 'Satyameva Jayate' taken? [UPSC CSE Pre. 2004] C PS U (a) Manusmriti F O (b) Bhagawadgita S ET (c) Rig Veda C (d) Mundaka Upanishad FA  Ans : d FA C ET S O F U PS C Satyamev Jayate nanrtam, Satyena pantha vithatho devayanah Yena kramantyrsayo hyptakama, Yatra tat satyasya C PS paramam nidhanam.’ U English Translation: The Truthful alone succeed, not the F O untruthful. Truth alone paves the way to Devayana (the S ET path of Gods). This is where the Desire-free sages ascend C to the highest treasure of Truth. FA The 'Mantra' famous with the name of 'Gayatri Mantra' found in which of the following scriptures : C PS [U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2013] U F O (a) Bhagwat Gita S ET (b) Atharvaveda (c) Rig Veda C FA (d) Manusmriti Ans : c It comes from the third Mandala of the Rigveda and is considered to be one C PS of the oldest known and most powerful mantras. It is said to contain all the knowledge of the universe U F O S ET C FA Which of the following is the correct order of Vedic literature? C PS [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014] U F O (a) Vedic Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads S ET (b) Vedic Samhitas, Upnishads, Aranyakas, Brahmanas C (c) Vedic Samhitas, Aranyakas, Brahmanas, Upnishads FA (d) Vedic Samhitas, Vedangas, Aranyakas, Smritis  Ans : a FA C ET S O F U PS C Who among the following was a Brahmavadini who composed some hymns of the Vedas? C PS (CSE 1995) U F O (a) Lopamudra S ET (b) Gargi (c) Lilavati C FA (d) Savitri ANS : A Lopamudra, recognized as a Brahmavadini, was among those esteemed C women who expounded the Vedas by composing hymns. Notable figures PS like Lopamudra, Vishwawara, Sikta, Nivavari, and Chosida emerged U during the Rigvedic era as prominent Brahmavadinis. Gargi, another F O significant female figure, is noted in the Upanishads. Lilavati, the daughter of the renowned 12th-century Indian mathematician S ET Bhaskara-II, holds significance in mathematical history. Savitri, often C associated with Gayatri and regarded as the mother of the Vedas, is FA believed to be the daughter of the Sun. The famous dialogue between Nachiketa and Yama is mentioned in the C PS (CSE 1997) U F O (a) Chandogyopanishad S ET (b) Mundakopanishad (c) Kathopanishad C FA (d) Kenopanishadato The renowned discourse between Nachiketa and Yama, the Lord of Death, regarding the nature of death and the journey of the soul, finds its place in the Kathopanishad. Meanwhile, the Chandogyopanishad, among the oldest Upanishads, forms part of C PS the Chandogya Brahmana within the Samaveda. On the other hand, the Mundakopanishad, embedded within the Atharvaveda, stands as one of the most U extensively translated Upanishads. F O S ET C FA Which one of the following the Veda contains an account of magical charms and spells C PS (CSE 2004) U F O A) Rigveda S ET B) Samaveda C) Atharvaveda C FA D) Yajurveda  ANS : C FA C ET S O F U PS C Which among the following Vedas has two groups, Shukla and Krishna C PS [JKPSC 2021] U F O A) Yajurveda S ET B) Samveda C) Rigveda C FA D) Atharvaveda ANS : A Atharvaveda is some times called the Veda of magical formulas. C PS Also historical collection of beliefs and rituals addressing practical issues of daily life of the Vedic society U F O Rigveda- It is a large collection of hymns in praise of the gods, which are S chanted in various rituals. One of the most important text of hindu tradition ET C FA In the 10th Mandala of Rigveda, which one