GCSE Product Design Booklet A PDF

St John’s College, Cardiff Design & Technology Department GCSE PRODUCT DESIGN Core Knowledge & Understanding (A) The impact of new and emerging technologies Name: __________________________ Form: _________ Teacher: ________________________ T...

St John’s College, Cardiff Design & Technology Department GCSE PRODUCT DESIGN Core Knowledge & Understanding (A) The impact of new and emerging technologies Name: __________________________ Form: _________ Teacher: ________________________ Technology push A technology push is a new invention that is pushed through research and development, production and sales and enters onto the market without – sometimes without considering whether or not it satisfies a users need. The developments in electronic engineering have enabled smaller, smarter electronic components to be fitted into everyday products such as the mobile phone, personal hi-fi and cameras. As technology becomes more advanced there is a strong link with market pull. Rechargeable batteries are being developed for vehicles as well as to power our homes. Market pull The market pull view on the other hand argues that successful innovation comes about as a result of identifying market needs and then undertaking the development work necessary to fulfil those needs. In this view technology is only important as a means of creating the products that are demanded by the customer. Can be the reason for revitalisation of products. The mini is a good example of this - a very popular product in the sixties, the mini was recently revitalised using the same successful shape and principles but using modern features and technology - still a successful product. Some products fit into both categories (e.g. mobile phone, earlier ones ‘the bricks’ were technology push, now very much market pull. Customer NEEDS a type of phone with these features). Most products which start as technology push often become market pull. Product Life Cycle This shows the Life cycle of a product from launch to death. Some products are re-launched at key times. This could be an improved or modified version of the same product. Mobile phones are a good example of this - same product but improved. 1. Launch This is when a product is launched on the market. A manufacturer will have to decide when is the best time for this to be done. This can be crucial if the product is going to be a success or not. Products need to be advertised and sold at key times - Christmas is a good example of when games are advertised and launched. 2. Growth This is the time when a product establishes itself on the market and begins to sell. Some products might have a very steep growth rate if it sells very quickly. Others sell slowly and take more time to sell and reach maturity. 3. Maturity This is the point where the product has reached a point where it sells the most. 4. Decline This is when the product sales drops, the company will have to decide if they will stop selling the product or re-launch the product with minor changes. Mobile phone and iPods are good examples of this. iPod — include a new iPod with more memory 64Gb. Standards associated with Design & Manufacturing ISO International Standards Standardisation in the context related to technologies and industries, is the process of establishing a technical specification or standard among manufacturers in a global market. This will bring benefits to everyone concerned. A M4 threaded screw would be the same in the UK, Europe, USA or China. A hand torch designed and manufactured in China could have a standard AAA Battery holder that would be standard in any country. All of Europe now uses 230 volt 50 Hz AC mains electricity. The metric measuring system is standard across the world. Most of the products we buy depend on these standardisation—Battery powered products, TVs, nuts and bolts, light fittings, CD Players. The industry standard is the ISO 9001—millions of manufacturing companies around the world from over 160 countries have acquired this accreditation. Companies and businesses use this standard to demonstrate their ability to provide products and services that meet customer and regulatory requirements. BSi - British Standards Institution British Standards Institution (or BSI), is the national standards body of the United Kingdom. BSI produces technical standards on a wide range of products and services, and also supplies certification and standards-related services to businesses. It serves the interests of a wide range of industry sectors as well as governments, consumers, employees and society overall, to make sure that British, European and international standards are useful, relevant and authoritative. Products have to comply with this standard before they can be sold to the public. Kite Mark Products have to comply with safety regulations. Consumers have confidence in products if they have the kite mark they know that they are safe. EUROPEAN REGULATIONS The CE marking certifies that a product has met EU consumer safety, health or environmental requirements. Consumers in Europe can have the confidence that the product has passed these tests when buying the product. Intellectual Property Intellectual property is a right that is bestowed by the Patent Office which gives legal recognition to the