of the following hymns reflect upon the marriage ceremonies? C PS (CDS 1 2018) U F O A) Surya sukta S ET B) Purusha sukta C) Dana stutis C FA D) Urna sutra  ANS : A FA C ET S O F U PS C The earliest literary references to iron in the Indian Sub-Continent are found in the: C PS [CAPF 2016] U F O (a) Rigveda S ET (b) Samaveda (c) Yajurveda C FA (d) Vinaya Pitaka ANS : C Yajurveda is one of the four Vedas, and one of the C PS scriptures of Hinduism. The exact century of Yajurveda's U composition is unknown, and estimated by Witzel to be F O between 1200 and 800 BCE, contemporaneous with S ET Samaveda and Atharvaveda. C FA sangam period literature (already done) C sangam litearature : PS https://youtu.be/WQMq2wetAbw?si=TzU-FewpNP4ps8um U F O S ET C FA FA C ET S O F U PS C Who had written ‘Ashtadhyayi’? [GPSC 2023] C PS U (A) Valmiki F O (B) Panini S ET (C) Ved Vyas (D) Shukadeva C FA  ans : b FA C ET S O F U PS C Patanjali was [CDS II 2015] C PS U (a) a philosopher of the 'Yogachara' school F O (b) the author of a book on Ayurveda S ET (c) a philosopher of the 'Madhyamika' school C (d) the author of a commentary on Panini's Sanskrit FA grammar  ans : d FA C ET S O F U PS C 🔵Panini wrote Ashtadhyayi (अष्टाध्यायी- 8 chapters) in 6th cent BCE - 1st Sanskrit Grammar Book in the world 🔵Patanjali was the author of commentary on Panini's Sanskrit Grammar in around 4th cent. C BCE PS U Patanjali's commentary on Panini's Sanskrit work is known as Mahabhasya (must remember F this). He also wrote Yoga Sutras. O S 🔵Yogācāra is one of the two schools of Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism. ET Its founding is ascribed to two brothers, Asaṅga and Vasubandhu. (Very important) C FA 🔵Madhyamika School (Sunyavada) : FOUNDER : Nagarjuna For Nagarjuna, the ignorance that is the source of all suffering is the belief in svabhava, has been rendered as “intrinsic existence” and “self nature. (PYQ) With reference to the scholars literatures of ancient India, consider the following statements: [CSE 2020] C PS 1. Panini is associated with Pushyamitra Shunga. U 2. Amarasimha is associated with Harshavardhana. F O 3. Kalidasa is associated with Chandra Gupta-II S ET Which of the statements given above is/are correct? C (a) 1 and 2 only FA (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3  ans : c FA C ET S O F U PS C Amarsimha is the name of a: (CAPF 2015) C PS U A) Famous lexicographer of Ancient India F O B) Rajput King of Chalukya lineage S ET C) Poet Mentioned by Kautilya in his Arthashastra D) C Dance form of Odisha FA  Ans A FA C ET S O F U PS C Who among the following is the author of Ashtadhyayi the Sanskrit grammar? C PS (CAPF 2013) U F O a) Patanjali S ET b) Panini c) Kalidasa C FA d) Banabhatta  ans : b FA C ET S O F U PS C Grammer Texts Drama Ashtadhyayi -- Panini Kalidasa-- Mahabhyasa -- Patanjali Abhijnanashakuntala Amarkosha--Amarsimha Vikramorvashi C PS Vakyapadiya--Barthrihari Malavikagnimitra U Law Texts Harshavardhan-- F O Manusmriti--Manu Ratnavali S Arthshaastra--Kautilya Nagananda ET Kamasutra--Vatsyayana Priyadarsika C FA FA C ET S O F U PS C BUDDHIST AND JAIN LITERATURE (ALREADY DONE) C PS U F O S ET C FA Mauryan Literature : Mauryan Kings patronised Buddhism and other religious sects like Ajivikas. C PS U F O S ET C FA  Kautilyas Arthashastra It is a detailed work on statecraft. The first five deal with internal administration (tantra). C The next eight with inter-state relations (avapa) and PS The last two with miscellaneous topics. U Kautilya clearly distinguishes between Dharmasthiya (civil law) and F Kantaka Sodhana (penal law). O Several types of enslavement are mentioned in Arthashastra. S ET There was a variety of protection offered to the slaves, especially to the enslaved women. C FA As per the Arthashastra, When a child is begotten on a female slave by her master, both the child and its mother shall at once be recognised as free. According to the Arthshastra, if a son born to a female slave was fathered by her master, the son was entitled to the legal status of the master’s son. Kautilya also wrote Chanakya-shataka  Bhadrabahu : Spiritual teacher of Chandragupta Maurya. C WROTE : PS Kalpa Sutra U F Bhadrabahu Samhita O Vasudevcharita S ET C FA  Indica by Megasthenes It tells the story of India during the reign of the Maurya Dynasty. C According to Indica, Heracles (a legendary Greek hero) helped to build the great PS city of Pataliputra. U It also talked about the economy and society prevalent in the Mauryan period. F O S ET C FA Which one among the following pairs is not properly matched? C PS [CDS II 2012] U F O (a) Megasthenes : Indica S ET (b) Ashvaghosa : Buddhacharita C (c) Panini : Mahabhashya FA (d) Vishakhadatta : Mudrarakshasa  ANS : C FA C ET S O F U PS C The Ashtadhyayi is a Sanskrit grammar text written by the ancient Indian linguist and grammarian Sage Panini. It is one of the earliest and most comprehensive grammatical treatises in the Sanskrit language, and is considered a landmark in C the history of linguistics. PS The Ashtadhyayi consists of eight chapters (hence the name Ashtadhyayi, which U F means "eight chapters") and lays out a complete system for describing the O Sanskrit language. It covers a wide range of topics including phonetics, S morpho-syntax, and semantics. ET C FA Foreigners' books in the post-Mauryan period relevant to India: C PS (a) Periplus of the Erythrean Sea written in Greek by an anonymous writer *between 80-115 A.D. It describes the Roman trade in the Red sea, Persian U *Gulf and the Indian Ocean. Mention is made about various Indian ports. F O S (b) Ptolemy's Geography - Written in Greek in about 150 AD. It also mentions ET the flourishing trade between India and the Roman Empire in the post-mauryan C period. Mention is made about various Indian ports. FA (c) Pliny's Naturalis Historia: This is written in Latin in the first Century AD and tells us about trade between India and Italy. Who wrote Periplus of the Erythraean Sea? [64th BPSC 2018] C PS U (A) Ctesias F O (B) Pliny S ET (C) Ptolemy C (D) Strabo FA (E) None of the above/More than one of the above.  ANS : E FA C ET S O F U PS C  LITERATURE DURING GUPTA PERIOD Secular Literature C Kalidas: He was the court poet of Chandragupta Vikramaditya II. He was a great poet and dramatist. PS Considered as Shakespeare of the East. His works include, U Abhijanasakuntalam : Love story of King Dushyanta and Shakuntala whose son Bharatha became a F famous ruler. William Jones translated this book into English. O S Malvikagnimitram :Pushyamitra Sunga's son Agnimitra was viceroy of Vidisha. Mentions the defeat of a ET yavana ruler by Vasumitra, the son of Agnimitra on the banks of a river Sind (Kalisind). C FA Raghuvamsa - speaks of the allround victories refer to some gupta conquests. Rama, and may indirectly Kumarasambhav - deals with the courtship of Shiva and Parvati and the birth of their son skanda. ship Meghadutam : lyrical poem Ritusamhara - describes the six seasons in relation to Shringara. Which one of the following books is not written by Kalidasa? C PS [MPPSC - 2017] U F O (A) Meghadutam S ET (B) Kumarasambhavam (C) UttararamacharitamC FA (D) Ritusamharam  ANS : C FA C ET S O F U PS C Sudraka: Wrote the Mrichchakatika (the little clay cart) the plot of which centres around the love of a poor brahmana Charudatta for the wealthy, beautiful and cultured courtesan vasantasena. Visakhadatta: Wrote Mudrarakshasa which deals with the strategies of Kautilya C PS and mentions Chandragupta Maurya as being of lowly origin. Visakhadatta also wrote Devichandraguptam which is the story of Chandragupta U II's accession to the throne after killing Basana (the saka king), Ramagupta F O (Chandragupta II's brother) and his subsequent marriage to Dhruvadevi. S ET Bhasa: Thirteen plays written by Bhasa belong to this period, most famous of C which is Svapnavasavadattam. FA Magha: Wrote Sisupalvadh and Bhattikavya Kamandaka: Wrote Nitisara belonging to Chandragupta I's period, is the gupta equivalent of Kautiluya's årthasastra. C PS Vajjika: Wrote Kaumudimahotsava. It talks about accession U of Chandragupta I to the throne. F O S Amarsimha: Wrote Amarkosha which is a dictionary in ET Sanskrit C FA FA C ET S O F U PS C  6th Century BCE Scientific Literature are : - Consisted of the works of Aryabhatta and Varahamihira. C PS Aryabhatta: In the book 'Suryasiddhanta', Aryabhatta examines and explains the U true cause of the solar and lunar eclipses. His calculation of the size of the earth is F O very near to the modern estimation. He was the first Indian astronomer to discover S and declare that the earth rotates round its axis. He was also the author of ET Aryabhattiyam, which deals with arithmetic's, geometry, algebra and probably C trigonometry. FA Varáhamihira: His book "Brihatsamhita' is an encyclopedia of astronomy, botany, physical geography, and natural history. His other works are Pancha Siddhantika, Brihat Jataka etc. Aryabhatta and Varahamihira belong to which age ? (CDS II 2006) C PS U a) Guptas F O b) Cholas S ET c) Mauryas d) Mughals C FA  ANS : A FA C ET S O F U PS C In the Gupta age, Varahamihira wrote the famous book, Brihat Santhita. It was a treatise on— C PS (CDS I 2013) U F O a) Astronomy S ET b) statecraft C c) Ayurdvedic system of medicine FA d) Economics  ans : a FA C ET S O F U PS C The ancient Indian medical treatise for horses called Ashvashastra is attributed to which one of the following persons ? C PS U [UPSC CAPF 2023] F O S ET (a) Vagbhatta of the seventh century C (b) The sage Shalihotra FA (c) Bhartrihari of the seventh century (d) Varahamihira of the sixth century  ans : b FA C ET S O F U PS C Bhartruhari, assigned to the 7th century AD, has to his credit the three Satakas, viz., the Sringarasataka, the Nitisataka and the Vairagyasataka C PS U F O Bhavabhuti-8th Century Belonged to Kannauj King- S ET Yasovarmana Wrote dramas- Mahaviracharita, C Malatimadhava and Uttararamacharita FA Vatsayana- Kamasutra Subandhu- wrote Vasavdatta C PS U Somadeva : Kathasaritsagara F O S ET Buddhasvamin : Slokasamgrahah C FA Kshemendra : Brihatkathamanjari Harshacharita : Banabhatta -Harsha : Ratnavali, Nagananda, Priyadarshika C PS U F O S ET C FA POST GUPTA PERIOD C Karpuramanjari: A famous play written in Sauraseni Prakrit PS to please his wife, Avantisundari U F O S Kavya Mimansa (around 880−920 CE): A practical guide ET for poets that explains the elements and composition