ownership or brand names and gives the proprietor the right to prevent other people from exploiting or copying their property. Intellectual property rights apply to FOUR different areas: 1. Registered designs and the design rights 2. Registered trademarks 3. Patents 4. Copyright These Intellectual Property rights enable innovators access to a system by which they can benefit from their ingenuity. Typically the rights may be sold, licensed to others or used to safeguard investment in new ventures. DESIGN RIGHTS Design is all about the way an object looks: its shape, its visual appeal...it's all in the design. Registered Design A registered design is a monopoly right for the appearance of the whole or part of a product, resulting particularly from the features of lines, contours, colours, shape, texture and materials of a product or its ornamentation. These designs could be anything from patterns on textiles or plates to the shape of a car or the design of part of a product, such as a kettle handle. Protects only the visual appearance of an object. Lasts for an initial period of 5 years. Can be extended in four 5-year terms to give protection for a maximum of 25 years. Becomes a property which can be bought, sold, hired or licensed. The features of the design can be as follows: Shape and configuration (three-dimensional); Pattern and Ornament (two-dimensional). Registered Trademark Trade marks are symbols (like logos and brand names) that distinguish goods and services in the marketplace. A sign which may be represented graphically. Distinguishes the goods or services of one company from another. May include words, designs, letters and the shape of goods or their packaging. Provides legal protection. Application fee of £200 and a further £50 for each other class. Lasts indefinitely, lasts 10 years and can be renewed every 10 years. Copyright Copyright protects many types of work, from music and lyrics, photographs, books and knitting patterns. AUTOMATIC RIGHT You don't have to apply for copyright protection. So whether you write a book, take a photo, or compose a song, it's automatically protected. It may help protect your work by displaying the © symbol, your name, and the year in which it was created. Buying a copyright protected work doesn’t give you the right to broadcast or copy it – even for private use (e.g. making copies of CDs). Using copyright protected works usually requires contacting the owner or a collecting society who may agree a licence. PROTECTION There will usually be more than one copyright associated with a song. If you are the composer of the music you will be the author of the musical work and will have copyright in that music. The lyrics of the song are protected separately by copyright as a literary work and will usually be owned by the person who wrote them. The term of protection for an original musical and literary work is the creator's life plus 70 years from the end of the year in which he/she dies. If a song is recorded then copyright in this sound recording lasts for 50 years from the end of the year in which it was made or, if published in this time, 50 years from the end of the year of publication. If the recording is not published during that 50 year period, but it is played in public or communicated to the public during that period, then copyright will last for 50 years from when this happens. Patents Patents protect the features and processes that make things work. This lets inventors profit from their inventions. Once your invention is patented no one can copy, make, sell, or import your invention without your permission. A patent protects new inventions and covers how things work, what they do, how they do it, what they are made of and how they are made. It gives the owner the right to prevent others from making, using, importing or selling the invention without permission. Your invention must: be new have an inventive step that is not obvious to someone with knowledge and experience in the subject be capable of being made or used in some kind of industry. A patent gives you the right to stop others from copying, manufacturing, selling, and importing your invention without your permission. The existence of your patent may be enough on its own to stop others from trying to exploit your invention. If it does not, it gives you the right to take legal action to stop them exploiting your invention and to claim damages. The patent also allows you to: sell the invention and all the intellectual property (IP) rights license the invention to someone else but retain all the IP rights https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/intellectual-property-office Intellectual Property - Overview 1. Patents 2. Trade Marks 3. Copyright 4. Designs Protects the rights of the designer - he can sell the design or he will gain financially if his design is used by someone else with his permission. Moral and Ethical Factors AESTHETICS Aesthetics play an important part in the design and marketing of products. One of the main reasons for buying a product is often how it looks and the image it can give the user. Designers have got to make sure that the product looks good. MAINTENANCE Can the product be maintained, is it possible to replace parts if things break. Dyson designed his vacuum cleaners so that it is