of a C FA good poem. Pallava Period C Dandin- Daskumar Charitam& Kavyadarshana PS Kiratarjuniyam : Bharavi U F Mahendravarman I himself wrote Mattavilasa Prahasana O S ET C FA The Dashakumaracharita or Tales of Ten Princes' was composed by : C PS [CDS II 2015] U F O S (a) Bhatti ET (b) Banabhatta C FA (c) Bhasa (d) Dandin  ANS : D FA C ET S O F U PS C Who amongst the following was an astronomer ? C [UKPSC FRO 2012] PS U F (a) Aryabhatta O S (b) Ashwaghosh ET (c) Dandin C FA (d) Dignagacharya  ANS : A FA C ET S O F U PS C Who among the following was the author of the famous Sanskrit work 'Mrichchhakatika'? C PS [NDA I 2023] U F O S A) Kalidasa ET B) Bhasa C FA C) Valmiki D) Shudraka  ANS : D FA C ET S O F U PS C Who among the following is the author of Kiratarjuniya? C (CAPF 2020) PS U F A) Magha O S B) Bharavi ET C) Bhasa C FA D) Bhavabhuti  ANS : B FA C ET S O F U PS C Tolakkapiyam (Tamil Grammar Text) - Tolakkapiyar Silappadikaram - Ilango Adigal (Jain monk and chera prince) Manimekhalai (Tamil Buddhist Epic) - Chithalai Chathanar (Sattanar) C PS Bilhana - Vikramankadevacharita U F Sandhyakarnandin - Ramacharitam O S Vakapati - Gaudvaho ET C Kalhana - Rajataragini FA Banabhatt - Harshacharita Other Literary Works C Sudraka - Mrichchakatikam PS Bharavi - Kiratarjuniya U F O Dandin - Dasa Kumar Charita and Kavyadarshan S ET Bhasa - Svapnavasavadattam, Charudatta C FA Vishakhadatta - Mudrarakshasa, Devi Chandraguptam Both Mudrarakshasa and Devi Chandraguptam are texts in Sankrit which depicts the court intricacies of Chandragupta Maurya. Vishnu Sharma - Panchtantra and Hitopodesha Amarismha - Amarkosh C PS U Iswara Krishna - Sankhya Kanika F O S ET Vatsyayana - Kamasutra C FA Bhattin - Ravan Vadha Varahamihira - Panchasiddhantika, Brihad Samhita Bhaskaracharya II- C wrote Siddhanta Shriomani 4 parts on Mathematics PS 1) Lilavati- Arithmetic U 2) Bijaganita- Algebra F O 3) Grahaaita- mathematics of planets S ET 4) Goladhayaya- mathematics of spheres C FA Also wrote Karana Kautuhala The author of 'Lilavati', Bhaskar-IInd was [UKPCS Pre 2021] C PS U a) Physician F O b) Mathematician S ET c) Musician d) Sculptor C FA  ans : b FA C ET S O F U PS C Which one of the following scholars of Akbar's Court translated Bhaskaracharya's Lilavati into Persian? C PS (CDS 1 2021) U F O S a) Abul fazl ET b) Faizi C FA c) Fathullah Shirazi d) Ataullah Rashidi  ans : b FA C ET S O F U PS C The Lilavati of Bhaskara is a standard text on [CDS I 2016] C PS U (a) Mathematics F O (b) Surgery S ET (c) Poetics (d) Linguistics C FA  ans : a BHASKARACHARYA or Bhaskara II Time Period : 12th cent. Notable Works : Siddhānta Shiromani (Līlāvatī, Bījagaṇita, Grahagaṇita and Golādhyāya), C Karaṇa-Kautūhala PS U What is a Leelavati and how the name Leelavati ? In Lilavati, solutions of quadratic, cubic and quartic F O indeterminate equations are explained. S The proof of Pythagoras theorem is given... ET C Why the name of Leelavati ? FA According to legends, the name of his daughter was Lilavati... Abul Faizi (the brother of Abul Fazal) translated this text into Persian in 1587.  Early Medieval (750-1200 CE) Al Biruni - came to India along with Ghazni C Wrote book- Kitab ul Hind PS Learnt Sanskrit himself Translated texts translated Euclid’s (Greek U Mathematician) works into Sanskrit F O Patanjali’s work- Mahabhasya also translated S ET C FA  Tughlaq Dynasty Translation of Sanskrit Texts Feroz Shah Tughlaq attacked C Jwalamukhi Temple @ Nagarkot collected 1300 Sanskrit PS manuscripts from the Jawalamukhi temple library U F translated into Persian by Arizuddin Khan ‘Dalail-i-Firuz O S Shahi’. ET C FA Who among the following translated 300 volumes of Sanskrit books collected by Firoz Tuglaq during the campaign of Nagarkot? C PS U [UPPCS 2023] F O S ET (a) Talib Amuli (b) Mulla Abdul Baqi C FA (c) Mirza Muhammad Ali (d) Azizuddin Khan  ans : d FA C ET S O F U PS C Sanskrit poet Gunda Dimdima Stayed ath the court of Sangma dynasty C PS Krishandeva Raya Wrote- Jambavati Kalyanaman ; U Ushaparinayam (Sanskrit) Madalasa Charita, F O Satyavadu Parinaya Amukthamalyadha (Telugu) S ET C Achuyta Deva Raya Patronised anskrit scholar FA Rajanatha Dindima II Tirumalammawas women poetess who wrote in Sanskrit Who among the following was not a court poet of king Krishnadevaraya? C PS [UPSC CDS - 2024] U F O (A) Timmana S ET (B) Dhurjati (C) Mallana C FA (D) Siddheshvara  ans : d FA C ET S O F U PS C FA C ET S O F U PS C FA C ET S O F U PS C Tabaqat-i-Akbari, which has been sometimes considered more reliable than Abul Fazl's Akbarnama, was written by C PS [68th BPSC] U F O (A) Gulbadan Begum S ET (B) Nizamuddin Ahmad C) Abdul Hamid LahoriC FA (D) More than one of the above (E) None of the above  ans : b FA C ET S O F U PS C Who was the Author of the Tarikh I Daudi ? [OPSC 2021] C PS U (a) Niamtullah F O (b) Abdullah S ET (c) Admad Yadgar (d) Abul Fazl C FA  ans : b FA C ET S O F U PS C Consider the following statements : 1. Akbar Nama and Badshah Nama are the important illustrated Mughal official histories 2. While Akbar Nama was written by Abdul Hamid Lahori, Badshah Nama was C PS authored by Abul Fazl 3. The Akbar Nama is divided into three books, of which the third book is the U Ain-i-Akbari F O S (CAPF 2010) ET C Which of the statements given above is/ are correct ? FA a) 1 only b) 1 and 3 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3  ans : b FA C ET S O F U PS C The medieval Indian writer who refers to the discovery of America is: C PS [CSE 1997] U F O (a) Malik Muhammad Jayasi S ET (b) Amir khusrau (c) Raskhan C FA (d)Abul Fazl ans : d Abul Fazl, the medieval Indian writer, refers to the discovery of America in C his book, Ain-i-Akbari. This book is a historical document that details the PS reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar. U F O S ET C FA  C PS U F O S ET C FA a) I-A, II-C, III - D, IV - B b) I-B, II-A, III - C, IV - D c) I-B, II -C, III - A, IV - D d) I-C, II -B, III - A, IV - B Nitisara, an early book of politics, was written by : [69th BPSC 2023] C PS U (A) Kautilya F O (B) Kamandaka S ET (C) Charaka (D) None of them C FA  Ans B FA C ET S O F U PS C Who among the following Indian thinkers first spoke of food-for-work programmes to counteract the effects of famines? C PS U [CDS II 2022] F O S ET (a) Kautilya (b) Aryabhatta C FA (c) Chandragomin (d) Prabhakara  Ans A FA C ET S O F U PS C Which one of the following was not a part of Kautilya's Saptanga Theory of the State ? C PS [CDS I 2016] U F O A) Amatya S ET B) Janapada C) Durga C FA D) Dhamma  Ans D FA C ET S O F U PS C Consider the following statements about Patanjali's Mahabhashya : [CDS II 2021] C PS 1. It makes a mention of Kautilya. U 2. It is a book on grammar and refers to historical personalities only incidentally. F O Which of the statements given above is/are correct? S ET (a) 1 only C (b) 2 only FA (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2  Ans B FA C ET S O F U PS C FA C ET S O F U PS C