possible to buy parts that break over the internet and replace them. The vacuum cleaners are designed so that the parts click on and off. Some customers would prefer a product that can be maintained. DISPOSAL Customers are more aware of environmental issues so therefore most people would prefer products that can be disposed of in an environmentally friendly method or recycled. The designer must consider what materials would be suitable, also combination of materials used. Many products are made of different materials. These materials cannot be disposed or recycled in the same way. Cars are designed for disassembly— parts come apart eg plastics and metals can be disposed of or recycled in different ways. Some mobile phones are designed with smart fastenings. These fastenings would release at a certain temperature so that different parts can be processed in a different way, ABS Casing, electrical components, battery etc. Nuclear power is a good example of BAD DESIGN - Designers have still not thought of a method of disposing of nuclear waste. At the moment it is being buried deep underground until they think of a method of disposing of it safely and at the moment is an environmental concern. MORAL ISSUES Customers are becoming much more aware of moral issues regarding the products they buy. This can relate to how and where the product is manufactured. Due to Global Manufacturing most of the products we buy are manufactured in Third world countries. More and more western companies design their products here but manufacture their products in the far east. This is due to a number of factors such as, cheaper labour costs, less legislation as far as regulation, health and safety laws, employees rights and working conditions. Customers are quite often made aware of expensive football shirts or sports equipment for sale in this country that have been manufactured by children in sweatshops under conditions that would not be allowed in this country. This is to enable the manufacturer to be able to sell the product to the customer as cheap as possible. Apple proudly states that their products are “Designed by Apple in California”. All of the manufacturing processes for Apple products are outsourced to China, Korea, Mongolia, Taiwan and Europe. 70 million iPhones were sold in 2011. Non were made in America. COSTS Designers have to consider costs. How much will the product cost to manufacture, this will depend on components used, materials, labour and manufacturing process. This has a knock on effect on how much the product will be sold in shops to customers. The product must be competitive with other similar products or it will not sell. Due to high manufacturing costs in this country a number of companies are manufacturing their products in the Far East. Customers will not necessarily choose the cheapest product. When Dyson launched his first vacuum cleaner it was one of the most expensive cleaner on the market—but still a bestseller. CAD - Computer Aided Design Computer Aided design is the use of computer software to accurately draw products. Can be used in all types of Design fields:- Architecture Product Design Engineering Textile / fashion design KEY FEATURES of CAD Can Edit drawings quickly compared to using paper based drawings Can view product from different angles—3D views Can change from 3D views to 2D views by clicking a button Apply different rendering or surface finishes to see how the product looks, client can select desired product quicker and get the product to market before competitors. Software can test virtual models for strength before manufacturing. Walk through—can move around inside a building, virtual tour. Can zoom in and out to see small details. Can create wireframe drawings to see hidden detail. CAD drawings can be sent to CAM equipment for cutting out or creating 3D models. CAD can be used for Performance Modelling scenarios. A model can be created on CAD and can be tested in various ways:- Aesthetic visual tests - Model can be rendered with different finishes so that the client can decide which one is the more appealing. Performance test - can be tested under working conditions to see how the product would perform in use eg— bridge design with weather and vehicle loading applied to it. CAM - Computer Aided Manufacture These machines that are controlled by a computer to make or manufacture products. Probably the most common CNC [Computer Numerical Control] machine you have used is a Laser Cutter or a CNC Router. Complex drawings can be created on computer drawing packages [CAD] and then downloaded to CNC machines so that the drawn components can be created from materials. Features of CAM products. Difficult or Complex shapes can be cut out. Accuracy of shapes and interlocking fittings—this would only be possible using CNC machines. Repetition of shapes - able to cut the same shape over and over. Situations where batch or mass production required—number of exactly the same products. Much more accurate than man-made products with the added bonus of speed of production. Some machines are unsuitable for human use as they pose a danger. Types of CNC machines used in School Laser Cutter CNC Lathe CNC Router CNC Miller 3D printers One disadvantage of equipment like this is that they are expensive to set up and maintain.